Carl Howard Pforzheimer (1879–1957) was an American banker and curbstone broker based in New York City .
72-774: He was a founder of the American Stock Exchange and amassed a large fortune on Wall Street as a specialist in Standard Oil stock. An avid collector of rare books, he built up the Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle , which is now held at New York Public Library . Carl H. Pforzheimer was born to a Jewish family in 1879 in New York to Isaac and Mina Heyman Pforzheimer. He attended City College . His brothers Arthur and Walter worked together on Wall Street as young men, with Arthur later opening
144-510: A competing stock exchange IEX (which operated with a 350-microsecond delay in trading), gained approval from the SEC , despite lobbying protests by the NYSE and other exchanges and trading firms. On July 24, 2017, the NYSE renamed NYSE MKT to NYSE American, and announced plans to introduce its own 350-microsecond "speed bump" in trading on the small and mid-cap company exchange. Past presidents of
216-686: A damaged paper copy of volume II. The largest portion of this, the New Testament, is now owned by Indiana University. The leaf carrying part of Chapter 14, all of Chapter 15, and part of Chapter 16 of the Book of Ezekiel was donated to the General Theological Seminary to repair their copy of the bible (now located at the Württembergische Landesbibliothek). The matching first volume of this copy
288-466: A falling-out that “drew a fault line” between their two families. Carl Pforzheimer would not see his nephew, the young Walter Pforzheimer, until 1955 when the elder Walter died. His manor in Purchase had twenty rooms and was English-style on 400 acres. It adjoined the estate of Governor Lehman. As of 1936, Pforzheimer, his wife, his daughter, his son-in-law John Long, and two grandchildren were living in
360-473: A few were certainly used for study. Kristian Jensen suggests that many copies were bought by wealthy and pious laymen for donation to religious institutions. The Gutenberg Bible had a profound effect on the history of the printed book. Textually, it also had an influence on future editions of the Bible. It provided the model for several later editions, including the 36 Line Bible , Mentelin's Latin Bible, and
432-457: A forged leaf, carrying part of Chapter 14, all of Chapter 15, and part of Chapter 16 of the Book of Ezekiel . It was impossible to tell when the leaf had been inserted into the volume. It was replaced in the fall of 1953, when a patron donated the corresponding leaf from a defective Gutenberg second volume which was being broken up and sold in parts. This made it "the first imperfect Gutenberg Bible ever restored to completeness." In 1978, this copy
504-591: A philanthropic organization, which is still active and continues his philanthropic legacy. He has had several buildings named after him. In December 1956, Pforzheimer Hall at Horace Mann School in Riverdale of the Bronx was named for him, after he was chairman of the school's board for three decades. In 1955, the National Municipal League named their building after him, after he was treasurer of
576-474: A puppy-dog. It is like nothing else under the astonished sky that is its only roof." After a group of Curb brokers formed a real estate company to design a building, Starrett & Van Vleck designed the new exchange building on Greenwich Street in Lower Manhattan between Thames and Rector, at 86 Trinity Place. It opened in 1921, and the curbstone brokers moved indoors on June 27, 1921. In 1929,
648-455: A rare book shop in 1933. Early in his career he was a $ 4 per week clerk on Wall Street. He later established his own firm, Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co. at the age of 23 in 1901. After the dissolution of Standard Oil Company in 1911, Pforzheimer was a "pioneer" in the trading of old Standard Oil shares and underwriting issues of companies that resulted from the break up of Standard Oil . After he formed Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co. he focused on
720-483: A single physical section , called a quinternion , that could then be bound into a book. Some sections, however, had as few as four leaves or as many as twelve leaves. The 42-line Bible was printed on the size of paper known as 'Royal'. A full sheet of Royal paper measures 42 cm × 60 cm (17 in × 24 in) and a single untrimmed folio leaf measures 42 cm × 30 cm (17 in × 12 in). There have been attempts to claim that
