37-470: The Carlton Association was a community action group that campaigned on behalf of residents of the suburb of Carlton in Melbourne , Australia, between the years 1969 and 1993. The group was involved in protests against some of the most controversial redevelopment plans in the city’s history and was arguably the most politically successful residents’ action group that Melbourne has seen. The Association
74-493: A Nation Europa and Eurafrika (the same idea but with parts of north Africa included as natural sectors of Europe's traditional sphere of influence, an idea that Mosley himself felt had some merit) were already growing in Germany's postwar underground. Also, Benito Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic had returned to fascism's roots with an attempt at a corporatist economic system during its brief existence. Nonetheless, Mosley
111-711: A Mosley rally and in Nottingham with clashes between racial groups, a new phenomenon in Britain. The new uncertainties revitalised the UM, and Mosley re-emerged to stand as a candidate in the 1959 general election in Kensington North , which included Notting Hill, his first parliamentary election since 1931. Mosley made immigration his campaign issue and combined calls for assisted repatriation with stories regarding criminality and sexual deviance of black people,
148-605: A common theme of the time. The 8.1% share of the vote that he secured was a personal humiliation for a man who still hoped that he would be called to serve someday as the British prime minister . However, the UM was as a whole buoyed by the immigration question, which it saw as the next big issue in British politics. In April 1965, Mosley attempted to show that he and the UM were not racist by forming an "Associate Movement" for ethnic minorities who agreed with his policies, including
185-611: A decline of the social mix once present, as escalating property prices have displaced poorer residents. The Association also provided a successful model for community action groups which sprung up in Melbourne during the 1990s, such as the Carlton Residents Association and Save Our Suburbs . The Carlton Association has been heavily criticized for not allowing the widening Macarthur Ave to match that of Elliot avenue through Royal park and associated roads, and
222-691: A great increase in immigration, particularly from the Commonwealth and the colonies. In the early 1950s, immigration was estimated at 8,000–10,000 per year, but it had grown to 35,000 per year by 1957. Perceptions of the new migrant workers were frequently stereotypical, but the Conservative Party , despite the private opinions of some of its members, was loath to make a political issue out of it for fear of being seen as gutter politicians. Disturbances occurred in 1958 in Notting Hill after
259-606: A much-closer integration between the nations of Europe , the beginning of his ' Europe a Nation ' campaign, which sought a strong united Europe as a counterbalance to the growing power of the United States and the Soviet Union . Mosley perceived a linear growth within British history and saw Europe a Nation as the culmination of that destiny. Therefore, he argued it to be "part of an organic process of British history" since Britain had united into one nation and that it
296-601: A sizeable chunk of its membership long since lost to the National Front , the Action Party gave up electoral politics and in 1978 became the Action Society, which acted as a publishing house rather than a political party. The group continued until Hamm's death in 1994, when the funding of Mosley's widow, Diana Mitford , was withdrawn. The Action Society was then wound up – this represented the final end of
333-603: The British Empire , but the Union Movement attempted to stress the importance of developing a European nationalism , rather than a narrower country-based nationalism . That has caused the UM to be characterised as an attempt by Mosley to start again in his political life by embracing more democratic and international policies than those with which he had previously been associated. The UM has been described as post-fascist by former members such as Robert Edwards,
370-622: The European National Front . Mosley stood again in the 1966 election , this time in the Shoreditch and Finsbury constituency . However, gaining only 4.6% of the vote, Mosley effectively departed the scene thereafter, although he remained the official UM leader until 1973. The increasingly marginalised UM carried on into the 1970s and still advocated Europe A Nation but had no real influence and failed to capture support for its policies. A brief revival seemed possible after
407-826: The Mouvement d'Action Civique , and Jeune Europe of Belgium and the Italian Social Movement (MSI). Adopting the slogan "Progress - Solidarity - Unity", the movement aimed to work closely for a closer unity of European states, but in the end, little came of it as only the MSI enjoyed any success domestically. The group replaced the earlier European Social Movement in which Mosley had also been involved. The Union Movement itself did not play an active role in Europe, although it helped to set in motion co-operation between like-minded groups across Europe, which continued with
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#1732790318766444-611: The compulsory acquisition of dwellings in a designated block, the wholesale demolition of these, and construction of high-rise flats of public housing. The commission flats , as they are known to locals, feature prominently in the skyline of Melbourne’s inner suburbs to this day. The first such complex of high-rise Commission flats in Carlton, announced in 1957, was constructed in the block bordered by Lygon , Rathdowne, Princes and Neill Streets. Despite vocal protests by residents whose houses were ‘reclaimed’ to make way for this development,
