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100-628: (Redirected from Carpathian Ruthenians ) Carpatho-Ruthenians or Carpathian Ruthenians may refer to: inhabitants of the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia in general Carpatho-Ruthenian Slavs, including Carpatho-Ruthenian Rusyns and Ukrainians from Carpathian Ruthenia Carpatho-Ruthenian Jews , Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia Carpatho-Ruthenian Hungarians , Hungarians from Carpathian Ruthenia See also [ edit ] Carpatho-Ruthenian (disambiguation) Ruthenian (disambiguation) Ruthenia (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

200-493: A "National Assembly" without any semblance of a democratic process, and effectively ordered to endorse incorporation into Czechoslovakia. He further asserts that Clemenceau had personally instructed the French general on the spot to get the area incorporated into Czechoslovakia "at all costs", so as to create a buffer separating Soviet Ukraine from Hungary, as part of the French anti-Communist " Cordon sanitaire " policy, and that it

300-532: A Patriarchal Synod. The Holy Synod confirmed that Alexis was the Metropolitan of Kiev while Roman was also confirmed in his see at Novogorodek. In 1361, the two sees were formally divided. Shortly afterwards, in the winter of 1361/62, Roman died. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius. By that point, the Lithuanian metropolis was effectively dissolved. Following

400-474: A decision that happened parallel to other events that affected these proceedings. At the Paris Peace Conference , several other countries (including Hungary, Ukraine and Russia) laid claim to Carpathian Rus'. The Allies, however, had few alternatives to choosing Czechoslovakia. Hungary had lost the war and therefore gave up its claims; Ukraine was seen as politically unviable; and Russia was in

500-735: A distinct language (1995). Since the 19th century, several speculative theories emerged regarding the origin and nature of medieval and early modern uses of Ruthenian terms as designations for East Slavs. Some of those theories were focused on a very specific source, a memorial plate from 1521, that was placed in the catacombe Chapel of St Maximus in Petersfriedhof , the burial site of St Peter's Abbey in Salzburg (modern Austria ). The plate contains Latin inscription that mentions Italian ruler Odoacer (476–493) as king of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" ( Latin : Rex Rhvtenorvm ), and narrates

600-837: A distinctive culture from the main Ruthenian -speaking areas. Over time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features. In 1526 the region was divided between the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . Beginning in 1570 the latter transformed to the Principality of Transylvania , which soon fell under Ottoman suzerainty. The part of Transcarpathia under Habsburg administration

700-651: A referendum conducted in Subcarpathian Rus' in 1937. In November 1938, under the First Vienna Award —a result of the Munich Agreement — Czechoslovakia ceded southern Carpathian Rus to Hungary . The remainder of Subcarpathian Rus' received autonomy , with Andrej Bródy as prime minister of the autonomous government. After the resignation of the government following a local political crisis, Avhustyn Voloshyn became prime minister of

800-529: A separate and unique Slavic group of Rusyns and some consider themselves to be both Rusyns and Ukrainians. To describe their home region, most of them use the term Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathia; literally "beyond the Carpathian mountains"). This is contrasted implicitly with Prykarpattia (Ciscarpathia; "Near-Carpathia"), an unofficial region in Ukraine, to the immediate north-east of the central area of

900-596: A story about the martyrdom of St Maximus during an invasion of several peoples into Noricum in 477. Due to the very late date (1521) and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered as legendary. In spite of that, some authors (mainly non-scholars) employed that plate as a "source" for several theories that were trying to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic Ruthenes from Gaul, thus also providing an apparent bridge towards later medieval authors who labeled East Slavs as Ruthenes or Ruthenians . On those bases, an entire strain of speculative theories

1000-946: Is a colloquial term for Russians ) and only the citizens of the capital called themself "Muscovites". Margeret considered that this error is worse than calling all the French "Parisians". Professor David Frick from the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute has also found in Vilnius the documents from 1655, which demonstrate that Moscovitae were sometimes referred in Lithuania as Rutheni (as former part of Kievan Rus'). The 16th century Portuguese poet Luís Vaz de Camões in his Os Lusíadas " (Canto III, 11) clearly writes "...Entre este mar e o Tánais vive estranha Gente: Rutenos, Moscos e Livónios, Sármatas outro tempo..." differentiating between Ruthenians and Muscovites. Ruthenians of different regions in 1836: After