792-1078: A son Carl Howard Pforzheimer Jr . He was an honorary member of the Elizabethan Club of Yale University , was a member of the Grolier Club , the Metropolitan Opera Club , the Lucullus Circle , the Newcomen Society of England, the Bankers Club, the City Midday Club, the Century Country Club, the Westchester Country Club , Quaker Ridge Golf Club , and Baton Rouge Country Club. Carl H. and Walter Pforzheimer, both then working as New York brokers, purchased
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#1732787321303864-467: A three-volume catalogue. Over the next two decades, the publication was used as a reference book by collectors and scholars. In 1951, the New York Times called his library literature "considered one of the great rare book collections in private hands." Roger Stoddard, curator of rare books at Harvard College Library later called his collection "the greatest collection in private hands", including
936-427: Is Gutenberg's 31-line Indulgence which certainly existed by 22 October 1454. Gutenberg made three significant changes during the printing process. Some time later, after more sheets had been printed, the number of lines per page was increased from 40 to 42, presumably to save paper. Therefore, pages 1 to 9 and pages 256 to 265, presumably the first ones printed, have 40 lines each. Page 10 has 41, and from there on
1008-593: Is actually a varnish, and that means it sticks to its surface." Each unique character requires a piece of master type in order to be replicated. Given that each letter has uppercase and lowercase forms, and the number of various punctuation marks and ligatures (e.g., " fi " for the letter sequence "fi", commonly used in writing), the Gutenberg Bible needed a set of 290 master characters. It seems probable that six pages, containing 15,600 characters altogether, would be set at any one moment. The Gutenberg Bible
1080-422: Is printed in the blackletter type styles that would become known as Textualis (Textura) and Schwabacher . The name Textura refers to the texture of the printed page: straight vertical strokes combined with horizontal lines, giving the impression of a woven structure. Gutenberg already used the technique of justification , that is, creating a vertical, not indented, alignment at the left and right-hand sides of
1152-488: Is thought to have been imported from Caselle in Piedmont, Italy based on the watermarks present throughout the volume. In Gutenberg's time, inks used by scribes to produce manuscripts were water-based. Gutenberg developed an oil-based ink that would better adhere to his metal type. His ink was primarily carbon, but also had a high metallic content, with copper, lead, and titanium predominating. Head of collections at
1224-558: Is valued and revered for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities and its historical significance. The Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Latin Vulgate printed in the 1450s by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz , in present-day Germany . Forty-nine copies (or substantial portions of copies) have survived. They are thought to be among the world's most valuable books, although no complete copy has been sold since 1978. In March 1455,
1296-649: Is virtually no need for a full-time successor." In 1953 the Curb Exchange was renamed the American Stock Exchange. The exchange was shaken by a scandal in 1961, and in 1962 began a reorganization. Its reputation recently damaged by charges of mismanagement, in 1962 the American Stock Exchange named Edwin Etherington its president. Writes CNN , he and executive vice president Paul Kolton were "tapped in 1962 to clean up and reinvigorate
1368-724: The American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ), and more recently as NYSE MKT , is an American stock exchange situated in New York City. AMEX was previously a mutual organization , owned by its members. Until 1953, it was known as the New York Curb Exchange . NYSE Euronext acquired AMEX on October 1, 2008, with AMEX integrated with the Alternext European small-cap exchange and renamed the NYSE Alternext U.S. In March 2009, NYSE Alternext U.S.