481-538: The Carlton Association has left Melbourne with a significant legacy, which has been interpreted in several ways. Founding members believe that the group’s success was due to a coincidence of factors in Melbourne during the 1960s and 70s. At this time, there was a renewed appreciation of the historic and architectural value of Carlton’s Victorian-era housing, spearheaded by the increasing number of young professionals and academics who were purchasing terraces in
518-782: The Carlton Association was held on 17 March 1969 at St Michael’s Hall in Princes Hill . It was attended by 170 Carltonians who heard fiery speeches from residents whose homes were threatened. The meeting concluded with the election of a ten-person committee and a plan for action. The Committee decided upon an organisational structure that would best enable the Association to address the central concerns of residents. In addition to three permanent sub-committees (architecture and town planning, community services and education), action groups would be established to respond to urgent concerns. The first of these action groups got to work immediately on
555-675: The Commission was to redevelop this entire block of land, the Commissioners focused their immediate attention on a smaller parcel of land within this selected area: the block bounded by Lee, Lygon, Princes and Drummond Streets in Carlton North, containing nineteenth century terrace housing . However, this proposal was met with significantly more opposition from locals, who, this time around, were able to organise themselves effectively. The first public meeting of what would become
592-521: The UM and the Irish nationalist and pro-fascist party Ailtirí na hAiséirghe ( Architects of the Resurrection ), and Mosley wrote articles for its newspaper Aiséirghe . Mosley remained a critic of liberal democracy , and the UM instead extolled a strong executive that people could endorse or reject through regular referendums , with an independent judiciary in place to appoint replacements in
629-564: The UM became the Action Party in 1973, the name under which it fought six seats at the Greater London Council election . Under the leadership of Jeffrey Hamm , the party hoped for something of a revival although it was damaged severely in 1974 when a leading member, Keith Thompson , and his followers split to form the League of Saint George , a non-party movement that they claimed was the true continuation of Mosley's ideas. With
666-592: The UM gained no parliamentary seats. The Union Movement published several weekly newspapers and monthly magazines including Union , Action (also the title of the prewar weekly newspaper of the New Party and the British Union of Fascists ), Attack , Alternative , East London Blackshirt , The European and National European . After the British Nationality Act 1948 , there was
703-710: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 185459015 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:38:38 GMT Union movement The Union Movement ( UM ) was a far-right political party founded in the United Kingdom by Oswald Mosley . Before the Second World War , Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF) had wanted to concentrate trade within
740-583: The condition of ‘slum areas’ that had shocked the public during the Depression could never be rehabilitated. Once the occupants of the Lee Street block were served with compulsory acquisition notices, members of the Association intensified their efforts. They visited distraught residents and pleaded with them not to capitulate, and also held ‘open days’, whereby they invited people to tour the houses and observe their condition. ‘These are not slums!’ became
777-494: The event of a rejection. In 1948 the party marched 1,500 supporters through Camden and went on to contest the following year's local elections in London . However, outside Shoreditch and Bethnal Green , where they polled 15.7% and 7.7% respectively in the wards contested, the UM performed very poorly and secured no representation. The Union Movement then declined as a political party, and attendance at meetings dwindled until it
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#1732790318766814-464: The financially-assisted repatriation of immigrants to their homelands of origin. The group was led by an Indian solicitor and an African airline pilot but was short-lived. Along with his domestic politics, Mosley continued to work towards his goal of Europe a Nation and in 1962 attended a conference in Venice at which he helped to form a National Party of Europe , along with Germany 's Reichspartei ,
851-592: The founder of the pro-Mosley European Action , a British pressure group and monthly newspaper. Having been the leader of the BUF in the 1930s, Mosley was expected to return to lead the far right. However, he remained out of the immediate postwar political arena, instead turned to writing and published his first work, My Answer (1946) in which he argued that he had been a patriot who had been unjustly punished by his internment under Defence Regulation 18B . In it and his 1947 sequel, The Alternative , Mosley began to argue for
888-402: The general widening of the roads connecting them to Princess st and Eastern Freeway. Also the diverting of traffic through some of the back streets of Carlton using One way signs and Speed humps to reduce traffic flow for residents, which has been attributed to more traffic congestion on surrounding roads during peak hour. Collective action Too Many Requests If you report this error to
