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55-538: The site began to suffer from lack of maintenance beginning in 2005. On October 16, 2006, Cartoon Network shut down Cartoon Orbit and left users with a "Thank You" certificate as a token of their appreciation. Cartoon Orbit was the brainchild of Sam Register , who was behind the development of CartoonNetwork.com in 1998. He went on to become the creative director of the site as well as Cartoon Orbit from 2000 to 2001 before leaving to pursue television development with Cartoon Network in its Los Angeles studios. He came up with

110-589: A Dexter's Laboratory -themed cToon that automatically counted down to Albert Einstein 's birthday). Players were given their own gallery spaces, called cZones, to decorate with cards of their choice. One could further customize their cZone by changing their cZone's background. Three main collectibles were available in the Cartoon Orbit game: cToons, cRings, and gToons. gToons was Cartoon Orbit's own digital collectible card game extension. Launched on October 14, 2002, over 250,000 users had joined after

165-539: A UNICEF booth collecting funds to send powdered milk to undernourished children around the world, she thought of getting children to collect donations for UNICEF instead of candy. Reverend Clyde Allison introduced the concept to local Presbyterian churches. On Halloween 1950, the Allisons recruited their own children and their community's to go door-to-door collecting nickels and dimes in decorated milk cartons to aid children in post-World War II Europe. They collected

220-417: A 15-point bonus to their total before determining victory. If neither color were neutral, a player could win by having more of each color in play than the opponent; otherwise, the higher total value won. Five separate expansion packs containing different gToons were released between 2003 and 2006. Software maintenance Software maintenance is the modification of software after delivery. As per

275-400: A change request typically originating from an end user. That request is evaluated and if it is decided to implement it, the programmer studies the existing code to understand how it works before implementing the change. Testing to make sure the existing functionality is retained and the desired new functionality is added often comprises the majority of the maintenance cost. Software maintenance

330-488: A desire to convert Orbit's point-based currency to a cash-based setup, but this never came to fruition. During Cartoon Orbit's lifetime, the site featured promotions and tie-ins that were carried out through its sponsors. As part of a larger campaign with Cartoon Network, a promotion for the fund-raising program Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF , which entailed exclusive Halloween-themed cToons, was held from October 1 to November 5, 2002. In 2001, Kellogg's Powerpuff Girls Cereal had

385-426: A fixed meaning, but often refers to older systems which are large, difficult to modify, and also necessary for current business needs. Often legacy systems are written in obsolete programming languages , lack documentation, have a deteriorating structure after years of changes, and depend on experts to keep it operational. When dealing with these systems, at some point so much technical debt accumulates that maintenance

440-536: A holiday too often marred by youthful vandalism into a program of basic training in world citizenship." In 1967, Johnson declared Halloween, October 31, to be "UNICEF Day" in the United States; by 1969, 3.5 million American children were trick-or-treating for donations. Children (and adults) in the U.S. have collected more than $ 175 million for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF. Donations to Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF support UNICEF's global programing, but in 2005, half of

495-483: A large number of contributors to understand the code base and fix bugs efficiently. An additional problem with maintenance is that nearly every change to code will introduce new bugs or unexpected ripple effects , which require another round of fixes. Testing can consume the majority of maintenance resource for safety-critical code, due to the need to revalidate the entire software if any changes are made. Revalidation may include code review , regression testing with

550-473: A planned October 2000 debut. The launch came by way of a partnership between Time Warner and AOL . Its membership grew over 150,000 members strong by mid-December, and that figure increased to over 300,000 by February 2001. Members exceeded 850,000 by October 2001. Following a site redesign in June 2002, the site's registration exceeded 1 million active users by August. Shortly after its release, Register expressed

