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73-414: The game is set in the near future, where a team of scientists have developed two robotic aircraft carriers to colonise an archipelago of sixty-four islands . Unfortunately, the more advanced carrier falls into the hands of a terrorist organization, and they plan to conquer the archipelago for their own evil ends. It is the player's job to use the less advanced carrier to colonise the islands and destroy

146-500: A Bridgewater Treatise , translating the works of Goethe , and writing sermons and theological tracts. In mathematics , Whewell introduced what is now called the Whewell equation , defining the shape of a curve without reference to an arbitrarily chosen coordinate system. He also organized thousands of volunteers internationally to study ocean tides , in what is now considered one of the first citizen science projects. He received

219-419: A thesis (or dissertation) during an oral examination . To aid them in this endeavor, graduate students often work under the guidance of a mentor , usually a senior scientist, which may continue after the completion of their doctorates whereby they work as postdoctoral researchers . After the completion of their training, many scientists pursue careers in a variety of work settings and conditions. In 2017,

292-457: A "no-tide zone" is now called an amphidromic point . In 1840, the naval surveyor William Hewett confirmed Whewell's prediction. This involved anchoring his ship, HMS Fairy , and taking repeated soundings at the same location with lead and line , precautions being needed to allow for irregularities in the sea bed, and the effects of tidal flow. The data showed a rise of no more than 1 foot (0.30 m). Whewell published about 20 papers over

365-480: A brass hook that was holding the leg in place. The leg twitched. Further experiments confirmed this effect, and Galvani was convinced that he was seeing the effects of what he called animal electricity, the life force within the muscles of the frog. At the University of Pavia , Galvani's colleague Alessandro Volta was able to reproduce the results, but was sceptical of Galvani's explanation. Lazzaro Spallanzani

438-625: A common term in the late 19th century in the United States and around the turn of the 20th century in Great Britain . By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place. Marie Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the first person to win it twice. Her efforts led to

511-473: A creator establishing laws: But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this—we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws. Though Darwin used the concepts of Whewell as he made and tested his hypotheses regarding the theory of evolution , Whewell did not support Darwin's theory itself. "Whewell also famously opposed

584-537: A cultivator of physics, I have called him a Physicist . We need very much a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should incline to call him a Scientist . Thus we might say, that as an Artist is a Musician, Painter, or Poet, a Scientist is a Mathematician, Physicist, or Naturalist. He also proposed the term physicist at the same time, as a counterpart to the French word physicien . Neither term gained wide acceptance until decades later; scientist became

657-430: A dozen of your so-called CD-ROM games could manage in a million or more megabytes." Carrier Command was followed by Battle Command , where the player controls a tank . Hostile Waters: Antaeus Rising (2001) was inspired by Carrier Command and has many similarities. Carrier Command: Gaea Mission (2012) is a modern remake by Bohemia Interactive's Prague studio. It's a real-time action/strategy game, where

730-468: A mere 7 percent in 1970 to 34 percent in 1985 and in engineering alone the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded to women rose from only 385 in 1975 to more than 11000 in 1985. William Whewell William Whewell FRS FGS FRSE ( / ˈ h juː əl / HEW -əl ; 24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath , scientist , Anglican priest , philosopher , theologian , and historian of science . He

803-498: A period of 20 years on his tidal researches. This was his major scientific achievement, and was an important source for his understanding of the process of scientific enquiry, the subject of one of his major works Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences . His best-known works are two voluminous books that attempt to systematize the development of the sciences, History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) and The Philosophy of

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876-588: A profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized . However, there is no formal process to determine who is a scientist and who is not a scientist. Anyone can be a scientist in some sense. Some professions have legal requirements for their practice (e.g. licensure ) and some scientists are independent scientists meaning that they practice science on their own, but to practice science there are no known licensure requirements. In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting (e.g., universities and research institutes ), mostly at

949-457: A result of a fall from his horse. Whewell was born in Lancaster , the son of John Whewell and his wife, Elizabeth Bennison. His father was a master carpenter , and wished him to follow his trade, but William's success in mathematics at Lancaster Royal Grammar School and Heversham grammar school won him an exhibition (a type of scholarship) at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1812. He

