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47-732: Despite being a nature sanctuary for the country of Chile under the National Monuments Act, it wasn't internationally recognized for its cultural and natural value until the Ramsar Wetlands Convention of 1971. The Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary Management Plan was instated in 2016 by the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) with financial aid from the Ramsar Convention. The invasive plant species Limnobium laevigatum

94-415: A decrease in the availability of opportunities for both the commercial fishing industry and recreational fishing, impacting the livelihoods and leisure activities of many individuals and communities. Not only is this habitat loss affecting the fish residing in these wetlands and the recreational activities that come from them, the reduction in fish populations resulting from habitat loss in wetlands can disrupt

141-502: A diverse range of recreational activities, including fishing, hunting, photography, and wildlife observation. Wetlands serve as multifaceted ecosystems with a wide array of essential functions that contribute to both the environment and human societies. Wetlands can help mitigate the impacts of flooding in areas due to their function of floodwater storage. According to Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation , numerous wetlands, particularly those situated in floodplains , possess

188-414: A focal issue for conservation due to the ecosystem services they provide. More than three billion people, around half the world's population, obtain their basic water needs from inland freshwater wetlands. They provide essential habitats for fish and various wildlife species, playing a vital role in purifying polluted waters and mitigating the damaging effects of floods and storms. Furthermore, they offer

235-600: A protected area in South America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ramsar Convention The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites ( wetlands ). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands . It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran , where

282-555: A range of activities including wetland restoration, biodiversity protection, and sustainable land use. Dunube4all is a supported effort to restore ocean and waters of Europe. The goal of this project is to restore freshwater ecosystems in the Danube River Basin by 2030. The project employs a cross-sector approach to tackle the wide range of environmental issues within the Danube River Basin. These encompass

329-607: A safe place to stay, particularly during their long journeys or when they're having babies. Wetlands play a crucial and multifaceted role in mitigating climate change through their natural processes and functions. They capture carbon from the air when plants grow and trap sediment from water. This carbon gets stored in plants, leaves, soil, and mud, sometimes for thousands of years. According to an article published by A.M. Nahlik and M.S. Fennesy , worldwide, wetlands retain around 700 billion tons of carbon, mainly in peat soils, with an annual sequestration rate of 96 million tons. In

376-485: A sharp decline in the swan population within the sanctuary, dropping from 22,419 in 2020 to 2,782. No nests or eggs were found during the surveys conducted by the Conaf. The proliferation of American minks and the incursion of South American sea lions into the sanctuary are believed to have adversely affected the swan populations. Furthermore, the use of water scooters and the development of real estate projects around

423-675: A significant impact on wetlands, primarily through rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. These changes can lead to shifts in wetland ecosystems, affecting the distribution of plant and animal species. Additionally, increased temperatures can result in the loss of wetland habitat and contribute to sea-level rise , which can further threaten the stability and function of coastal wetlands as well as leading to altered precipitation patterns and prolonged droughts, resulting in reduced water levels and drying of wetland areas. As temperatures rise, wetlands are susceptible to more frequent and severe wildfires . The increased fire risk can lead to

470-461: A significant threat to the delicate balance of wetland ecosystems, affecting not only their plant and animal residents but also the critical services they provide. According to an article published by NOAA Fisheries , due to high concentrations of pollution, a wetland's filtration system capacity can become overwhelmed thus allowing excess nutrients and toxic chemicals to concentrate in waterways which create dead zones that leave organisms that live in

517-457: A twenty five percent increase over the previous 6 year study period." Common direct impacts of habitat loss to wetlands include removal of vegetation, fluctuation in water levels, and building construction. The decline in wetland habitat has far-reaching economic and societal implications. The degradation and loss of these habitats have resulted in the reduction of fish populations in terms of both their size and diversity . This, in turn, has led to

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564-466: A variety of threats from both natural and anthropogenic hazards. Some examples of these hazards include habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species. Wetland vary widely in their salinity levels, climate zones , and surrounding geography and play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and support human communities. Wetlands cover at least six percent of the Earth and have become