1100-672: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Carpathian Ruthenia From the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the end of the 9th century) to the end of World War I ( Treaty of Trianon in 1920), most of this region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary . In the interwar period , it was part of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics . Before World War II,

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1200-654: Is well represented in Slovakia. The single category of people who listed their ethnicity as Rusyn was created in the 1920s; however, no generally accepted standardised Rusyn language existed. After World War II, following the practice in the Soviet Union, Ruthenian ethnicity was disallowed. This Soviet policy maintained that the Ruthenians and their language were part of the Ukrainian ethnic group and language. At

1300-698: The Balkans in the 7th century. Those who remained were conquered by Kievan Rus' in the late 10th century. In 896 the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Range and migrated into the Pannonian Basin . Nestor's Chronicle wrote that Hungarian tribes had to fight against the Volochi and settled among Slavs when on their way to Pannonia. Prince Laborec fell from power under the efforts of

1400-599: The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Holy See . It had a single metropolitan territory — the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia . The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians, such as the murder of the hierarch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members " Uniates ", although Catholic documents no longer use

1500-545: The Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 16th century, was known in European Latin sources as Rhuteni Imperator , do to a self proclaimed title "Tsar of Rus' (Russia)" . Jacques Margeret in his book "Estat de l'empire de Russie, et grande duché de Moscovie" of 1607 said that the name "Muscovites" for the population of Tsardom (Empire) of Russia is an error. During conversations, they called themselves rusaki (which

1600-603: The Kievan Rus' Principality of Halych to the north. Slavs from the north ( Galicia ) and east—who actually arrived from Podolia via the mountain passes of Transylvania —continued to settle in small numbers in various parts of the Carpathian borderland, which the Hungarians and other medieval writers referred to as the Marchia Ruthenorum—the Rus' March. These new immigrants, from the north and east, like

1700-639: The Polish census of 1931 counted Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn as separate language categories, and the census results were substantially different from before. According to Rusyn -American historian Paul Robert Magocsi , Polish government policy in the 1930s pursued a strategy of tribalization, regarding various ethnographic groups—i.e., Lemkos , Boykos , and Hutsuls , as well as Old Ruthenians and Russophiles —as different from other Ukrainians and offered instructions in Lemko vernacular in state schools set up in

1800-543: The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church ). In medieval sources, the Latin term Rutheni was commonly applied to East Slavs in general, thus encompassing all endonyms and their various forms ( Belarusian : русіны , romanized :  rusiny ; Ukrainian : русини , romanized :  rusyny ). By opting for the use of exonymic terms, authors who wrote in Latin were relieved from

1900-797: The Soviet Union by the end of World War II in June 1945. Ruthenians who identified under the Rusyn ethnonym and considered themselves to be a national and linguistic group separate from Ukrainians and Belarusians were relegated to the Carpathian diaspora and formally functioned among the large immigrant communities in the United States. A cross-European revival took place only with the collapse of communist rule in 1989. This has resulted in political conflict and accusations of intrigue against Rusyn activists, including criminal charges. The Rusyn minority

2000-512: The Uniate or Greek Catholic Churches . In Galicia, the Polish government actively replaced all references to "Ukrainians" with the old word rusini ("Ruthenians"). The Polish census of 1921 considered Ukrainians no other than Ruthenians, meanwhile Belarusians have already become a separate nation, which in Polish is literally translated as "White Ruthenians" ( Polish : Białorusini ). However

2100-567: The Uriadova rada ("Governing Council) of Rus'ka Krajina. Prior to this, in July 1918, Rusyn immigrants in the United States had convened and called for complete independence . Failing that, they would try to unite with Galicia and Bukovina ; and failing that, they would demand autonomy, though they did not specify under which state. They approached the American government and were told that

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2200-531: The late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sources to describe Eastern Slavs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , as an exonym for people of the former Kievan Rus' , thus including ancestors of the modern Belarusians , Rusyns and Ukrainians . The use of Ruthenian and related exonyms continued through the early modern period, developing several distinctive meanings, both in terms of their regional scopes and additional religious connotations (such as affiliation with