1440-468: The British Library , Kristian Jensen, described it thus: "if you look [at the pages of The Gutenberg Bible] closely you will see this is a very shiny surface. When you write you use a water-based ink, you put your pen into it and it runs off. Now if you print that's exactly what you don't want. One of Gutenberg's inventions was an ink which wasn't ink, it's a varnish . So what we call printer's ink
1512-888: The Curb Association elected its first Board of Representatives. The board corresponded to the Governing Committee of the Stock Exchange and had the "task of keeping the outside market in order." Members included Pforzheimer, E. S. Mendels , and others. In June 1914, he resigned from the board of representatives of the Curb Association. Pforzheimer and two other retirees had composed the Complaint Committee, had recently had their charges against Secretary Franklin Leonard dismissed by
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#17327873213031584-652: The Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament . It is mainly the work of St Jerome who began his work on the translation in AD 380, with emendations from the Parisian Bible tradition, and further divergences. While it is unlikely that any of Gutenberg's early publications would bear his name, the initial expense of press equipment and materials and of the work to be done before
1656-831: The Philadelphia Stock Exchange . This product was short-lived after a lawsuit by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange was successful in stopping sales in the United States. In 1990, a similar product, Toronto Index Participation Shares, which tracked the TSE 35 and later the TSE 100 indices, started trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) in 1990. The popularity of these products led the American Stock Exchange to try to develop something that would satisfy regulations by
1728-551: The Times , this came from a general belief that if a curb exchange was organized, the exchange authorities would force members to sell their other exchange memberships. However, in 1908 the New York Curb Market Agency was established, which developed appropriate trading rules for curbstone brokers, organized by Mendels. The informal Curb Association formed in 1910 to weed out undesirables. The curb exchange
1800-607: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Nathan Most and Steven Bloom, under the direction of Ivers Riley, designed and developed Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts ( NYSE Arca : SPY), which were introduced in January 1993. Known as SPDRs or "Spiders", the fund became the largest ETF in the world. In May 1995, State Street Global Advisors introduced the S&;P 400 MidCap SPDRs ( NYSE Arca : MDY). Barclays , in conjunction with MSCI and Funds Distributor Inc., entered
1872-517: The "Curb list" of requirements. In 1911, Mendels and his advisers drew up a constitution and formed the New York Curb Market Association , which can be considered the first formal constitution of American Stock Exchange. In 1920, journalist Edwin C. Hill wrote that the curb exchange on lower Broad Street was a "roaring, swirling whirlpool" that "tears control of a gold-mine from an unlucky operator, and pauses to auction
1944-476: The 42 lines appear. The increase in line number was achieved by decreasing the interline spacing , rather than increasing the printed area of the page. Finally, the print run was increased, necessitating resetting those pages which had already been printed. The new sheets were all reset to 42 lines per page. Consequently, there are two distinct settings in folios 1–32 and 129–158 of volume I and folios 1–16 and 162 of volume II. The most reliable information about
2016-536: The American Exchange in November of that year. In 1977, Thomas Peterffy purchased a seat on the American Stock Exchange. Peterffy created a major stir among traders by introducing handheld computers onto the trading floor in the early 1980s. ETFs or exchange-traded funds had their genesis in 1989 with Index Participation Shares, an S&P 500 proxy that traded on the American Stock Exchange and
2088-622: The American Stock Exchange include: Past chairmen of the American Stock Exchange include: Gutenberg Bible The Gutenberg Bible , also known as the 42-line Bible , the Mazarin Bible or the B42 , was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type . It marked the start of the " Gutenberg Revolution " and the age of printed books in the West. The book
2160-455: The Bible was ready for sale suggests that he may have started with more lucrative texts, including several religious documents, a German poem, and some editions of Aelius Donatus 's Ars Minor , a popular Latin grammar school book. Preparation of the Bible probably began soon after 1450, and the first finished copies were available in 1454 or 1455. It is not known exactly how long the Bible took to print. The first precisely datable printing