605-663: A promotional website, EetAndErn.com, where children could earn points to redeem for prizes including cToons. As part of a licensing agreement, Nestlé featured characters from Cartoon Network's Ed, Edd n Eddy in a 2004 Wonder Ball promotion that offered exclusive Cartoon Network-themed Wonder Balls as a top prize. Among other rewards was access to a special cToon showroom that contained a mystery Wonder Ball cToon. ConAgra Foods partnered with Cartoon Network for its "Big Wig Gig!" sweepstakes promotion, which featured codes for Cartoon Orbit cToons, in 2005. "We regret to announce that Cartoon Orbit will be closing October 16, 2006. Since

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660-512: A scheduled release and implemented. Although agile methodology does not have a maintenance phase, the change cycle can be enacted as a scrum sprint . Understanding existing code is an essential step before modifying it. The rate of understanding depends both on the code base as well as the skill of the programmer. Following coding conventions such as using clear function and variable names that correspond to their purpose makes understanding easier. Use of conditional loop statements only if

715-417: A subset of unit tests , integration tests , and system tests . The goal of the testing is to verify that previous functionality is retained, and the new functionality has been added. The key purpose of software maintenance is ensuring that the product continues to meet usability requirements. At times, this may mean extending the product's capabilities beyond what was initially envisioned. According to

770-405: A time to gain the most points by the game's end. Two colors (determined by the "bottom" card of each player's deck) were goal colors: if the two colors were both "neutral" colors (black or silver), the higher total point value won. If there was exactly one non-neutral color (blue, red, yellow, green, purple, etc.) between the goal colors, a player with more cards of the non-neutral color would receive

825-643: A total of $ 17 and donated all of it to UNICEF. In 1953, the United States Committee for UNICEF, later renamed the U.S. Fund for UNICEF , started actively promoting the program. By the 1960s, the concept had expanded throughout the United States, with small orange collection boxes distributed to millions of trick-or-treaters. When UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said in his congratulatory letter: "Your UNICEF Trick or Treat Day has helped turn

880-525: Is machine-learning enhanced maintainability assessment. Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF is a fund-raising program for children sponsored by the U.S. Fund for UNICEF . Started on Halloween 1950 as a local event in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , United States, the program historically involves the distribution of small orange boxes by schools to trick-or-treaters , in which they can solicit small change donations from

935-467: Is an ongoing process that is essential for the longevity of a software system, to keep it effective, adaptable and relevant in an ever-evolving technological landscape. Software maintenance is often considered lower skilled and less rewarding than new development. As such, it is a common target for outsourcing or offshoring . Usually, the team developing the software is different from those who will be maintaining it. The developers lack an incentive to write

990-468: Is compromised by a change. A challenge with maintainability is that many software engineering courses do not emphasize it, and give out one-and-done assignments that have clear and unchanging specifications. Software engineering courses do not cover systems as complex as occur in the real world. Development engineers who know that they will not be responsible for maintaining the software do not have an incentive to build in maintainability. Maintenance

1045-424: Is incurred when programmers, often out of laziness or urgency to meet a deadline, choose quick and dirty solutions rather than build maintainability into their code. A common cause is underestimates in software development effort estimation , leading to insufficient resources allocated to development. One important aspect is having a large amount of automated software tests that can detect if existing functionality

1100-425: Is not as well studied as other phases of the software life cycle, despite comprising the majority of costs. Understanding has not changed significantly since the 1980s. Software maintenance can be categorized into several types depending on whether it is preventive or reactive and whether it is seeking to add functionality or preserve existing functionality, the latter typically in the face of a changed environment. In

1155-477: Is not practical or economical. Other choices include: Despite taking up the lion's share of software development resources, maintenance is the least studied phase of software development. Much of the literature has focused on how to develop maintainable code from the outset, with less focus on motivating engineers to make maintainability a priority. As of 2020 , automated solutions for code refactoring to reduce maintenance effort are an active area of research, as

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1210-448: Is often called software evolution instead of maintenance. Despite testing and quality assurance , virtually all software contains bugs where the system does not work as intended. Post-release maintenance is necessary to remediate these bugs when they are found. Most software is a combination of pre-existing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and open-source software components with custom-written code. COTS and open-source software