1022-410: A result, scientific researchers often accept lower average salaries when compared with many other professions which require a similar amount of training and qualification. Scientists include experimentalists who mainly perform experiments to test hypotheses, and theoreticians who mainly develop models to explain existing data and predict new results. There is a continuum between two activities and

1095-456: A widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine , physics , and chemistry . Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health, the nations, the world, nature, or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist ). Scientists tend to be less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers. As

1168-447: Is best known for his writings on Gothic architecture , specifically his book, Architectural Notes on German Churches (first published in 1830). In this work, Whewell established a strict nomenclature for German Gothic churches and came up with a theory of stylistic development. His work is associated with the "scientific trend" of architectural writers, along with Thomas Rickman and Robert Willis . He paid from his own resources for

1241-523: Is considered by many to be the "final frontier". There are many important discoveries to make regarding the nature of the mind and human thought , much of which still remains unknown. The number of scientists is vastly different from country to country. For instance, there are only four full-time scientists per 10,000 workers in India, while this number is 79 for the United Kingdom, and 85 for

1314-549: Is one of the most influential figures in experimental physiology and the natural sciences. His investigations have exerted a lasting influence on the medical sciences. He made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions and animal reproduction. Francesco Redi discovered that microorganisms can cause disease . Until the late 19th or early 20th century, scientists were still referred to as " natural philosophers " or "men of science". English philosopher and historian of science William Whewell coined

1387-428: The quadrivium —mathematics, including astronomy. Hence, the medieval analogs of scientists were often either philosophers or mathematicians. Knowledge of plants and animals was broadly the province of physicians. Science in medieval Islam generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the bounds of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician. Many proto-scientists from

1460-613: The British Association for the Advancement of Science had been complaining at recent meetings about the lack of a good term for "students of the knowledge of the material world collectively." Alluding to himself, he noted that "some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist , they might form [the word] scientist , and added that there could be no scruple in making free with this term since we already have such words as economist , and atheist —but this

1533-485: The Islamic Golden Age are considered polymaths , in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines . Many of these early polymaths were also religious priests and theologians : for example, Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin ; the physician Avicenna was a hafiz ; the physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema ; the botanist Otto Brunfels

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1606-620: The Netherlands . Islands, such as the Channel Islands , were particularly interesting, adding important detail of the progress of the tides through the ocean. The Admiralty also provided the resources for data analysis, and J.F. Dessiou, an expert calculator on the Admiralty staff, was in charge of the calculations. Whewell made extensive use of graphical methods, and these became not just ways of displaying results, but tools in

1679-505: The Roman Empire and, with the spread of Christianity , became closely linked to religious institutions in most European countries. Astrology and astronomy became an important area of knowledge, and the role of astronomer/astrologer developed with the support of political and religious patronage . By the time of the medieval university system, knowledge was divided into the trivium —philosophy, including natural philosophy —and

1752-622: The Royal Medal for this work in 1837. One of Whewell's greatest gifts to science was his word-smithing. He corresponded with many in his field and helped them come up with neologisms for their discoveries. Whewell coined, among other terms, scientist , physicist , linguistics , consilience , catastrophism , uniformitarianism , and astigmatism ; he suggested to Michael Faraday the terms electrode , ion , dielectric , anode , and cathode . Whewell died in Cambridge in 1866 as

1825-789: The Scientific Revolution that began in 16th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed. It was not until the 19th century that sufficient socioeconomic changes had occurred for scientists to emerge as a major profession. Knowledge about nature in classical antiquity was pursued by many kinds of scholars. Greek contributions to science—including works of geometry and mathematical astronomy, early accounts of biological processes and catalogs of plants and animals, and theories of knowledge and learning—were produced by philosophers and physicians , as well as practitioners of various trades. These roles, and their associations with scientific knowledge, spread with

