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35-917: Peter Buck (December 19, 1930 – November 18, 2021) was an American physicist , restaurateur , and philanthropist who co-founded the Subway fast-food restaurant chain alongside Fred DeLuca . Buck was born on December 19, 1930, to Ervin and Lillian Bernice "Molly" (Draper) Buck, who owned a farm in South Portland, Maine . He had a younger brother named David. He and his brother grew up and worked on his parents' farm. He graduated from South Portland High School in 1948. He graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine , in 1952. He then earned master's and doctoral degrees in physics at Columbia University . In 1957, Buck went to work for General Electric at

70-700: A master's degree like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci. For research-oriented careers, students work toward a doctoral degree specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical astrophysics , atomic physics , biological physics , chemical physics , condensed matter physics , cosmology , geophysics , gravitational physics , material science , medical physics , microelectronics , molecular physics , nuclear physics , optics , particle physics , plasma physics , quantum information science , and radiophysics . The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with

105-517: A grant to Bowdoin College in 2009 that completed its capital campaign. Consequently, the college's new fitness center bears his name. In 2014 Buck gave $ 30 million to Danbury Hospital towards a new addition. As of 2020, Buck was the seventh-largest landowner in the United States by acreage, according to landreport.com, acquiring land for the purpose of open space conservation. Buck married Haydee Piñero in 1955, whose father Jesús T. Piñero

140-452: A minimum, the owner must possess a three-year bachelors or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of six years' experience in a physics-related activity; or an Honor or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of five years' experience in a physics-related activity; or master or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of three years' experience in

175-527: A patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the Flag of Puerto Rico , with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 127,000 in 2023), or both. According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives,

210-565: A physics-related activity; a Doctorate or equivalent degree in Physics or a related field; or training or experience which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to any of the above. Physicists may be a member of a physical society of a country or region. Physical societies commonly publish scientific journals, organize physics conferences and award prizes for contributions to the field of physics. Some examples of physical societies are

245-416: A professional practice examination must also be passed. An exemption can be granted to a candidate that has practiced physics for at least seven years and provide a detailed description of their professional accomplishments which clearly demonstrate that the exam is not necessary. Work experience will be considered physics-related if it uses physics directly or significantly uses the modes of thought (such as

280-629: A sandwich shop to help him pay for college at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport , Connecticut. They named the restaurant after Buck, calling it "Pete's Super Submarines". Together Buck and DeLuca formed "Doctor's Associates" to oversee operations as the restaurant business expanded. Though neither the first nor the second restaurants were financial successes, they continued to expand their operations. By 1973, they had 16 locations throughout Connecticut and, in 1974, they began franchising out

315-746: A wealthy family with roots in the Canary Islands . His direct ancestor was Domingo Antonio José Piñero Pineda from Hermigua , La Gomera arriving in Puerto Rico around 1816. He obtained his primary and secondary education in his hometown. In 1914, he attended the College of Liberal Arts of the University of Puerto Rico . He also attended the School of Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia . Between 1920 and 1944, Piñero's interest in agriculture kept him engaged in

350-559: Is among the largest single contributions to a charitable foundation in a single year. The Buck family, which includes some of Maine's largest landowners with over 1.3 million acres of timberland held through the Tall Timbers Trust, has been a significant benefactor to the foundation. As of 2023, it is estimated that they have donated over $ 580 million to the foundation since its inception. The Internet Archive received support from PCLB. Buck personally made major donations to

385-615: Is the Nobel Prize in Physics , awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . National physical societies have many prizes and awards for professional recognition. In the case of the American Physical Society , as of 2023, there are 25 separate prizes and 33 separate awards in the field. Chartered Physicist (CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by

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420-754: The American Physical Society , the Institute of Physics , with the oldest physical society being the German Physical Society . Jes%C3%BAs T. Pi%C3%B1ero Jesús T. Piñero Jiménez (April 16, 1897 – November 19, 1952) was the first and only native Puerto Rican to be appointed governor of Puerto Rico by the Government of the United States . Jesús Toribio Piñero Jiménez was born in Carolina, Puerto Rico , to Emilio Piñero Estrella (son of Basilio Piñero) and Josefa Jiménez Sicardó into