2300-826: The partition of Poland , the term Ruthenian referred exclusively to people of the Rusyn- and Ukrainian-speaking areas of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , Bukovina , and Transcarpathia . At the request of Mykhailo Levytsky , in 1843, the term Ruthenian became the official name for the Rusyns and Ukrainians within the Austrian Empire . For example, Ivan Franko and Stepan Bandera in their passports were identified as Ruthenians ( Polish : Rusini ). By 1900, more and more Ruthenians began to call themselves with

2400-655: The 12th century, the land of Rus' was usually known in Western Europe by the Latinised name Ruthenia . The Ruthenian language ( Ruthenian : рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ) was an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties , particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By

2500-759: The 15th up to the 18th centuries. In the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy , the same term ( German : Ruthenen ) was employed up to 1918 as an official exonym for the entire Ukrainian population within the borders of the Monarchy. Ruteni , a misnomer that was also the name of an extinct and unrelated Celtic tribe in Ancient Gaul , was used in reference to Rus' in the Annales Augustani of 1089. An alternative early modern Latinisation, Rucenus (plural Ruceni ) was, according to Boris Unbegaun , derived from Rusyn . Baron Herberstein , describing

2600-784: The Battle of Uzhgorod to break through to the Hungarian plains and encircle German troops in Transylvania . On 28 October 1944, upon conclusion of the offensive campaign, most of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was secured by the Workers-Peasants Red Army (RKKA). Ruthenians Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for Ukrainians and partially Belarusians , particularly during

2700-527: The Carpathian Range, and potentially including its foothills, the Subcarpathian basin and part of the surrounding plains. From a Hungarian (and to an extent Slovak and Czech) perspective, the region is usually described as Subcarpathia (literally "below the Carpathians"), although technically this name refers only to a long, narrow basin that flanks the northern side of the mountains. During

2800-678: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A parallel succession to the title ensued between Moscow and Vilnius. The Metropolitans of Kiev are the predecessors of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' that was formed in the 16th century. The Ruthenian Uniate Church was created in 1595–1596 by those clergy of the Eastern Orthodox churches who subscribed to the Union of Brest . In the process, they switched their allegiances and jurisdiction from

2900-468: The Hungarian government on December 21, 1918, thereby establishing the autonymous Rusyn province of Rus'ka Krajina from the Rusyn-inhabited parts of four eastern counties ( Máramaros County , Ugocha County, Bereg County , Ung County . On February 5, 1919, a provisional government for Rus'ka Krajina was established. The "Rus'ka rada " (or Rusyn Council), was made up of 42 representatives from

3000-464: The Hungarians and the Kievan forces. According to Gesta Hungarorum , the Hungarians defeated a united Bulgarian and Byzantine army led by Salan in the early 10th century on the plains of Alpár, who ruled over territory that was finally conquered by Hungarians. During the tenth and for most of the eleventh century the territory remained a borderland between the Kingdom of Hungary to the south and

3100-454: The Jews of Transcarpathia were killed, though a number survived, either because they were hidden by their neighbours, or were forced into labour battalions , which often guaranteed food and shelter. The end of the war had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to

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3200-509: The Orthodox church was still dominant. In the 14th century, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos sanctioned the creation of two additional metropolitan sees: the Metropolis of Halych (1303) and the Metropolis of Lithuania (1317). Metropolitan Roman (1355–1362) of Lithuania and Metropolitan Alexius of Kiev both claimed the see. Both metropolitans travelled to Constantinople to make their appeals in person. In 1356, their cases were heard by

3300-657: The Ottoman Empire. Domination of tsarist-ruled Ukraine by the Russian Empire (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of Uniate Catholicism (officially founded in 1596) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control. Musical scores titled " Baletto Ruteno " or " Horea Rutenia ", meaning Ruthenian Ballet can be found in European collections during the Lithuanian and Polish rule of Ruthenia, such as

3400-801: The Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus, the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth. Until 1666, when Patriarch Nikon

