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64-573: The bridge was named after Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter , a former Governor of the Colony of Lagos. The Carter Bridge was originally constructed by the British colonial government, prior to Nigerian independence in 1960. After independence, the bridge was dismantled, redesigned and rebuilt during late 1970s. The Alaka-Ijora flyover, on the Iddo end of the span was completed in 1973. The parking of vehicles on

128-424: A constituency (the equivalent of a member of parliament in the contemporaneous Parliament of England ). There were burgh commissioners and shire or stewartry commissioners. In many U.S. states , the legislative and executive decision-making bodies of counties are called the board of commissioners or county commission . In Minnesota , Alaska , New Hampshire , New York , Texas and Tennessee ,

192-404: A French military governor, in 1950 also restyled résident) to independence as a united monarchy in 1951. From the mid-19th century until 1939, two U.S. government cabinet departments used the title "commissioner" for officials posted abroad who did not enjoy diplomatic status . U.S. federal agencies have not titled officials posted abroad as commissioners since 1939. During the 19th century,

256-691: A Treaty of Independence with the British Government. It was agreed that freedom of trade between the Egba Nation and Lagos was to be guaranteed by the British Government, in return for which no road would be closed without the approval of the Governor. They further agreed that complete protection and "every assistance and encouragement" would be afforded to all Christian ministers. The Crown agreed that "no annexation on any portion of Egba Nation shall be made by her Majesty's Government without

320-640: A commissioner upon its founding later that year. The use of "commissioner" has been less prevalent in top-level women's leagues. When the NBA founded the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) in 1996, it chose to use the title of "president" for that league's chief executive, and did not use the title of "commissioner" for that position until 2019. The National Women's Soccer League , founded in 2012 with play starting in 2013, initially called its chief executive "commissioner", but that position had been vacant after

384-404: A direct day-to-day role in administration and government and chaired the territory's executive council, today they are under instruction to act more like provincial lieutenant governors, as territorial assemblies have taken on more responsibility. Commissioners thus perform ceremonial duties similar to those of the monarch and viceroys, including reading the speech from the throne at the opening of

448-538: A gentleman who had "COMMISSIONER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA" thundering after his name in one awful blast! I had carefully prepared myself to take rather a back seat in that ship because of the uncommonly select material that would alone be permitted to pass through the camel's eye of that committee on credentials; I had schooled myself to expect an imposing array of military and naval heroes and to have to set that back seat still further back in consequence of it may be, but I state frankly that I

512-466: A modern state generally holds his or her office by a commission from the head of state or a council of elected representatives (or appointed by non-elected officials in the case of dictatorships). Commissioners are the formal heads of the territories in Canada (those areas under the formal jurisdiction of the federal Crown- in-Council without separate constitutional status of a province ). Unlike

576-548: A single commissar of the provisional government (October 1917 – 16 March 1918 Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov) until czarist rule collapsed for good, giving way to the Soviet regime A UN commissioner appointed in 1949 supervised the transition of the UN Trust territory of Libya (a former Italian colony; actually Tripolitania and Cyrenaica each was under a British administrator, in 1949 restyled Resident , Fezzan under

640-545: A specific commission. In particular, the commissioner frequently refers to senior police or government officials. A high commissioner is equivalent to an ambassador , originally between the United Kingdom and the Dominions and now between all Commonwealth states, whether Commonwealth realms , republics or countries having a monarch other than that of the realms. The title is sometimes given to senior officials in

704-601: Is that most European sports (including those in Great Britain) include powerful governing bodies that operate independently of and hold some power over the professional leagues, whereas in North America the equivalent governing bodies' de facto authority is mostly confined to amateur sport. For example, while the Premier League is roughly as lucrative and wealthy as the "Big Four" North American leagues,

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768-491: The Australian state of New South Wales . The title of commissioner or district commissioner , as such, was used by the (gubernatorial) chief British official in: The title of commissioner was also used by the senior diplomatic representatives of Commonwealth countries in British colonies , such as: Canada calls its government officials in charge of export promotion " trade commissioners ". There are 150 offices of