1265-433: Is often considered an unrewarding job for software engineers , who, if assigned to maintenance, were more likely to quit. It often pays less than a comparable job in software development. The task is often assigned to temporary workers or lesser-skilled staff, although maintenance engineers are also typically older than developers, partly because they must be familiar with outdated technologies. In 2008, around 900,000 of

1320-420: Is typically updated over time, which can reduce the maintenance burden, but the modifications to these software components will need to be adjusted for in the final product. Unlike software development , which is focused on meeting specified requirements, software maintenance is driven by events—such as user requests or detection of a bug. Its main purpose is to preserve the usefulness of the software, usually in

1375-722: The ISO / IEC 14764 specification, software maintenance can be classified into four types: According to some estimates, enhancement (the latter two categories) comprises some 80 percent of software maintenance. Maintainability is the quality of software enabling it to be easily modified without breaking existing functionality. According to the ISO/IEC 14764 specification, activity to ensure software maintainability prior to release counts as part of software maintenance. Many software development organizations neglect maintainability, even though doing so will increase long-term costs. Technical debt

1430-593: The code documentation . On the other hard structured iterative enhancement can begin by changing the top-level requirements document and propagating the change down to lower levels of the system. Modification often includes code refactoring (improving the structure without changing functionality) and restructuring (improving structure and functionality at the same time). Unlike commercial software, free and open source software change cycles are largely restricted to coding and testing, with minimal documentation. Open-source software projects instead rely on mailing lists and

1485-444: The 1.3 million software engineers and programmers working in the United States were doing maintenance. Companies started separate teams for maintenance, which led to outsourcing this work to a different company, and by the turn of the twenty-first century, sometimes offshoring the work to another country—whether as part of the original company or a separate entity. The typical sources of outsourcing are developed countries such as

1540-592: The CartoonNetwork.com homepage. Players were given points to purchase stickers, called cToons, from the in-game store called the cMart. Players could receive cToons, gToons, and cRings (the game's assets) by entering special redemption codes, during special events, bartering with other players (trading), or in an auction format. cToons came with a wide range of functionalities. Most were static, but some were animated and/or had sound. Other cToons, when clicked, played mini-games or had special functionality (such as

1595-493: The Flash transition were "Worlds" on Cartoon Orbit based on fictional cartoon locations, which came complete with a quote or quip from that world's characters, a poll, and links to "Spotlight" cZones, which Orbit players could vote on. Viant worked on the site as well, offering project and business management for the development and beta and back-end software development for the user and content management. Scott Gutterman served as

1650-524: The IEEE standard glossary of software engineering terminology, software maintenance refers to the process of modifying and updating software after its initial development and deployment, to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, add new features to meet evolving user requirements, or adapt to a changed environment. It is important to emphasize that software maintenance thus involves many activities that go beyond mere bug fixing. Software maintenance

1705-480: The United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia, while destinations are usually lower-cost countries such as China, India, Russia, and Ireland. Reasons for offshoring include taking advantage of lower labor costs, enabling around-the-clock support, reducing time pressure on developers, and to move support closer to the market for the product. Downsides of offshoring include communication barriers in

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1760-575: The art and animation. The site was first registered in May 2000. Beta testing continued into at least November of that year, and a "toononomist" was hired to decide the prices of some 250 character cToons according to senior producer Justin Williams. The original name was to be "Cartooniverse", but it was changed because that name was already copyrighted. Cartoon Orbit was first built using parts of Communities.com's "Passport" software (not to be confused with

1815-423: The change. This may require input from multiple departments; for example, the marketing team can help evaluate whether the change is expected to bring more business. Software development effort estimation is a difficult problem, including for maintenance change requests, but the request is likely to be declined if it is too expensive or infeasible. If it is decided to implement the request, it can be assigned to