3500-573: The Slavs already living in Carpathian Ruthenia, had by the eleventh century come to be known as the people of Rus', or Rusyns . Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the Hungarian nobles to the south. Prince Rostislav , a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kiev, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his father-in-law , Béla IV of Hungary . The territory's ethnic diversity increased with

3600-459: The Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet labor camps . As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as many as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in

3700-582: The Tisza river. The two major cities are Uzhhorod and Mukachevo , both with populations around 100,000. The population of the other five cities (including Khust and Berehove ) varies between 10,000 and 30,000. Other urban and rural populated places have a population of less than 10,000. During the Late Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC, the region was characterized by Stanove culture; however, it only gained more advanced metalworking skills with

3800-626: The Ukrainian-speaking literary class in the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . Following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, new states emerged and dissolved; borders changed frequently. After several years, the Rusyn and Ukrainian speaking areas of eastern Austria-Hungary found themselves divided between the Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Romania . When commenting on

3900-598: The United States under Zatkovich and voted unanimously to accept the admission of Carpathian Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia. Back in Ruthenia, on May 8, 1919, a general meeting of representatives from all the previous councils was held, and declared that "The Central Russian National Council... completely endorse the decision of the American Uhro-Rusin Council to unite with the Czech-Slovak nation on

4000-433: The administration of Transylvania. From 1699 the entire region eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy , divided between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. Later, the entire region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1850 and 1860 the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts, and the region was part of the Military District of Kaschau . After 1867,

4100-410: The area was used as a conduit for arms and ammunition for the anti-Soviet Poles fighting in the Polish-Soviet War directly to the north, while local Communists sabotaged the trains and tried to help the Soviet side. During and after the war many Ukrainian nationalists in East Galicia who opposed both Polish and Soviet rule fled to Carpathian Ruthenia. Gregory Žatkovich was appointed governor of

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4200-421: The arrival of Thracians from the South with Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th-3rd century BC. In the 5th-3rd century BC, Celts arrived from the West, bringing iron-melting skills and La Tène culture . A Thracian-Celtic symbiosis existed for a time in the region, after which appeared the Bastarnae . At that time, the Iranian-speaking Scythians and later a Sarmatian tribe called the Iazyges were present in

4300-422: The basis of full national autonomy." Note that the Central Russian National Council was an offshoot of the Central Ruthenian National Council and represented a Carpathian branch of the Russophiles movement that existed in the Austrian Galicia. The Hungarian left-wing writer Béla Illés claimed that the meeting was little more than a farce, with various "notables" fetched from their homes by police, formed into

4400-411: The county administrative system was expanded to the whole of Transcarpathia, and the area was divided between the counties of Ung, Bereg , Ugocsa , and Máramaros . At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, during the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary, the region was part of the domains of semi-independent oligarchs Amadeus Aba and Nicholas Pok . From 1280 to 1320,

4500-487: The desire of its members to separate from the newly formed Hungarian state but did not specify a particular alternative—only that it must involve the right to self-determination . Other councils, such as the Carpatho-Ruthenian National Council meetings in Huszt ( Khust ) (November 1918), called for unification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Only in early January 1919 were the first calls heard in Ruthenia for union with Czechoslovakia . Throughout November and

4600-988: The eastern and south-eastern portions of the region. During the period of Czechoslovak administration in the first half of the 20th century, the region was referred to for a while as Rusinsko (Ruthenia) or Karpatske Rusinsko , and later as Subcarpathian Rus ( Czech and Slovak : Podkarpatská Rus ) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Ukrajina ), and from 1928 as Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land. (Czech: Země podkarpatoruská , Slovak: Krajina podkarpatoruská ). Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatsko ), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatsko ), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatská Ukrajina ), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: Karpatská Rus ) and, occasionally, Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia ( Czech : Uherská Rus ; Slovak : Uhorská Rus ). The region declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine on March 15, 1939, but

4700-418: The end of the 12th century, Europe was generally divided into two large areas: Western Europe with dominance of Catholicism, and Eastern Europe with Orthodox and Byzantine influences. The border between them was roughly marked by the Bug River . This placed the area now known as Belarus in a unique position where these two influences mixed and interfered. The first Latin Church diocese in White Ruthenia

