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22-534: At 115,478 m or 1,242,990 sq ft, it is both the largest enclosed shopping centre in the Greater Montreal area and the largest mall operating on a single floor in all of Quebec. Virtually untouched by the ongoing decline of indoor malls, it typically ranks among the top shopping centres in Quebec for its number of visitors as well as sales per square foot and has been home to many retail firsts in

44-434: A captive clientele. The challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets, even gyms , as anchors. The International Council of Shopping Centers makes the presence of anchors one of the main defining characteristics of the two largest categories of centres, the regional center with 400,000 to 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ) in gross leasable area , and

66-551: A common type of anchor store, since they are visited often. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the grocery store did not result in visits to surrounding shops . Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however. Since the end of the 20th century, the declining popularity of old-line department stores has made it necessary for mall management companies to consider re-anchoring with other retail alternatives, or mix commercial development with residential development to guarantee

88-586: A draftsman. After the success of his design for the Lederer leather-goods boutique on Fifth Avenue, he received further commissions for the design of shops, including Ciro’s on Fifth Avenue, Steckler’s on Broadway, Paris Decorators on the Bronx Concourse, and eleven branches of the clothing chain Grayson’s. In 1941 Gruen moved to Los Angeles. He was naturalized as a US citizen in 1943. In 1951, he founded

110-452: Is regarded by many as a dramatically ruthless re-imagining of a former immigrant tenement neighborhood (Gans, O'Conner, The Hub). In 1956, Gruen drafted a comprehensive revitalization plan for the central business district of downtown Fort Worth, Texas , but most components of the plan were never realized. Dr. ETH Ing. Walid Jabri, the architect and structural engineer, designed the 55,000 square-meter business complex Centre Gefinor, which

132-425: The superregional center with more than 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ) of space. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more. In each case, the anchors account for 50–70% of the centre's leasable space. Shopping centres with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to

154-711: The anchor to shop at other shops in the mall. Thus, a mall which loses its last anchor is often considered to be a dead mall . Victor Gruen Victor David Gruen , born Viktor David Grünbaum (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-American architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States. He is also noted for his urban revitalization proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort Worth , Texas (1955), Kalamazoo , Michigan (1958) and Fresno , California (1965). An advocate of prioritizing pedestrians over cars in urban cores, he

176-488: The architectural firm "Victor Gruen Associates", which was soon to become one of the major planning offices of that time. After the war, he designed the first suburban open-air shopping facility called Northland Mall near Detroit in 1954. After the success of the first project, he designed his best-known work for the owners of Dayton Department stores, the 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m ) Southdale Mall in Edina, Minnesota,

198-615: The construction of the necessary infrastructure by the newly formed city of Laval . Construction was intended to start in 1971 but the project had been delayed after a zoning bylaw proposed by mayor Jacques Tétreault , that would effectively have given the Carrefour Laval consortium a monopoly over the development of the proposed downtown core of Laval, was challenged by the opposition and by members of his own party who founded his idea to be discriminatory and too restrictive towards other businesses. Carrefour Laval finally broke ground

220-836: The ends of malls, sometimes in the middle. With their broad appeal, they are intended to attract a significant cross-section of the shopping public to the center. They are often offered steep discounts on rent in exchange for signing long-term leases in order to provide steady cash flows for the mall owners. Some examples of anchor stores in the United States are: Macy's , Sears , JCPenney , Nordstrom , Neiman Marcus , Saks Fifth Avenue , Dillard's , Kohl's , Walmart , and Target . And in Canada ; Hudson's Bay , Sears (formerly), Target (formerly), Zellers (formerly, now in all Hudson’s Bay locations), Nordstrom / Nordstrom Rack (formerly), TJX Companies ( HomeSense , Winners , Marshalls ), Walmart, Saks Fifth Avenue , Sporting Life . When

242-510: The first enclosed shopping mall in the country. Opening in 1956, Southdale was meant as the kernel of a full-fledged community. The mall was commercially successful, but the original design was never fully realized, as the intended apartment buildings, schools, medical facilities, park and lake were not built. Because he invented the modern mall, Malcolm Gladwell , writing in The New Yorker , suggested that "Victor Gruen may well have been