611-470: Is a searchable database which provides information on each Ramsar site. As of 2016 there are 18 transboundary Ramsar sites, and 15 Ramsar regional initiatives covering regions of the Mediterranean, Asia, Africa, and South America. The Ramsar Convention works closely with six other organisations known as international organization partners (IOPs). These are: These organizations support the work of

658-638: Is not comprehensive. In Louisiana's Barataria Basin , NOAA and partners have begun construction on one of the largest habitat restoration efforts to date in a 1,200 acre marsh in hopes to restore and create a new habitat, reduce erosion, and protect communities. The Eden Reforestation Project is a non-profit organization that collaborates directly with local communities and non-government/government organizations and focuses on global reforestation efforts. They work in various countries, employing local workers to plant trees and restore damaged forests, aiming to combat deforestation , alleviate poverty, and mitigate

705-621: Is on track for completion, while construction is actively progressing on nine other projects. The Yellow River Wetland Conservation Project is an initiative in China aimed at preserving and restoring the critical wetland ecosystems along the Yellow River , also known as the Huang He. The Yellow River is one of China's major rivers, and it flows through several provinces, supporting various wetland habitats and wildlife. The project focuses on

752-668: Is present in the sanctuary. In 2004, the Valdivia Pulp Mill was established in San José de la Mariquina , located 25 km (16 mi) northeast of the preserve near the Cruces River. As a result, the iconic black-necked swans began to experience mortality and migration issues. The population initially decreased from approximately five thousand to 942 in January 2005 and further plummeted to 291 by July 2005. During

799-694: The COP between its triennial meetings, within the framework of the decisions made by the COP. The contracting parties that are members of the Standing Committee are elected by each meeting of the COP to serve for the three years. The Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) provides scientific and technical guidance to the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Ramsar Secretariat. The Secretariat carries out

846-523: The Latin American water tribunal recommended the permanent closure of the mill. Meanwhile, alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain the significant decline in the swan population. CELCO was ultimately condemned in court in 2013. The ruling mandated CELCO to pay an indemnity of 2,600 million Chilean pesos to the state, in addition to another 2,600 million for the implementation of community development programs. CELCO chose not to appeal

893-627: The U.S. Congress in 2000 to save the wetlands of the Everglades in southern Florida with only 50% of its natural wetlands remaining. The goal of this plan is to increase freshwater storage, improve water quality, and re-establish the natural water flow. Out of the 68 restoration components outlined in the Integrated Development Strategy, 24 had been finalized by the end of 2021. During that same year, two additional projects were successfully concluded. In 2022, one project

940-791: The United States, it's estimated that wetlands contain 11.52 billion tons of carbon, equivalent to approximately 1% of the global soil carbon reservoir which highlights the carbon storage capacity of wetlands on a global scale. While wetlands only cover around 5% of the Conterminous United States 's land surface, they support 31% of the plant species. Through wetlands ability to absorb nutrients, they are able to be highly biologically productive (able to produce biomass quickly). Freshwater wetlands are even comparable to tropical rainforests in plant productivity. Their ability to efficiently create biomass may become important to

987-435: The ability to temporarily hold excess floodwaters when there are high runoff conditions. While wetlands have been likened to natural sponges in the past, their role is better compared to that of natural reservoirs. They store floodwaters that spill over riverbanks or accumulate in low-lying areas. As floodwaters gradually subside, these wetlands slowly release the stored water from their soils. This function of retaining some of

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1034-502: The chance of air pollution from the toxic metals that wetlands have absorbed and stored resting in peat that can pose health threats to people and environment. Once a drained wetland ignites, " peatland fires are difficult to contain as they can smolder for weeks, months or even years. They produce copious of smoke and ash, filling the air with microscopic particles." Invasive species are causing considerable harm to wetlands by outcompeting native plants and animals, thereby disrupting

1081-490: The convention by providing expert technical advice, helping implement field studies, and providing financial support. The IOPs also participate regularly as observers in all meetings of the conference of the parties and as full members of the Scientific and Technical Review Panel. The convention collaborates with a network of partners: This is the convention's governing body consisting of all governments that have ratified

1128-542: The convention was signed in 1971. Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-making organ of the convention which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP14

1175-626: The day-to-day coordination of the convention's activities. It is based at the headquarters of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Gland, Switzerland. The implementation of the Ramsar Convention is a continuing partnership between the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Secretariat, with the advice of the subsidiary expert body, the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP), and