2232-518: The Bible's date comes from a letter. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible, being displayed to promote the edition, in Frankfurt. It is not known how many copies were printed, with the 1455 letter citing sources for both 158 and 180 copies. Scholars today think that examination of surviving copies suggests that somewhere between 160 and 185 copies were printed, with about three-quarters on paper and
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2304-539: The Curb Exchange building at 86 Trinity Place was closed, and the Amex Equities trading floor was moved to the NYSE Trading floor at 11 Wall Street . 90 years after its 1921 opening, the old New York Curb Market building was empty but remained standing. In March 2009, NYSE Alternext U.S. was changed to NYSE Amex Equities. On May 10, 2012, NYSE Amex Equities changed its name to NYSE MKT LLC. In June 2016,
2376-646: The New York Curb Market changed its name to the New York Curb Exchange. The Curb Exchange soon became the leading international stock market, and according to historian Robert Sobel , "had more individual foreign issues on its list than [...] all other American securities markets combined." Edward Reid McCormick was the first president of the New York Curb Market Association and is credited with moving
2448-965: The Town of Harrison Finance and Advisory Committee. He was a member of the advisory committee to the Commissioner of Public Welfare and of the Joint Committee on Public Assistance. He was a director of the Westchester County Association. He was chairman and treasurer of the Westchester County of Social Agencies, Inc., was on the Westchester Cancer Committee, and was a director with the Westchester Tuberculosis and Public Health Association. From 1931 until 1935, he
2520-697: The acquisition, NYSE Euronext announced that the AMEX would be integrated with the Alternext European small-cap exchange and renamed the NYSE Alternext U.S. The American Stock Exchange merged with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE Euronext) on October 1, 2008. Post merger, the Amex equities business was branded "NYSE Alternext US". As part of the re-branding exercise, NYSE Alternext US was re-branded as NYSE Amex Equities. On December 1, 2008,
2592-564: The binding of later books . Some fragments of the Gutenberg Bible are housed at... Today, few copies remain in religious institutions, with most now owned by university libraries and other major scholarly institutions. After centuries in which all copies seem to have remained in Europe, the first Gutenberg Bible reached North America in 1847. It is now in the New York Public Library. In the last hundred years, several long-lost copies have come to light, considerably improving
2664-466: The book was printed on larger paper measuring 44.5 cm × 30.7 cm (17.5 in × 12.1 in), but this assertion is contradicted by the dimensions of existing copies. For example, the leaves of the copy in the Bodleian Library, Oxford , measure 40 cm × 28.6 cm (15.7 in × 11.3 in). This is typical of other folio Bibles printed on Royal paper in
2736-789: The column. To do this, he used various methods, including using characters of narrower widths, adding extra spaces around punctuation, and varying the widths of spaces around words. Initially the rubrics—the headings before each book of the Bible—were printed, but this practice was quickly abandoned at an unknown date, and gaps were left for rubrication to be added by hand. A guide of the text to be added to each page, printed for use by rubricators, survives. The spacious margin allowed illuminated decoration to be added by hand. The amount of decoration presumably depended on how much each buyer could or would pay. Some copies were never decorated. The place of decoration can be known or inferred for about 30 of
2808-409: The curb market operated starting at 10 AM, each day except Sundays, until a gong at 3 PM. Orders for the purchase and sale of securities were shouted down from the windows of nearby brokerages, with the execution of the sale then shouted back up to the brokerage. As of 1907, E. S. Mendels gave the brokers rules "by right of seniority", but the curb brokers intentionally avoided organizing. According to
2880-561: The direction of Professor Toshiyuki Takamiya , the HUMI team has made digital reproductions of 11 sets of the bible in nine institutions, including both full-text facsimiles held in the collection of the British Library . The last sale of a complete Gutenberg Bible took place in 1978, which sold for $ 2.4 million. This copy is now in Austin, Texas. The price of a complete copy today is estimated at $ 25−35 million. A two-volume paper edition of