1898-486: The subvention of scientific and professorial work. He was elected Master of Trinity College , Cambridge in 1841, and retained that position until his death in 1866. The Whewell Professorship of International Law and the Whewell Scholarships were established through the provisions of his will. Aside from Science, Whewell was also interested in the history of architecture throughout his life. He

1971-409: The "colligation of facts" endeavored to unite these ideas with the facts and so construct science. This colligation is an "act of thought", a mental operation consisting of bringing together a number of empirical facts by "superinducing" upon them a conception which unites the facts and renders them capable of being expressed in general laws. Whewell refers to as an example Kepler and the discovery of

2044-513: The Admiralty. In the first of these, in June 1834, every Coast Guard station in the United Kingdom recorded the tides every fifteen minutes for two weeks. The second, in June 1835, was an international collaboration, involving Admiralty Surveyors, other Royal Navy and British observers, as well as those from the United States , France , Spain , Portugal , Belgium , Denmark , Norway , and

2117-519: The British scientific journal Nature published the results of a large-scale survey of more than 5,700 doctoral students worldwide, asking them which sectors of the economy they would like to work in. A little over half of the respondents wanted to pursue a career in academia, with smaller proportions hoping to work in industry, government, and nonprofit environments. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige. The Nobel Prize ,

2190-400: The Cambridge method of mathematical teaching. His work and publications also helped influence the recognition of the moral and natural sciences as an integral part of the Cambridge curriculum. In general, however, especially in later years, he opposed reform: he defended the tutorial system , and in a controversy with Connop Thirlwall (1834), opposed the admission of Dissenters ; he upheld

2263-554: The Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History (1840, 1847, 1858–60). While the History traced how each branch of the sciences had evolved since antiquity, Whewell viewed the Philosophy as the "Moral" of the previous work as it sought to extract a universal theory of knowledge through history. In the latter, he attempted to follow Francis Bacon 's plan for discovery. He examined ideas ("explication of conceptions") and by

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2336-489: The United States. According to the National Science Foundation , 4.7 million people with science degrees worked in the United States in 2015, across all disciplines and employment sectors. The figure included twice as many men as women. Of that total, 17% worked in academia, that is, at universities and undergraduate institutions, and men held 53% of those positions. 5% of scientists worked for

2409-462: The analysis of data. He published a number of maps showing cotidal lines (a term coined by Lubbock) – lines joining points where high tide occurred at the same time. These allowed a graphical representation of the progression of tidal waves through the ocean. From this, Whewell predicted that there should be a place where there was no tidal rise or fall in the southern part of the North Sea. Such

2482-687: The book's title page. These books are available online in their entirety as part of the Internet Archive. In 1826 and 1828, Whewell was engaged with George Airy in conducting experiments in Dolcoath mine in Cornwall , in order to determine the density of the earth. Their united labours were unsuccessful, and Whewell did little more in the way of experimental science . He was the author, however, of an Essay on Mineralogical Classification , published in 1828, and carried out extensive work on

2555-440: The carrier deck. The sequel received mixed reviews, with The Games Machine rating it 6.7/10 points and calling its gameplay "brilliant" but "brought down by obtuse and ancient systems". Scientist A scientist is a person who researches to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences . In classical antiquity , there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in

2628-490: The clerical fellowship system, the privileged class of "fellow-commoners", and the authority of heads of colleges in university affairs. He opposed the appointment of the University Commission (1850) and wrote two pamphlets ( Remarks ) against the reform of the university (1855). He stood against the scheme of entrusting elections to the members of the senate and instead, advocated the use of college funds and

2701-403: The construction of two new courts of rooms at Trinity College, Cambridge , built in a Gothic style . The two courts were completed in 1860 and (posthumously) in 1868, and are now collectively named Whewell's Court (in the singular). Between 1835 and 1861 Whewell produced various works on the philosophy of morals and politics , the chief of which, Elements of Morality , including Polity ,

2774-618: The development of nuclear energy and Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In 1922, she was appointed a member of the International Commission on Intellectual Co-operation by the Council of the League of Nations. She campaigned for scientist's right to patent their discoveries and inventions. She also campaigned for free access to international scientific literature and for internationally recognized scientific symbols. As