4800-400: The end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian ( White Ruthenian ), Ukrainian ( Ruthenian ), and Rusyn ( Carpathian Ruthenian ) languages. With the baptism of Volodymyr began a long history of the dominance of Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia . The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at

4900-414: The ethnic makeup of the region, with ideas such as the Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema looking to prove the Slavic nature of the Rus, and therefore justifying union with Russia (or later a Ukrainian state) under the claim that the Rus were part of that Slavic cultural sphere. These Rus or Ruthenians would argue this point until the early 1900's when action would be taken. In 1910, the population of Transcarpathia

5000-439: The expansion of Soviet Ukraine following World War II, several groups who had not previously considered themselves Ukrainians were merged into the Ukrainian identity. In the interbellum period of the 20th century, the term rusyn ( Ruthenian ) was also applied to people from the Kresy Wschodnie (the eastern borderlands) in the Second Polish Republic , and included Ukrainians, Rusyns, and Lemkos, or alternatively, members of

5100-434: The exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners. This fighting prevented the arrival of Soviet aid, for which the Hungarian Communists hoped in vain; the Bolsheviks were also too preoccupied with their own civil war to assist. In May 1919, a Central National Council convened in

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5200-430: The following few months, councils met every few weeks, calling for various solutions. Some wanted to remain part of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, but with greater autonomy; the most notable of these, the Uzhhorod Council (November 9, 1918), declared itself the representative of the Rusyn people and began negotiations with Hungarian authorities. These negotiations ultimately resulted in the passage of Law no. 10 by

5300-489: The former counties of Ung , Bereg and partially Máramaros . On March 23, 1939, Hungary annexed further territories disputed with Slovakia bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union ; of those almost 60,000 of them died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined

5400-405: The four constituent counties and headed by a chairman, Orest Sabov, and vice-chairman, Avhustyn Shtefan. The following month, on March 4, elections were held for a formal diet of 36 deputies. Upon election, the new diet requested the Hungarian government define the borders of the autonomous region, which had not yet been elaborated; without an established territory, the deputies argued that the diet

5500-444: The ground was established, when Czechoslovak Army troops acting in coordination with Royal Romanian Army forces arriving from the east—both acting under French auspices—entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic , which had created the Slovak Soviet Republic and whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against

5600-407: The independent West Ukraine Republic. However, for most of this period the region was controlled by the newly formed independent Hungarian Democratic Republic , with a short period of West Ukrainian control. On November 8, 1918, the first National Council (the Lubovňa Council, which later reconvened as the Prešov Council) was held in western Ruthenia. The first of many councils, it simply stated

5700-448: The influx of some 40,000 Cuman settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by Vladimir II (Monomakh) in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mongols in 1238. During the early period of Hungarian administration, part of the area was included into the Gyepű border region, while the other part was under county authority and was included into the counties of Ung , Borsova and Szatmár . Later,

5800-434: The jurisdiction of Rome , thus establishing the so-called "Unia" of Eastern Catholic churches , the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of the Principality of Transylvania and between 1682 and 1685 its north-western part was administered by the Ottoman vassal state of Upper Hungary , while the south-eastern parts remained under

5900-482: The land of Russia (Rus'), inhabited by the Rutheni who call themselves Russi , claimed that the first of the governors who rule Russia (Rus') is the Grand Duke of Moscow, the second is the Grand Duke of Lithuania and the third is the King of Poland. According to professor John-Paul Himka from the University of Alberta the word Rutheni did not include the modern Russians, who were known as Moscovitae throughout Western Europe. Vasili III of Russia , who ruled

6000-443: The midst of a civil war. Thus the only importance of Rusyns' decision to become part of Czechoslovakia was in creating, at least initially, good relations between the leaders of Carpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia. The Ukrainian language was not actively persecuted in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period , unlike in Poland and Romania . 73 percent of local parents voted against Ukrainian language education for their children in

6100-400: The national sphere was less than that hoped for. Carpathian Ruthenia included former Hungarian territories of Ung County , Bereg County , Ugocsa County and Máramaros County . After the Paris Peace Conference , Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia . Whether this was widely popular among the mainly peasant population, is debatable; clearly, however, what mattered most to Ruthenians