1222-476: The delicate balance of the ecosystem. As fish play a crucial role in the food chain, their decline can lead to changes in the abundance and behavior of other species, affecting the entire wetland ecosystem. Wetlands are susceptible to the detrimental effects of pollution, which can undermine their ecological health and diminish their vital functions. Pollution from various sources, including agricultural runoff , industrial discharges, and urban contaminants , poses

1269-399: The delicate balance of these ecosystems. These invaders often grow more aggressively and can change the wetland's structure and function, reducing its capacity for flood control and water purification . Additionally, invasive species can negatively impact the availability of suitable habitats for native species and contribute to the overall degradation of wetland health. An example of one of

1316-812: The destruction of wetland vegetation, further diminishing their capacity to support wildlife and maintain their ecological functions. Restoring wetlands through conservation efforts is critical for preserving their vital functions. These ecosystems offer natural flood control , water purification , and support for biodiversity , making them essential for ecological health and human well-being. Wetland restoration aims to rehabilitate damaged wetland areas by addressing factors like water retention, damage from activities such as logging , grazing , and off-road vehicle use, or changes in water sources. Restoration projects can range from ceasing harmful practices to reestablishing water flow and wetland characteristics. By restoring wetlands, efforts can enhance their resilience, mitigate

1363-639: The development of alternative energy sources . Wetlands, beyond their ecological importance, offer a wealth of recreational opportunities, serve as invaluable educational resources, and serve as living laboratories for vital research. These unique ecosystems attract outdoor enthusiasts, providing spaces for activities like birdwatching , hiking, and photography while also serving as educational platforms where people can learn about nature and environmental conservation. Additionally, wetlands provide researchers with dynamic environments to study various ecological processes and species, contributing to our understanding of

1410-533: The domestic response to this treaty is often half-hearted and inadequate. By way of example, Germany joined the Convention in 1976 and has, "[as of 2022], failed to give effect to the Ramsar Convention in the manner set out by the constitution of Germany." Wetland conservation Wetland conservation is aimed at protecting and preserving areas of land including marshes , swamps , bogs , and fens that are covered by water seasonally or permanently due to

1457-606: The effects of climate change , and ensure the continued provision of valuable ecosystem services . Numerous projects and organizations are actively contributing to wetland restoration efforts. They often collaborate with government agencies, local communities, and conservationists to rehabilitate degraded wetlands by implementing restoration plans. These initiatives include activities like re-establishing water flow, controlling invasive species, and replanting native vegetation, ultimately revitalizing wetland ecosystems and safeguarding their critical ecological functions. The following list

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1504-437: The effects of climate change. Eden relies on data-driven strategies in its restoration efforts and maintains a strong dedication to flexible management practices. This involves integrating the latest scientific insights, adapting methods as they evolve, and implementing tailored monitoring techniques for each project to ensure their effectiveness, reliability, and repeatability. The CERP is a multi-billion-dollar plan approved by

1551-423: The floodwaters and regulating the pace at which water re-enters the stream can effectively decrease the intensity of downstream flooding and erosion . Wetlands also aid in water filtration by removing excess nutrients, slowing the water allowing particulates to settle out of the water which can then be absorbed into plant roots. Their vegetation and soil trap sediments and pollutants, while beneficial microbes in

1598-595: The improvement and discovery of medicine. There is an estimated 70-80% of people worldwide who rely on herbal medicine as well as income from harvest and trade of plants due to their medicinal purposes. Although there is no existence of a global inventory of wetland medicinal species, the White willow is an example. This riverine plant is used in skin care products as well as being the original source of salicylic acid . Additionally, numerous species of birds and mammals depend on wetlands to find their food, drink water, and have

1645-627: The many organisms that pose as an invasive species threat to wetlands is the Nutria . The Nutria is a semi-aquatic rodent that originated from South America but was brought to the United States in 1889 due to the popularity of its fur, but over the years has taken over wetlands due to being released or escaping ranches. Due to their high reproductive rate and lack of implemented population control, these rodents have led to crop damage, decrease of native plants due to consumption, and an increase in flood damage due to their low made burrows. Climate change has