2847-412: The different branches of learning. Here, as in his ethical doctrine, Whewell was moved by opposition to contemporary English empiricism . Following Immanuel Kant , he asserted against John Stuart Mill the a priori nature of necessary truth , and by his rules for the construction of conceptions he dispensed with the inductive methods of Mill . Yet, according to Laura J. Snyder , "surprisingly,

2920-553: The division between them is not clear-cut, with many scientists performing both tasks. Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biology , especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by high-energy physics , and materials science , which seeks to discover and design new materials. Others choose to study brain function and neurotransmitters , which

2993-477: The elliptical orbit: the orbit's points were colligated by the conception of the ellipse, not by the discovery of new facts. These conceptions are not "innate" (as in Kant), but being the fruits of the "progress of scientific thought (history) are unfolded in clearness and distinctness". Whewell analyzed inductive reasoning into three steps: Upon these follow special methods of induction applicable to quantity:

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3066-663: The emergence of modern scientific disciplines, have evolved considerably over time. Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms , ethical values , and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well. Accordingly, many different historical figures can be identified as early scientists, depending on which characteristics of modern science are taken to be essential. Some historians point to

3139-565: The enemy carrier. The Games Machine awarded the Atari ST and Amiga versions 98% and 97% respectively and ranked Carrier Command the #1 game of 1988. ACE ( Advanced Computer Entertainment ) scored the PC version 965/1000, while Zzap!64 magazine awarded the Amiga release 92%. The game was ranked the 15th best game of all time by Amiga Power . Computer Gaming World in 1988 praised

3212-476: The facts' (Philosophy of Inductive Sciences, 1849, 17)". In sum, the scientific discovery is a partly empirical and partly rational process; the "discovery of the conceptions is neither guesswork nor merely a matter of observations", we infer more than we see. One of Whewell's greatest gifts to science was his wordsmithing. He often corresponded with many in his field and helped them come up with new terms for their discoveries. In fact, Whewell came up with

3285-465: The federal government, and about 3.5% were self-employed. Of the latter two groups, two-thirds were men. 59% of scientists in the United States were employed in industry or business, and another 6% worked in non-profit positions. Scientist and engineering statistics are usually intertwined, but they indicate that women enter the field far less than men, though this gap is narrowing. The number of science and engineering doctorates awarded to women rose from

3358-415: The game's blend of strategic and tactical play, recommending it as an improvement over Starglider . A 1992 survey in the magazine of wargames with modern settings gave the game two and a half stars out of five, describing it as a "futuristic arcade game ", and two 1994 surveys gave it two stars. The ZX Spectrum version was awarded a " Crash Smash" with 97%, and was awarded 94% by Your Sinclair , and

3431-528: The idea of evolution. First he published a new book, Indications of the Creator , 1845, composed of extracts from his earlier works to counteract the popular anonymous evolutionary work Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . Later Whewell opposed Darwin's theories of evolution." In the 1857 novel Barchester Towers Charlotte Stanhope uses the topic of the theological arguments, concerning

3504-431: The ideas behind computers , and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics . Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo , were also musicians . There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology , such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to Harvey . Some scholars and historians attributes Christianity to having contributed to

3577-522: The level of graduate schools . Upon completion, they would normally attain an academic degree , with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Although graduate education for scientists varies among institutions and countries, some common training requirements include specializing in an area of interest, publishing research findings in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presenting them at scientific conferences , giving lectures or teaching , and defending

3650-507: The method of curves, the method of means, the method of least squares and the method of residues, and special methods depending on resemblance (to which the transition is made through the law of continuity), such as the method of gradation and the method of natural classification. In Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences Whewell was the first to use the term " consilience " to discuss the unification of knowledge between

3723-474: The methods used to create such tables, and in some cases the observations, were closely guarded trade secrets. John Lubbock , a former student of Whewell's, had analysed the available historic data (covering up to 25 years) for several ports to allow tables to be generated on a theoretical basis, publishing the methodology. This work was supported by Francis Beaufort , Hydrographer of the Navy , and contributed to