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6200-471: The need to be specific in their applications of those terms, and the same quality of Ruthenian exonyms is often recognized in modern, mainly Western authors, particularly those who prefer to use exonyms (foreign in origin) over endonyms. During the early modern period, the exonym Ruthenian was most frequently applied to the East Slavic population of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , an area encompassing territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine from

6300-426: The new government. In December 1938, Subcarpathian Rus' was renamed to Carpathian Ukraine. Following the Slovak proclamation of independence on March 14, 1939 and the Nazis' seizure of the Czech lands on March 15, Carpathian Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , with Avhustyn Voloshyn as head of state, and was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary , restoring provisionally

6400-441: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially Mukachevo , where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. After the German occupation of Hungary (19 March 1944)

6500-471: The north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by Eastern Orthodox groups of Vlach ( Romanian ) highlanders with accompanying Ruthenian populations. Initially, the Romanians were organized into the Voivodeship of Maramureș , formally integrated into Hungary in 1402. All the groups, including local Slavic population, blended together, creating

6600-573: The only viable option was unification with Czechoslovakia . Their leader, Gregory Zatkovich , then signed the "Philadelphia Agreement" with Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , guaranteeing Rusyn autonomy upon unification with Czechoslovakia on 25 October 1918. A referendum was held among American Rusyn parishes in November 1918, with a resulting 67% in favor. Another 28% voted for union with Ukraine , and less than one percent each for Galicia, Hungary and Russia. Less than 2% desired complete independence. In April 1919, Czechoslovak control on

6700-431: The partition of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in March 1939, US diplomat George Kennan noted, "To those who inquire whether these peasants are Russians or Ukrainians, there is only one answer. They are Neither. They are simply Ruthenians ." Dr. Paul R. Magocsi emphasizes that modern Ruthenians have "the sense of a nationality distinct from Ukrainians" and often associate Ukrainians with Soviets or Communists. After

6800-414: The period in which the region was administered by the Hungarian states , it was officially referred to in Hungarian as Kárpátalja (literally: "the base of the Carpathians") or the north-eastern regions of medieval Upper Hungary , which in the 16th century was contested between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Romanian name of the region is Maramureș , which is geographically located in

6900-406: The population illiterate, no industry, and a herdsman way of life, up to the level of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Thousands of Czech teachers, policemen, clerks and businessmen went to the region. The Czechoslovak government built thousands of kilometers of railways, roads, airports, and hundreds of schools and residential buildings. The Rusyn people decided to join the new state of Czechoslovakia,

7000-415: The pro- Nazi policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking Jews , and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war. During the Holocaust , 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944. Most of

7100-415: The province by Masaryk on April 20, 1920 and resigned almost a year later, on April 17, 1921, to return to his law practice in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US. The reason for his resignation was dissatisfaction with the borders with Slovakia. His tenure is a historical anomaly as the only American citizen ever acting as governor of a province that later became a part of the USSR. In 1928, Czechoslovakia

7200-1024: The region possessed some form of quasi-autonomy with its own legislature, while remaining under the governance of the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union as well as the decision of the regional council, Transcarpathia joined the Ukrainian SSR as the Zakarpattia Oblast . The region has subsequently been referred to as Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття ) or Transcarpathia , and on occasions as Carpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Карпатська Русь , romanized :  Karpatska Rus ), Transcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Закарпатська Русь , romanized :  Zakarpatska Rus ), or Subcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Підкарпатська Русь , romanized :  Pidkarpatska Rus ). Carpathian Ruthenia rests on

7300-452: The region was administratively included into Transleithania or the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary . In the 19th and 20th centuries, many nationalist groups vied for unification or alignment with many different possible nationalities, all arguing that the Rus people would be better off uniting with that nation for security or staying within the nation of Hungary. Many of these groups utilized

7400-694: The region was annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary once again when Germany dismembered the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the war, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited mostly by people who regard themselves as ethnic Ukrainians , Rusyns , Hungarians , Romanians , Slovaks , and Poles . It also has small communities of Jewish and Romani minorities. Prior to World War II, many more Jews lived in