2952-595: The exchange's first chief executive officer and its first salaried top executive. As chairman, Kolton oversaw the introduction of options trading . Kolton opposed the idea of a merger with the New York Stock Exchange while he headed the exchange saying that "two independent, viable exchanges are much more likely to be responsive to new pressures and public needs than a single institution". Kolton announced in July 1977 that he would be leaving his position at
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3024-466: The fifteenth century. Most fifteenth-century printing papers have a width-to-height ratio of 1:1.4 (e.g. 30:42 cm) which, mathematically, is a ratio of 1 to the square root of 2 or, simply, 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} . Many suggest that this ratio was chosen to match the so-called Golden Ratio , 1 + 5 2 {\textstyle {\tfrac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}} , of 1:1.6; in fact
3096-879: The first and third Eggestein Bibles. The third Eggestein Bible was set from the copy of the Gutenberg Bible now in Cambridge University Library . The Gutenberg Bible also had an influence on the Clementine edition of the Vulgate commissioned by the Papacy in the late sixteenth century. Joseph Martini, a New York book dealer, found that the Gutenberg Bible held by the library of the General Theological Seminary in New York had
3168-665: The first complete Bible in English and 1535 Coverdale Bible , and various Shakespeare plays. In 1987, his son Carl H. Pforzheimer Jr. and grandson Carl H. Pforzheimer III donated the Pforzheimer Collection of Shelly and His Circle to the New York Public Library, which included around 25,000 books, letters, manuscripts, and other related objects. In 1986, a large portion of the New York-based Pforzheimer collection of English books and manuscripts
3240-571: The first of their kind. In 1998, State Street Global Advisors introduced "Sector Spiders ", separate ETFs for each of the sectors of the S&P 500 Index . Also in 1998, the "Dow Diamonds" (NYSE Arca: DIA) were introduced, tracking the Dow Jones Industrial Average . In 1999, the influential "cubes" ( Nasdaq : QQQ), were launched, with the goal of replicate the price movement of the NASDAQ-100 . The iShares line
3312-406: The first volume ending with The Book of Psalms . Copies on vellum were heavier and for this reason were sometimes bound in three or four volumes. The Bible seems to have sold out immediately, with some initial purchases as far away as England and possibly Sweden and Hungary. At least some copies are known to have sold for 30 florins (equivalent to about 100 grams or 3.5 ounces of gold ), which
3384-438: The full board. Leonard had offered to resign if the three complaint committee members resigned as well. Pforzheimer did not drop his membership in the organization. As of 1922, his firm Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co. was located at 25 Broad St . In the Broad Exchange Building . Specializing in Standard Oil and miscellaneous securities, firm members included Carl Pforzheimer and his brothers Walter and Arthur. In February 1951 he
3456-415: The future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible displayed in Frankfurt to promote the edition, and that either 158 or 180 copies had been printed. The 36-line Bible , said to be the second printed Bible, is also sometimes referred to as a Gutenberg Bible, but may be the work of another printer. The Gutenberg Bible, an edition of the Vulgate , contains the Latin version of
3528-489: The high standards achieved in the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some describing it as one of the most beautiful books ever printed. The quality of both the ink and other materials and the printing itself have been noted. The paper size is 'double folio', with two pages printed on each side (four pages per sheet). After printing the paper was folded once to the size of a single page. Typically, five of these folded sheets (ten leaves, or twenty printed pages) were combined to
3600-529: The history of engraving," was partly responsible for the illumination of the copy held by the Princeton University library. However, all that can be said for certain is that the same model book was used for some of the illustrations in this copy and for some of the Master's illustrated playing cards. Although many Gutenberg Bibles have been rebound over the years, nine copies retain fifteenth-century bindings . Most of these copies were bound in either Mainz or Erfurt . Most copies were divided into two volumes,
3672-452: The manor. On July 14, 1936, lightning struck his Purchase mansion, causing around $ 100,000 in damages and injuring several firemen when a ceiling collapsed. Over 1,000 spectators reportedly gathered on Purchase Road 1,000 feet away to watch the spectacle. After the fire was quelled, Pforzheimer was heard remarking that he would call a meeting of the Purchase fire district, which he had previously helped organize with New York broker George Agents,