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3796-559: The overarching objective is to conquer and control islands. It features a vast 33-island archipelago on the planet-moon Taurus. Carrier Command 2 was announced in December 2020. It was published by the reconstituted Microprose and was released August 10, 2021 on Steam . Included in the purchase is a virtual reality version of the game. There is a multiplayer component using invitation systems through Steam or by invitation code. Players cooperatively play utilizing different stations aboard

3869-514: The philosophical study of nature called natural philosophy , a precursor of natural science . Though Thales ( c.  624–545 BC) was arguably the first scientist for describing how cosmic events may be seen as natural, not necessarily caused by gods, it was not until the 19th century that the term scientist came into regular use after it was coined by the theologian , philosopher , and historian of science William Whewell in 1833. The roles of "scientists", and their predecessors before

3942-512: The publication of the Admiralty Tide Tables starting in 1833. Whewell built on Lubbock's work to develop an understanding of tidal patterns around the world that could be used to generate predictions for many locations without the need for long series of tidal observations at each port. This required extensive new observations, initially obtained through an informal network, and later through formal projects enabled by Beaufort at

4015-517: The received view of Whewell's methodology in the 20th century has tended to describe him as an anti-inductivist in the Popperian mold, that is it is claimed that Whewell endorses a 'conjectures and refutations' view of scientific discovery. Whewell explicitly rejects the hypothetico-deductive claim that hypotheses discovered by non-rational guesswork can be confirmed by consequentialist testing. Whewell explained that new hypotheses are 'collected from

4088-427: The rise of the Scientific Revolution . During the age of Enlightenment, Luigi Galvani , the pioneer of bioelectromagnetics , discovered animal electricity. He discovered that a charge applied to the spinal cord of a frog could generate muscular spasms throughout its body. Charges could make frog legs jump even if the legs were no longer attached to a frog. While cutting a frog leg, Galvani's steel scalpel touched

4161-504: The same time as Leibniz ). He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics — infinite, periodic series — studied heat flow and infrared radiation , and discovered the greenhouse effect . Girolamo Cardano , Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat , Von Neumann , Turing , Khinchin , Markov and Wiener , all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory , including

4234-795: The term scientist itself in 1833, and it was first published in Whewell's anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville 's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences published in the Quarterly Review . (They had previously been known as "natural philosophers" or "men of science"). Whewell was prominent not only in scientific research and philosophy but also in university and college administration. His first work, An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819), cooperated with those of George Peacock and John Herschel in reforming

4307-402: The term scientist in 1833, and it first appeared in print in Whewell's anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville 's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences published in the Quarterly Review . Whewell wrote of "an increasing proclivity of separation and dismemberment" in the sciences; while highly specific terms proliferated—chemist, mathematician, naturalist—the broad term "philosopher"

4380-455: The thermometer and telescope which allowed him to observe and clearly describe the solar system. Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception . Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz , who also studied optics , hearing and music . Newton extended Descartes's mathematics by inventing calculus (at

4453-431: The tides. When Whewell started his work on tides , there was a theory explaining the forces causing the tides, based on the work of Newton , Bernoulli , and Laplace . But this explained the forces, not how tides actually propagated in oceans bounded by continents. There was a series of tidal observations for a few ports, such as London and Liverpool , which allowed tide tables to be produced for these ports. However

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4526-457: Was Master at Trinity College, Cambridge . In his time as a student there, he achieved distinction in both poetry and mathematics . The breadth of Whewell's endeavours is his most remarkable feature. In a time of increasing specialization, Whewell belonged in an earlier era when natural philosophers investigated widely. He published work in mechanics , physics , geology , astronomy , and economics , while also composing poetry , writing

4599-659: Was a theologian and historian of Protestantism; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest. During the Italian Renaissance scientists like Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Galileo Galilei and Gerolamo Cardano have been considered the most recognizable polymaths. During the Renaissance , Italians made substantial contributions in science. Leonardo da Vinci made significant discoveries in paleontology and anatomy. The Father of modern Science, Galileo Galilei , made key improvements on