1870-508: The child was under the age of 13. According to Jim Samples , content from advertisers was clearly labeled as such so that Cartoon Orbit could predominantly be entertaining "without ruining the experience with too much commercialization." Until the complete conversion to Adobe Flash in 2002, references could still be found in the HTML source code to passport "room servers" and links to technical documentation on Communities.com's website. Before

1925-449: The code could execute more than once, and eliminating code that will never execute can also increase understandability. Experienced programmers have an easier time understanding what the code does at a high level. Software visualization is sometimes used to speed up this process. Modification to the code may take place in any way. On the one hand, it is common to haphazardly apply a quick fix without being granted enough time to update

1980-418: The code to be easily maintained. Software is often delivered incomplete and almost always contains some bugs that the maintenance team must fix. Software maintenance often initially includes the development of new functionality, but as the product nears the end of its lifespan, maintenance is reduced to the bare minimum and then cut off entirely before the product is withdrawn. Each maintenance cycle begins with

2035-409: The code, modifying it, and revalidating it. Frequently, software is delivered in an incomplete state. Developers will test a product until running out of time or funding, because they face fewer consequences for an imperfect product than going over time or budget. The transition from the development to the maintenance team is often inefficient, without lists of known issues or validation tests, which

2090-418: The company may decide that it is no longer profitable to make functional improvements, and restrict support to bug fixing and emergency updates. Changes become increasingly difficult and expensive due to lack of expertise or decaying architecture due to software aging . After a product is no longer maintained, and does not receive even this limited level of updating, some vendors will seek to extract revenue from

2145-516: The current Communities.com, which is unrelated). This software was a 2D avatar-based chat server where members could decorate their own spaces, and its assets were used in Orbit for displaying and editing cZones. Similar to JSON libraries, the Communities.com software "used a browser aspect plug-in with a proprietary messaging layout to govern dynamic HTML elements." Chat functionality in

2200-630: The early 1970s, companies began to separate out software maintenance with its own team of engineers to free up software development teams from support tasks. In 1972, R. G. Canning published "The Maintenance 'Iceberg ' ", in which he contended that software maintenance was an extension of software development with an additional input: the existing system. The discipline of software maintenance has changed little since then. One twenty-first century innovation has been companies deliberately releasing incomplete software and planning to finish it post-release. This type of change, and others that expand functionality,

2255-453: The early morning of its closing date, October 16, 2006. The link that was placed at the bottom of the home page was redirected to Cartoon Network ¡Ya!, Cartoon Network's Spanish site; however, directly linking to their web address showed that Cartoon Orbit was still online. The following day, the login was removed from the homepage and anyone who tried logging in on another site page was disallowed. Today, all links to Cartoon Orbit now redirect to

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2310-405: The face of changing requirements. If conceived of as part of the software development life cycle , maintenance is the last and typically the longest phase of the cycle, comprising 80 to 90 percent of the lifecycle cost. Other models consider maintenance separate from software development, instead as part of the software maintenance life cycle (SMLC). SMLC models typically include understanding

2365-488: The finished product was limited to drop-down menus to safeguard children's privacy. To comply with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act , Cartoon Orbit instead had a list of pre-written words and phrases that players could send in a chat box. Because children's safety online was one of Register's top priorities in developing Cartoon Orbit, parents would receive emails informing them of their children's registration if

2420-530: The first few years, the site was updated weekly. Beginning in mid-2005, it became apparent that Turner Online stopped maintaining Cartoon Orbit. Updates were ceased in February 2006 and many reported bugs went unfixed. On August 17, 2006, Cartoon Network removed the navigation for Cartoon Orbit from its main header, causing many users to speculate that Cartoon Network had given up completely on Cartoon Orbit while some anticipated its closure. The same users pointed to

2475-517: The first month and over 400,000 users were playing after the first two months. gToons was discontinued alongside Cartoon Orbit on October 16, 2006, although it has been stated that it might return "as a stand-alone game sometime in the future with new sets of game pieces to collect". In December 2007, gToons was revived as "Action Packs" for Transformers: Animated , followed by a Ben 10: Alien Force version becoming available in April 2008. Though