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#17327873213033744-410: The market in 1996 with World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS) , which became iShares MSCI Index Fund Shares. WEBS originally tracked 17 MSCI country indices managed by the funds' index provider, Morgan Stanley . WEBS were particularly innovative because they gave casual investors easy access to foreign markets. While SPDRs were organized as unit investment trusts , WEBS were set up as a mutual fund ,
3816-416: The market indoors. George Rea was approached about the position of president of the New York Curb Exchange in 1939. He was unanimously elected as the first paid president in the history of the Curb Exchange. He was paid $ 25,000 per year (equivalent to $ 548,000 today ) and held the position for three years before offering his resignation in 1942. He left the position having "done such a good job that there
3888-403: The market started early in the 20th century under Emanuel S. Mendels and Carl H. Pforzheimer . The curb brokers had been kicked out of the Mills Building front by 1907, and had moved to the pavement outside the Blair Building where cabbies lined up. There they were given a "little domain of asphalt" fenced off by the police on Broad Street between Exchange Place and Beaver Street. As of 1907,
3960-521: The next day to organize a Purchase fire department. His wife Lily died in Nantucket, Massachusetts on September 31, 1956 at the age of 71. By 1957, he was residing at Hidden Brook Farm in Purchase, New York . He died in April 1957 at his apartment at 820 Park Avenue, at the age of 78. His grandson, Carl H. Pforzheimer, III, as of 2017 continued to operate the Carl H. Pforzheimer & Co firm and The Carl and Lily Pforzheimer Foundation. American Stock Exchange NYSE American , formerly known as
4032-441: The oil and gas industry, The NY Times writes that the firm was "instrumental in the underwriting of the securities of a number of oil companies at a time when Wall Street had developed little interest in the petroleum industry." He was president of the Petroleum and Trading Corporation. Pforzheimer was a "charter member" of the Curb Exchange in New York, and his firm also belonged to the New York Stock Exchange . On March 16, 1911,
4104-439: The old Dillingham mansion on Purchase Street, Purchase in New York in the fall of 1915, with sixty acres of land. Excluding weekends, the old farmhouse was not occupied by the Pforzheimer families that winter as improvements were made, with Carl and Walter summering at Port Chester . The Dillingham mansion burned down the morning of March 4, 1916, with total losses estimated at around $ 20,000. In 1922, Carl and his brother Walter had
4176-475: The organization for 35 years. Pforzheimer was an avid collector of rare books, collecting manuscripts and books over decades and housing them in an office building in Manhattan as the Pforzheimer Library, with access only allowed to specialized scholars. In 1923, he purchased a Gutenberg Bible for around $ 60,000. Other key works included the writings of Percy Bysshe Shelley . In 1940, he published "The Carl H. Pforzheimer Library of English Literature 1475-1700" as
4248-405: The others on vellum . In a legal paper, written after completion of the Bible, Johannes Gutenberg refers to the process as Das Werk der Bücher ("the work of the books"). He had introduced the printing press to Europe and created the technology to make printing with movable types finally efficient enough to facilitate the mass production of entire books. Many book-lovers have commented on
4320-400: The ratios are, plainly, not at all similar (equating to a difference of about 12 per cent). The ratio of 1:1.4 was a long established one for medieval paper sizes. A single complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,288 pages (4×322 = 1288) (usually bound in two volumes); with four pages per folio-sheet, 322 sheets of paper are required per copy. The Bible's paper consists of linen fibers and
4392-399: The scandal-plagued American Stock Exchange." As of 1971, it was the second largest stock exchange in the United States. Paul Kolton succeeded Ralph S. Saul as AMEX president on June 17, 1971, making him the first person to be selected from within the exchange to serve as its leader, succeeding Ralph S. Saul, who announced his resignation in March 1971. In November 1972, Kolton was named as