455-697: The Institute of Physics . It is denoted by the postnominals "CPhys". Achieving chartered status in any profession denotes to the wider community a high level of specialised subject knowledge and professional competence. According to the Institute of Physics, holders of the award of the Chartered Physicist (CPhys) demonstrate the "highest standards of professionalism, up-to-date expertise, quality and safety" along with "the capacity to undertake independent practice and exercise leadership" as well as "commitment to keep pace with advancing knowledge and with

490-548: The Islamic medieval period , which saw the development of scientific methodology emphasising experimentation , such as the work of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) in the 11th century. The modern scientific worldview and the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the scientific revolution in Europe, starting with the work of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus leading to the physics of Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler in

525-780: The Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in Schenectady , New York. There, he performed tests and calculations on atomic power plants being developed for U.S. Navy submarines and surface ships. In 1965, he joined United Nuclear , in White Plains , New York, calculating the power distribution and refueling requirements of nuclear power plants. He finished his physicist career at Nuclear Energy Services in Danbury, Connecticut . Buck loaned partner and family friend Fred DeLuca $ 1,000 in 1965 and advised him to open

560-848: The President of the United States , Piñero was president of the Assembly of the Municipality of Carolina. Between 1934 and 1937, he was the president of the Association of the Sugar Cane Industry and was elected to the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico . In 1938, Piñero was one of the founders, along with Luis Muñoz Marín , of the Partido Popular Democrático ( PPD ). In the elections of 1940, he

595-602: The Smithsonian Institution , where he served as a trustee of the National Museum of Natural History , including the 23.10 carat Carmen Lúcia Ruby, given to the museum's gem collection. It is thought to be one of the finest Burmese rubies known. Curator Jeffrey Post called the gem “the most important addition to the collection in the 20 years that I’ve been here.” In 2008, Bowdoin College awarded Buck an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree. He gave

630-579: The 19th century. Many physicists contributed to the development of quantum mechanics in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding physical cosmology . The broad and general study of nature, natural philosophy , was divided into several fields in the 19th century, when the concept of "science" received its modern shape. Specific categories emerged, such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist", "chemistry" and "chemist", among other technical fields and titles. The term physicist

665-609: The Peter and Carmen Lucia Buck Foundation (PCLB) as a private family foundation to manage their philanthropic initiatives. The foundation's mission is to "give motivated people the tools they need to help themselves," supporting causes such as education, journalism, medicine, and land conservation. In 2023, it was announced that Buck had bequeathed his 50% stake in Subway to the foundation, a gift estimated to be worth approximately $ 5 billion based on Subway's potential sale value. This donation

700-673: The Soaring Society of America and the Valley Soaring Club. Buck was a long-time resident of Danbury, Connecticut . He died in Danbury on November 18, 2021, at age 90. Physicist Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as applied physics or engineering physics ). The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to

735-447: The United States in 1940, became known as the Ley de la Mordaza ( Gag Law ) when Governor Piñero signed it into law on June 10, 1948. Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing

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770-399: The approach to problem-solving) developed in your education or experience as a physicist, in all cases regardless of whether the experience is in academia, industry, government, or elsewhere. Management of physics-related work qualifies, and so does appropriate graduate student work. The South African Institute of Physics also delivers a certification of Professional Physicist (Pr.Phys). At

805-399: The dairy business and in the cultivation of sugar cane . His interest in the agricultural development of Puerto Rico led him to participate in politics, particularly those concerning the issues of the cultivation of sugar cane and development of the industry. Between 1928 and 1932, a period during which Puerto Rico's internal government was still run by continental Americans appointed by