925-489: The houses could be demolished. Moreover, it challenged the HCV to prove that the area constituted a slum . The Carlton Association represented the views of many Melburnians in its warning to the Commission that “posterity will be justifiably angry if we permit destruction of this and similar areas – destruction of the historic heart of Melbourne.” However, the Commissioners were unable to see it this way, convinced as they were that
962-462: The most pressing matter: the proposed demolition of the Lee Street block. The action group prepared the case for preserving the existing buildings in a report addressed to the Commission. This report contained a comprehensive analysis of the block, demonstrating the historical significance and structural soundness of the buildings, the acceptable level of sanitation and the lack of ‘overcrowding’. It argued that there were no reasonable grounds upon which
999-609: The proposal in 1971 to extend the F19 Freeway through Carlton , which would have necessitated demolition of houses and encouraged a major increase in traffic volumes through the area. Throughout its history, the Association also campaigned for improved educational facilities and better provision of community services, particularly in the areas of child care, aged care and immigrant services. The Carlton Association ceased to exist in 1993, as many of its original members were battle-weary and wanted to pursue other interests. Nevertheless,
1036-557: The rallying slogan of the movement. The action group was also able to secure broader support from both the National Trust (which classified eleven homes in the block as historically significant) and the Union movement . The Builders Labourers Federation announced a ‘ black ban ’ on the site on 26 June 1969, which forbade its members from participating in either the demolition of the existing houses, or any subsequent redevelopment on
1073-415: The response from the Commission to these and other voices of opposition was invariably that ‘broader community goals must take preference over individual interests’. When additional plans to redevelop 291 acres (1.18 km) of Carlton emerged in the mid-1960s, a group of Carlton traders published a vociferous pamphlet attacking the proposal under the title “HANDS OFF CARLTON”. Whilst the long-term goal of
1110-464: The site. Eventually, the Carlton Association prevailed, and the wholesale demolition of the Lee Street block was averted. Several individual dwellings were replaced, but most of the Victorian fabric was to remain intact. Over the following two-and-a-half decades, the Association was involved in numerous other battles to preserve the historic built fabric of the suburb against external threats, such as
1147-414: The suburb and restoring and renovating them. It was also an era of protest and direct action – a period in which citizens were questioning the authority of public decision-makers. Other commentators have seen the actions of the Carlton Association as linked to the gentrification of the suburb during the same period. As in other parts of inner Melbourne, the gentrification process in Carlton has resulted in
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1184-850: The violent events taking place in Mandatory Palestine . Large meetings were organised in Jewish areas of East London and elsewhere, which were often violently broken up by antifascist groups such as the 43 Group . Fifty-one separate groups were united under Mosley's leadership in the Union Movement (UM), launched at a meeting in Farringdon Hall , London, in 1948. The four main groups were Jeffrey Hamm 's British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women , Anthony Gannon's Imperial Defence League, Victor Burgess 's Union of British Freedom and Horace Gowing and Tommy Moran 's Sons of St George, all of which were led by ex-BUF men. Another early member
1221-446: Was Francis Parker Yockey , an American who had come to England to seek Mosley's help to publish his written work. Yockey briefly headed up the UM's European Contact Section, although he left after a dispute with Mosley. The Union Movement was also known for its attempts to recruit Irish people living in Britain, and Mosley wrote a pamphlet in 1948, Ireland's Right to Unite when entering European Union . There were also links between
1258-410: Was Britain's national destiny to unite the whole continent. He further envisaged a three-tiered system of government, headed by an elected European government, to organise defence and the corporatist economy. The continuation of national governments and a collection of local governments were still seen as necessary for the sake of independent identities. Mosley's ideas were not new since concepts of
1295-533: Was formed in March 1969 by residents of Carlton and neighbouring Carlton North , in order to mobilise opposition to the Housing Commission of Victoria 's (HCV) plans to redevelop large tracts of the two suburbs under its program of slum clearance . The HCV had long considered much of the housing stock of the inner suburbs of Melbourne to be unfit for habitation. The Commission’s modus operandi involved
1332-510: Was negligible. Disillusioned by the stern opposition that the UM faced and his style of street politics being exposed as somewhat passé, in 1951 Mosley went into self-imposed exile in Ireland . A member of Union Movement called F.B. Price-Heywood was elected as a councillor in Grasmere , Lake District , Cumbria , during the 1953 local elections, but it was a rare success for the party, and
1369-457: Was the first to express the ideas in English , and it came as no surprise when he returned to proper political activism in 1948. Those plans were to form the basis for the policy programme of the Union Movement. After the release of interned fascists at the end of the Second World War , a number of far-right groups were formed. They were often virulently anti-Semitic and tried to capitalise on
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