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264-453: The following year and undertaken by Fairview Corporation which had previously developed the shopping malls Fairview Pointe-Claire and Galeries d'Anjou . Non-local car traffic to the mall is mainly accessible via the two major highways that border it: Highway 15 and Highway 440 . Additionally, it is served by public transit via the STL , which has its EXO bus terminal located across from

286-584: The future mayor of Vienna, and they became friends. As an architect he worked for Peter Behrens , and in 1933 opened his own architectural firm in Vienna. His firm specialized in remodeling of shops and apartments. When Germany annexed Austria in 1938, he emigrated to the United States. Short and stout, he landed "with an architect's degree, eight dollars, and no English." Arriving in New York he changed his name to Gruen from Grünbaum and started to work as

308-575: The gradual transformation of the inner city into a pedestrian zone , of which only some parts have been implemented, including Kärntner Straße and Graben . In a speech in London in 1978, Gruen disavowed shopping mall developments as having "bastardized" his ideas: "I refuse to pay alimony for those bastard developments. They destroyed our cities." Gruen died on February 14, 1980. He was married four times and had two children. Gruen's book The Heart of our Cities: The Urban Crisis, Diagnosis and Cure

330-540: The mall, with bus service that connects to the Montreal Metro (via the terminus of the orange line in Laval). Anchor stores In North American, Australian and New Zealand retail , an " anchor tenant ", sometimes called an " anchor store ", " draw tenant ", or " key tenant ", is a considerably larger tenant in a shopping mall , often a department store or retail chain . They are typically located at

352-433: The most influential architect of the twentieth century." Until the mid-1970s, his office designed over fifty shopping malls in the United States. Gruen was the principal architect for a luxury housing development built on the 48-acre (190,000 m ) site of Boston , Massachusetts' former West End neighborhood. The first of several Gruen towers and plazas was completed in 1962. This development, known as Charles River Park

374-486: The painting to Michael, resulting in a landmark case in the New York Supreme Court and Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals ruled the basis of inter vivos gifts, including the plaintiff having the burden of proof to a clear and convincing standard that the chattel was a gift and the required elements of a gift. Kemija Gruen claimed that if the painting was to be given after death, even if such arrangement

396-443: The planned shopping centre format was developed by Victor Gruen in the early to mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller shops in the centre as well. Anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the centre to remain open. Early on, grocery stores were

418-508: The province. The mall has three anchor stores : Hudson's Bay , Simons and Rona L'Entrepôt . Various other stores, boutiques and restaurants are represented in the mall. Construction of the mall was announced on February 27, 1969, by Steinberg's and Eaton's . The consortium announced that a 150-store mall would be built on a 20,000,000-square-foot (1,900,000 m) property next to the Laurentian Autoroute , subject to

440-557: Was a major influence on Walt Disney 's city planning ambitions and his ideas for the original EPCOT . In 1963, on his 21st birthday, his son New York attorney Michael S. Gruen (then a Harvard undergraduate) was given a painting "Schloss Kammer am Attersee II" by Gustav Klimt . While ownership of the painting was given to his son in 1963, the elder Gruen maintained a life estate on the chattel and continued to hang it in his living room and even paid for insurance and repairs. Upon Gruen's death in 1980, his widow, Kemija, refused to surrender

462-719: Was also the designer of the first outdoor pedestrian mall in the United States , the Kalamazoo Mall . Victor Gruen was born on July 18, 1903, in a middle-class Jewish family in Vienna , Austria. He studied architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts . A committed socialist , from 1926 until 1934 he ran the "political cabaret at the Naschmarkt "-theatre. At that time he came to know Felix Slavik ,

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484-656: Was built in the late 1960s on Rue Clémenceau in Beirut , Lebanon for which Victor Gruen designed the complete commercial area on the ground floor and the mezzanine after the completion of the skeleton. Gruen also designed the Greengate Mall in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, which opened in 1965, as well as the Lakehurst Mall in 1971 for Waukegan, Illinois . In 1968, he returned to Vienna, where he engaged in

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