2530-433: The form of such factors as time zone and organizational disjunction and cultural differences. Despite many employers considering maintenance lower-skilled work and the phase of software development most suited to offshoring, it requires close communication with the customer and rapid response, both of which are hampered by these communication difficulties. In software engineering, the term legacy system does not have

2585-612: The houses they visit. Millions of children in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, and Hong Kong participate in Halloween-related fund-raising events for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF, and the program has raised over US$ 188 million worldwide. Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF was invented by Mary Emma Allison . In 1949, the Allisons were living in Bridesburg , a neighborhood in Philadelphia. When Mrs. Allison saw

2640-507: The idea for Cartoon Orbit after seeing Sesame Workshop 's Sticker World website. After Register left Cartoon Orbit, Art Roche became the creative director of CartoonNetwork.com. Justin Williams was the project lead at Turner and Director of Community for Cartoon Orbit until 2003 when he began working on other Cartoon Network interactive projects. Lisa Furlong Jones, Sharon Karleskint Sharp, and Robert Cass created content and wrote copy for Cartoon Orbit while Noel Saabye and Brian Hilling provided

2695-763: The launch of Cartoon Orbit in 2000, we have been amazed and honored by the dedication of our fans. From the days of Orbit Worlds and cZone Spotlight to the introduction of gToons, it's been a memorable ride creating and developing this site for you throughout the years. As a small token of our appreciation for your incredible loyalty, we would like to offer you a Thank You certificate featuring some of our favorite gToons. We'll automatically insert your username and first login date--just click below to print. Thank you again to everyone for your support over these six years. For more information about how we've reached this decision, please click below to read our FAQ." —A notice that Cartoon Orbit would close on October 16, 2006. For

2750-489: The lead at Viant, and Stacie Spychalski, David Gynn, Chris Griswold, Chip Plesnarski, Wan Agus, and others managed plans, requirements and developed the code. Before being acquired and ultimately closing, Viant went on to work at several Turner Broadcasting / Time Warner projects from 2000 to 2002. Cartoon Orbit launched in November 2000 as an online community with required registration, though an earlier press release noted

2805-462: The maintenance team will likely recreate. After release, members of the development team are likely to be reassigned or otherwise become unavailable. The maintenance team will require additional resources for the first year after release, both for technical support and fixing defects left over from development. Initially, software may go through a period of enhancements after release. New features are added according to user feedback. At some point,

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2860-622: The proceeds were targeted to a domestic cause, aiding victims of Hurricane Katrina . In 2008, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF introduced mobile phone text message donations as well as a MySpace and Facebook page. In 2014, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF partnered with Crowdrise to expand the campaign's online presence, allowing participants to create personal fundraising web pages in addition to traditional door-to-door trick-or-treating. Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF has also partnered with Coinstar to allow customers to submit their donations through Coinstar machines. The program has also expanded outside of

2915-473: The recent AP press release from Cartoon Network about developing a then-unnamed cartoon-based MMORPG as proof that Cartoon Orbit would soon be a thing of the past. Starting on September 29, 2006, users were no longer able to sign up for and create new Cartoon Orbit accounts. When clicking on the "Join Now" button, the user was instead presented with a "Registration is Closed" page. Cartoon Orbit officially closed on

2970-496: The revival is now only available in a single-player mode, the rules and design are virtually identical to the original. Players assembled decks composed of 12 cards each. Cards represented characters, places and props from shows broadcast on Cartoon Network, and each card had a color, value and occasionally a special effect that could modify the value(s) of other card(s). A game of gToons, which typically lasted about three minutes, involved two players strategically using seven gToons at

3025-407: The software as long as possible, even though the product is likely to become increasingly avoided. Eventually, the software will be withdrawn from the market, although it may remain in use. During this process, the software becomes a legacy system . The first step in the change cycle is receiving a change request from a customer and analyzing it to confirm the problem and decide whether to implement

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