840-520: The designation of Professional Engineer (P. Eng.). This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and already more than 200 people carry this distinction. To get the certification, at minimum proof of honours bachelor or higher degree in physics or a closely related discipline must be provided. Also, the physicist must have completed, or be about to complete, three years of recent physics-related work experience after graduation. And, unless exempted,

875-459: The early 1600s. The work on mechanics , along with a mathematical treatment of physical systems, was further developed by Christiaan Huygens and culminated in Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation by the end of the 17th century. The experimental discoveries of Faraday and the theory of Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism were developmental high points during

910-539: The first native Puerto Rican appointed to that post under U.S. administration. On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the archipelago . The Senate, controlled by the PPD and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín , approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist Smith Act passed in

945-756: The increasing expectations and requirements for which any profession must take responsibility". Chartered Physicist is considered to be equal in status to Chartered Engineer, which the IoP also awards as a member of the Engineering Council UK, and other chartered statuses in the UK. It is also considered a "regulated profession" under the European professional qualification directives. The Canadian Association of Physicists can appoint an official designation called Professional Physicist ( P. Phys. ), similar to

980-1180: The largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as Assistants, Professors , Sr./Jr. Scientist, or postdocs . As per the American Institute of Physics , some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education. A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (e.g. finance ). Job titles for graduate physicists include Agricultural Scientist , Air Traffic Controller , Biophysicist , Computer Programmer , Electrical Engineer , Environmental Analyst , Geophysicist , Medical Physicist , Meteorologist , Oceanographer , Physics Teacher / Professor / Researcher , Research Scientist , Reactor Physicist , Engineering Physicist , Satellite Missions Analyst, Science Writer , Stratigrapher , Software Engineer , Systems Engineer , Microelectronics Engineer , Radar Developer, Technical Consultant, etc. The majority of Physics terminal bachelor's degree holders are employed in

1015-563: The law was repressive and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. Piñero served as governor until 1949, when Puerto Rico celebrated its first popular election for the position, in which Muñoz Marín was elected governor. During Piñero's administration, legislation

1050-620: The present. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in the work of ancient civilizations, such as the Babylonian astronomers and Egyptian engineers , the Greek philosophers of science and mathematicians such as Thales of Miletus , Euclid in Ptolemaic Egypt , Archimedes of Syracuse and Aristarchus of Samos . Roots also emerged in ancient Asian cultures such as India and China, and particularly

1085-433: The private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching. Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involve research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment, computing and software development, etc. The highest honor awarded to physicists

Peter Buck (restaurateur) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-527: The restaurants. They also introduced a new logo and changed the name of their operation from what was then "Pete's Subway" to "Subway Sandwiches". Subway continued to grow over the ensuing years and by 2010 became the largest fast food chain worldwide, with 33,749 restaurants. In 2015, Buck was ranked No. 261 on the Forbes 400 list of wealthiest people, with an estimated net worth of $ 1.6 billion. In 1999, Peter Buck and his wife Carmen Lucia Buck established

1155-746: Was coined by William Whewell (also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences . A standard undergraduate physics curriculum consists of classical mechanics , electricity and magnetism , non-relativistic quantum mechanics , optics , statistical mechanics and thermodynamics , and laboratory experience. Physics students also need training in mathematics ( calculus , differential equations , linear algebra , complex analysis , etc.), and in computer science . Any physics-oriented career position requires at least an undergraduate degree in physics or applied physics, while career options widen with

1190-666: Was elected to the House of Representatives. In 1944, he was elected as Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , and represented the island in the United States House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. His position did not have voting powers in Congress. In 1946, President Harry S. Truman relieved Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell , who had served in this position from 1941, and named Piñero as governor in his place,

1225-447: Was the first native governor of Puerto Rico. They had three children together: Christopher, Kenneth and Cynthia (Kenneth and Cynthia predeceased him). The marriage ended in divorce. He later married Carmen Lúcia Passagem. They had a son together, William. They were married over 20 years when she died in 2003. Buck had a lifelong interest in aviation. For many years he owned and piloted a glider and remained an active member and supporter of

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