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#17327873213034464-467: The surviving copies. It is possible that 13 of these copies received their decoration in Mainz, but others were worked on as far away as London. The vellum Bibles were more expensive, and perhaps for this reason tend to be more highly decorated, although the vellum copy in the British Library is completely undecorated. There has been speculation that the " Master of the Playing Cards ", an unidentified engraver who has been called "the first personality in
4536-453: The understanding of how the Bible was produced and distributed. In 1921 a New York rare book dealer, Gabriel Wells , bought a damaged paper copy, dismantled the book and sold sections and individual leaves to book collectors and libraries. The leaves were sold in a portfolio case with an essay written by A. Edward Newton , and were referred to as "Noble Fragments". In 1953 Charles Scribner's Sons , also book dealers in New York, dismembered
4608-540: Was about three years' wages for a clerk . Although this made them significantly cheaper than manuscript Bibles, most students, priests or other people of moderate income would not have been able to afford them. It is assumed that most were sold to monasteries, universities and particularly wealthy individuals. At present only one copy is known to have been privately owned in the fifteenth century. Some are known to have been used for communal readings in monastery refectories; others may have been for display rather than use, and
4680-428: Was chairman of the Westchester County Emergency Work Bureau. In 1935 he resigned from that position to become chairman of the Westchester County Commission on Government. From 1939 until 1942, he was the Westchester County Planning Commission's chairman. He was a governor of the White Plains Hospital , and a trustee of the United Hospital of Port Chester. He was president of the Carl and Lily Pforzheimer Foundation Inc.,
4752-499: Was changed to NYSE Amex Equities . On May 10, 2012, NYSE Amex Equities changed its name to NYSE MKT LLC . Following the SEC approval of competing stock exchange IEX in 2016, NYSE MKT rebranded as NYSE American and introduced a 350-microsecond delay in trading, referred to as a "speed bump", which is also present on the IEX. The exchange grew out of the loosely organized curb market of curbstone brokers on Broad Street in Manhattan . Efforts to organize and standardize
4824-410: Was elected to the twenty-five person board of trustees at the New York Public Library , after serving as a member of the library committee since 1949. He also joined the library's finance committee. He was also a trustee and vice chairman of the Institute of the Public Administration. He helped form the Purchase Community, Inc., serving as its first treasurer for 25 years. He was also founding chairman of
4896-444: Was for years at odds with the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), or "Big Board", operating several buildings away. Explained the New York Times in 1910, the Big Board looked at the curb as "a trading place for 'cats and dogs.'" On April 1, 1910, however, when the NYSE abolished its unlisted department, the NYSE stocks "made homeless by the abolition" were "refused domicile" by the curb brokers on Broad Street until they had complied with
4968-399: Was launched in early 2000. By 2005, it had a 44% market share of ETF assets under management . Barclays Global Investors was sold to BlackRock in 2009. As of 2003, AMEX was the only U.S. stock market to permit the transmission of buy and sell orders through hand signals . In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the AMEX for $ 260 million in stock. Before the closing of
5040-425: Was purchased for the University of Texas , in "what book dealers said was the largest sale of rare books ever made." The transaction included the first book printed in the English language from 1475, as well as more than 1,100 books and 250 manuscripts from the years 1475 to 1700 collected by Pforzheimer. On January 16, 1906 Pforzheimer married Lily Oppenheimer. Together they had a daughter, Jane Pforzheimer Long, and
5112-460: Was sold for US$ 2.2 million to the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart , Germany. As of 2009 , 49 Gutenberg Bibles are known to exist, but of these only 21 are complete. Others have pages or even whole volumes missing. In addition, there are a substantial number of fragments, some as small as individual leaves, which are likely to represent about another 16 copies. Many of these fragments have survived because they were used as part of
5184-508: Was subsequently discovered in Mons, Belgium, having been bequeathed by Edmond Puissant to the city in 1934. The only copy held outside Europe and North America is the first volume of a Gutenberg Bible (Hubay 45) at Keio University in Tokyo. The Humanities Media Interface Project (HUMI) at Keio University is known for its high-quality digital images of Gutenberg Bibles and other rare books. Under
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