1692-655: The natural world. According to UN Climate Change News , wetlands are disappearing three times faster than forests. Wetlands are facing growing threats that put their health at risk. Urban development, pollution, land drainage, and climate change are endangering these valuable habitats that serve as essential flood buffers and wildlife havens. Globally, continued habitat loss alone is projected to drive approximately 1,700 vertebrate species to extinction by 2070. Costal wetlands are very vulnerable to this threat due to erosion, subsidence, sea-level rise, development, and drainage. "Approximately seven football fields every hour, and

1739-433: The ruling. Between 2005 and 2011, the swan population did not exceed a count slightly above 500 individuals. However, by 2014, the population had recovered to over 3,600 individuals, still approximately 1,500 birds fewer than before the pulp mill's establishment. In April 2020, a record-breaking count of 21,123 black-necked swans was recorded in the sanctuary. In June 2022, the National Forest Corporation (Conaf) noticed

1786-556: The same year, ecologists and academic staff from the Austral University of Chile in Valdivia accused the forestry enterprise Celulosa Arauco y Constitución (CELCO) of polluting the river. Autopsies conducted on the swans revealed that their deaths were caused by elevated levels of iron and hazardous metals in the water. Consequently, the pulp mill was forced to shut down while the case underwent investigation. Even in 2006,

1833-401: The sanctuary have also been suggested as negative influences on the swan population. In March 2023, several cases of avian influenza were detected in the black-necked swan populations within the sanctuary, prompting authorities to declare a "zoosanitary emergency." This Los Ríos Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to

1880-537: The significant loss of river connectivity, related ecosystem decline, declines in biodiversity, and the necessity for fresh approaches to nature-centered solutions that can rejuvenate our relationship with the river. The Burmese Python Management Project in Florida's Everglades National Park addresses the ecological impact of invasive Burmese pythons, which have contributed to significant declines in local wildlife populations. These non-native snakes have established

1927-429: The support of the international organization partners (IOPs). Musonda Mumba is the seventh secretary general of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. 2 February is World Wetlands Day, marking the convention's adoption on 2 February 1971. Established to raise awareness about the value of wetlands for humanity and the planet, WWD was celebrated for the first time in 1997, and has grown since then. In 2015 World Wetlands Day

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1974-426: The survival of many species, while they serve as essential seasonal habitats for others. The synergy of shallow waters, abundant nutrients, and high primary productivity creates a perfect environment for the growth of organisms that make up the foundation of the food chain , providing nourishment for various fish, amphibians , shellfish , and insects. Wetlands have also been a location favored by scientists in aid to

2021-410: The treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements. The Standing Committee is the intersessional executive body which represents

2068-421: The water to be unable to survive. Not only do wetlands only serve as conduits for the passage of plastic waste but also act as sites where plastic waste accumulates over time, posing enduring challenges. Human actions, including the construction of roads and the extraction of resources, have significantly disturbed wetland ecosystems. This has made previously drained wetlands susceptible to wildfires thus increasing

2115-514: The wetland break down harmful substances. In this manner, these invertebrates are capable of removing as much as 90% of bacteria from the water. Wetlands play a vital role in providing diverse and critical habitats for a wide array of plant and animal species, serving as a cornerstone of ecological diversity. Different species of fish and wildlife utilize wetlands in various ways. Some rely on wetlands as their main habitat , while others use them seasonally for food and shelter. Wetlands are crucial for

2162-747: Was celebrated in 59 countries. The convention was co-founded by Eskandar Firouz (former environment minister of Iran), Luc Hoffmann of Tour du Valat research station in the Camargue in France, and Geoffrey Matthews of the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust at Slimbridge in the late 1960s. The conference, which adopted the terms of the agreement, was held in the Iranian Caspian Sea resort of Ramsar on 2 February 1971. The convention turned 50 in 2021. Despite its quasi-universal application,

2209-654: Was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland. The list of wetlands of international importance included 2,331 Ramsar sites in May 2018 covering over 2.1 million square kilometres (810,000 sq mi). The countries with most sites are the United Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142. The country with the largest surface area of listed wetland is Bolivia, with around 148,000 square kilometres (57,000 sq mi). The Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS)

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