4672-488: Was most appropriate. Whewell died in Cambridge in 1866 as a result of a fall from his horse. He was buried in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, whilst his wives are buried together in the Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge . A window dedicated to Lady Affleck, his second wife, was installed in her memory in the chancel of All Saints' Church, Cambridge and made by Morris & Co. A list of his writings

4745-417: Was no longer satisfactory to group together those who pursued science, without the caveats of "natural" or "experimental" philosopher. Whewell compared these increasing divisions with Somerville's aim of "[rendering] a most important service to science" "by showing how detached branches have, in the history of science, united by the discovery of general principles." Whewell reported in his review that members of

4818-443: Was not generally palatable". Whewell proposed the word again more seriously (and not anonymously) in his 1840 The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences : The terminations ize (rather than ise ), ism , and ist , are applied to words of all origins: thus we have to pulverize , to colonize , Witticism , Heathenism , Journalist , Tobacconist . Hence we may make such words when they are wanted. As we cannot use physician for

4891-588: Was one of the Cambridge dons whom Charles Darwin met during his education there , and when Darwin returned from the Beagle voyage he was directly influenced by Whewell, who persuaded Darwin to become secretary of the Geological Society of London . The title pages of On the Origin of Species open with a quotation from Whewell's Bridgewater Treatise about science founded on a natural theology of

4964-482: Was placed at number 12 in the Your Sinclair official top 100. In 1991, PC Format named Carrier Command one of the 50 best computer games ever. The editors called it "a splendid mixture of strategic planning and arcade action". Carrier Command was named the 56th best computer game ever by PC Gamer UK in 1997. The editors wrote that it "packs more flight-sim, sea-sim and tank-sim action and strategy than

5037-405: Was prepared after his death by Isaac Todhunter in two volumes, the first being an index of the names of persons with whom Whewell corresponded. Another book was published five years later, as a biography of Whewell's life interspersed with his letters to his father, his sisters, and other correspondence, written and compiled by his niece by marriage, Janet Mary Douglas, called Mrs Stair Douglas on

5110-833: Was professor of mineralogy from 1828 to 1832 and Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy (then called "moral theology and casuistical divinity") from 1838 to 1855. During the years as professor of philosophy, in 1841, Whewell succeeded Christopher Wordsworth as master. Whewell influenced the syllabus of the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge, which undergraduates studied. He was a proponent of 'mixed mathematics': applied mathematics , descriptive geometry and mathematical physics , in contrast with pure mathematics . Under Whewell, analytic topics such as elliptical integrals were replaced by physical studies of electricity, heat and magnetism. He believed an intuitive geometrical understanding of mathematics, based on Euclid and Newton,

5183-487: Was published in 1845. The peculiarity of this work—written from what is known as the intuitional point of view —is its fivefold division of the springs of action and of their objects, of the primary and universal rights of man (personal security, property, contract, family rights, and government), and of the cardinal virtues ( benevolence , justice , truth , purity and order ). Among Whewell's other works—too numerous to mention—were popular writings such as: Whewell

5256-597: Was recommended to be master of Trinity College in Cambridge, following Christopher Wordsworth . Cordelia died in 1855. In 1858 he married again, to Everina Frances (née Ellis), widow of Sir Gilbert Affleck, 5th Baronet who had died in 1854. He had no children. In 1814 he was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry. He was Second Wrangler in 1816, President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1817, became fellow and tutor of his college. He

5329-577: Was the eldest of seven children having three brothers and three sisters born after him. Two brothers died as infants; the third died in 1812. Two of his sisters married; he corresponded with them in his career as a student and then a professor. His mother died in 1807, when Whewell was 13 years old. His father died in 1816, the year Whewell received his bachelor degree at Trinity College, but before his most significant professional accomplishments. Whewell married, firstly, in 1841, Cordelia Marshall, daughter of John Marshall . Within days of his marriage, Whewell

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