7500-418: The region, constituting over 13% of its total population in 1930. The most commonly spoken languages are Rusyn , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Romanian , Slovak , and Polish . The name Carpathian Ruthenia is sometimes used for the contiguous cross-border area of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland inhabited by Ruthenians . The local Ruthenian population self-identifies in different ways: some consider themselves to be

7600-814: The region. Proto-Slavic settlement began between the 2nd-century BCE and 2nd century CE, and during the Migration Period , the region was traversed by Huns and Gepids (4th century) and Pannonian Avars (6th century). By the 8th and 9th century, the valleys of the Northern and Southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains were "densely" settled by Slavic tribe of White Croats , who were closely related to East Slavic tribes who inhabited Prykarpattia , Volhynia , Transnistria and Dnieper Ukraine . Whereas some White Croats remained behind in Carpathian Ruthenia, others moved southward into

7700-680: The region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians. The Soviet takeover of the region started with the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive in the fall of 1944. This offensive consisted of two parts: the Battle of the Dukla Pass in effort to support the Slovak National Uprising ; and

7800-732: The remaining Czech troops from the Czechoslovak army-in-exile . Upon liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine , in the territory annexed the Governorate of Subcarpathia was installed and divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung ( Hungarian : Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), Bereg ( Hungarian : Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) and Máramaros ( Hungarian : Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) governed from Ungvár , Munkács and Huszt respectively, having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages. Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in

7900-583: The ruling class. Jogaila , then ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , ordered the whole population of Lithuania to convert to Catholicism. One and a half years after the Union of Krewo, the Wilno (Vilnius) episcopate was created which received a lot of land from the Lithuanian dukes. By the mid-16th century Catholicism became strong in Lithuania and bordering with it north-west parts of White Ruthenia, but

8000-435: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Carpatho-Ruthenians . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpatho-Ruthenians&oldid=1030602578 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

8100-530: The same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form , Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' . By

8200-619: The same time, the Greek Catholic church was banned and replaced with the Eastern Orthodox church under the Russian Patriarch, in an atmosphere which repressed all religions. Thus, in Slovakia, the former Ruthenians were technically free to register as any ethnicity but Ruthenian. The government of Slovakia has proclaimed Rusyns ( Rusíni ) to be a distinct national minority (1991) and recognised Rusyn language as

8300-422: The self-designated name Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism during the mid-19th century, use of "Ruthenian" and cognate terms declined among Ukrainians and fell out of use in Eastern and Central Ukraine. Most people in the western region of Ukraine followed suit later in the 19th century. During the early 20th century, the name Ukrajins'ka mova ("Ukrainian language") became accepted by much of

8400-411: The shifting geographical scopes of the term Carpathian Ruthenia . Those meanings were also spanning from wider uses as designations for all East Slavs of the Carpathian region, to narrower uses, focusing on those local groups of East Slavs who did not accept a modern Ukrainian identity, but rather opted to keep their traditional Rusyn identity. The designations Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn were banned in

8500-529: The signing of the Council of Florence , Metropolitan Isidore of Kiev returned to Moscow in 1441 as a Ruthenian cardinal. He was arrested by the Grand Duke of Moscow and accused of apostasy . The Grand Duke deposed Isidore and in 1448 installed own candidate as Metropolitan of Kyiv — Jonah . This was carried out without the approval of Patriarch Gregory III of Constantinople . When Isidore died in 1458, he

8600-655: The southern slopes of the eastern Carpathian Mountains , bordered to the east and south by the Tisza River, and to the west by the Hornád and Poprad Rivers . The region borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, and makes up part of the Pannonian Plain . The region is predominantly rural and infrastructurally underdeveloped. The landscape is mostly mountainous; it is geographically separated from Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania by mountains, and from Hungary by

8700-702: The term due to its perceived negative overtones. In 1620, these dissenters erected their own metropolis — the " Metropolis of Kyev, Galicia and all Ruthenia ". In the 16th century, a crisis began in Christianity: the Protestant Reformation began in Catholicism and a period of heresy began in an Orthodox area. From the mid-16th century Protestant ideas began spreading in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The first Protestant Church in Belarus

8800-497: The westernmost Lemko Region . The Polish census of 1931 listed "Belarusian", "Rusyn" and "Ukrainian" ( Polish : białoruski, ruski, ukraiński , respectively) as separate languages. By the end of the 19th century, another set of terms came into use in several western languages, combining regional Carpathian with Ruthenian designations, and thus producing composite terms such as: Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians. Those terms also acquired several meanings, depending on

8900-494: Was 605,942, of which 330,010 (54.5%) were speakers of Ruthenian , 185,433 (30.6%) were speakers of Hungarian , 64,257 (10.6%) were speakers of German , 11,668 (1.9%) were speakers of Romanian , 6,346 (1%) were speakers of Slovak or Czech , and 8,228 (1.4%) were speakers of other languages. After World War I , the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the region was briefly (in 1918 and 1919) claimed as part of

9000-722: Was created in Brest by Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł . Protestantism did not survive due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland . Both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with

9100-420: Was created, regarding the alleged connection between ancient Gallic Ruthenes and later East Slavic "Ruthenians". As noted by professor Paul R. Magocsi , those theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers. From the 9th century, Kievan Rus' – now part of the modern states of Ukraine , Belarus and Russia – was known in Western Europe by a variety of names derived from Rus'. From

9200-664: Was deposed by the tsar , the Russian Orthodox Church had been independent of the State. In 1721, the first Russian Emperor, Peter I , abolished completely the patriarchate and effectively made the church a department of the government, ruled by the Most Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the emperor himself. Over time, Imperial Russia would style itself a protector and patron of all Orthodox Christians, especially those within

9300-464: Was divided into four provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia, and the Subcarpathian Rus'. The main town of the region, and its capital until 1938, was Užhorod . It had an area of 12,097 square kilometres (4,671 sq mi), and its 1921 population was estimated as being 592,044. In the period 1918–1938 the Czechoslovak government attempted to bring the Subcarpathian Rus', with 70% of

9400-589: Was established in Turaŭ between 1008 and 1013. Catholicism was a traditionally dominant religion of Belarusian nobility (the szlachta ) and of a large part of the population of western and northwestern parts of Belarus. Before the 14th century, the Eastern Orthodox Church was dominant in White Ruthenia. The Union of Krewo in 1385 broke this monopoly and made Catholicism the religion of

9500-619: Was included into the Captaincy of Upper Hungary , which was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the forefront. The Union of Brest (1595) and Union of Uzhhorod (1646) were instituted, causing the Byzantine Orthodox Churches of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under

9600-587: Was not which country they would join, but that they be granted autonomy within it. After their experience of Magyarization , few Carpathian Rusyns were eager to remain under Hungarian rule, and they desired to ensure self-determination. According to the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 , the former region of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthenian Land ( Ruszka Krajna ), was officially renamed to Subcarpathian Ruthenia ( Podkarpatská Rus ). In 1920,

9700-481: Was occupied and annexed by Hungary on the same day, and remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II. During this period the region continued to possess a special administration and the term Kárpátalja was locally used. In 1944–1946, the region was occupied by the Soviet Army and was a separate political formation known as Transcarpathian Ukraine or Subcarpathian Ruthenia. During this period

9800-572: Was succeeded as metropolitan in the Patriarchate of Constantinople by Gregory the Bulgarian . Gregory's canonical territory was the western part of the traditional Kievan Rus' lands — the states of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland . The episcopal seat was in the city of Navahrudak which is today located in Belarus . It was later moved to Vilnius — the capital of

9900-561: Was the French rather than the Czechoslovaks who made the effective decisions. The Article 53, Treaty of St. Germain (September 10, 1919) granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomy, which was later upheld to some extent by the Czechoslovak constitution . Some rights were, however, withheld by Prague, which justified its actions by claiming that the process was to be a gradual one; and Ruthenians representation in

10000-598: Was useless. On March 21, 1919 the Democratic Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic , which then announced the existence of a "Soviet Rus'ka Krajina". Elections organized by the new Hungarian government of a people's soviet (council) on April 6 and 7, 1919 led to Rus'ka Krajina then had two councils: the original diet, and the newly elected soviet. Representatives from both councils then decided to join, forming

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