832-886: The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service in Canada and abroad, and they "assist with export advice and guidance to help [Canadians] achieve [their] international business goals". The website devoted to the Canadian Trade Commissioner Service uses the Internet domain www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca . The European commissioners are the members of the European Commission , the cabinet of the European Union . Commissioners’ role closely resembles that of

896-692: The Lagos Colony where he negotiated treaties with the local chiefs which protected Christian missionaries and ending human sacrifies. He later served as the Governor for The Bahamas and Barbados and finally as the Governor for Trinidad and Tobago . Carter was born in Topsham , Devon in 1848. He was the only son of Commander Thomas Gilbert Carter ( R.N. ). He was educated at the Royal Hospital School in Greenwich . Carter joined

960-700: The Leeward Islands , in 1875. In August 1879, he was appointed Collector of Customs and Treasurer of the Gold Coast, an appointment he kept until 1882. From 1882 until December 1888, Carter administered the Settlement on the Gambia as a Treasurer and Postmaster. From 1886, he was acting Administrator of the Colony of the Gambia, and on 1 December 1888 he was appointed Administrator on that colony's separation from Sierra Leone. While working in

1024-715: The Navy Directory ). Following a posting to HMS  Royal Adelaide for the first nine months of 1870, Carter's final posting was to the Colonial steamer Sherbro from August 1870. During his time on Sherbro , he was involved with the Third Anglo–Ashanto War on the Gold Coast . When Elmina was sold to the British by the Dutch Government, he was a commissioner , responsible for valuing

1088-439: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began sending employees, called "agricultural commissioners", abroad to investigate foreign agriculture. These appointments were of a roving nature, as the officials were not assigned to a particular country or city. In 1919 USDA posted to London an agricultural commissioner without diplomatic status, Edward Foley, to report on British agriculture. Additional commissioners were posted through

1152-500: The football commissioner until 1970 when the merger was finalized and the AFL was fully absorbed into the NFL. No rival U.S. football league has recognized the NFL commissioner's authority since 1970, although no such league has lasted longer than three seasons. In Canadian football , the title of commissioner dates to no later than the 1940s. Like many of the NFL's rivals south of the border,

1216-458: The governor general or a lieutenant governor , commissioners are not viceregal representatives of the Canadian monarch ; rather, they are delegates of the federal Crown-in-Council and, under federal statutes governing the territories, act following written instructions from Cabinet or the minister responsible (currently the minister of northern affairs ). While commissioners formerly had

1280-451: The local government system of the Isle of Man , a commissioner is an elected representative equivalent to a councillor . All town, village, district and parish local government bodies consist of commissioners, except for Douglas , which has a council and councillors. Malawi 's position of district commissioner refers to the person that is appointed by the president of Malawi to oversee

1344-544: The 1920s to Buenos Aires, Berlin, and Shanghai. The title began to be phased out in 1930 with the passage of the Foreign Agricultural Service Act, which granted USDA authority to use the diplomatic title " attaché ". The last USDA employee to bear the title "agricultural commissioner" was Owen Dawson, agricultural commissioner at the U.S. Consulate in Shanghai, who received diplomatic status and

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1408-734: The Bahamas with her parents, Francis Vose Parker and his wife. She became his second wife on 25 August 1903, when they were married in the Church of the Advent in Boston and had a son, John Codman Carter. Carter continued working in senior colonial positions — being appointed the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Island of Barbados and its Dependencies in 1904, and as Administrator of

1472-649: The Commonwealth of Nations and the United States, the title of commissioner typically designates the head of an entire police force. In other countries, such as Latin American countries, France, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Spain, Italy, etc., a commissioner is typically the commander of a major police station or a locally/regionally important police service. The equivalent ranks in

1536-581: The Departments of State, Agriculture and Commerce) were merged in 1939 under Reorganization Plan No. II . In The Salvation Army , the rank of commissioner is the second-highest attainable rank and the highest rank by appointment, as the rank of general is attained by election by the High Council . It is one of the original ranks of the Army and has been in use since 1880, the first commissioner

1600-575: The Football Association nevertheless has the power to veto the appointment of that league's chief executive. The Australian Football League is governed by the AFL Commission , whose members are called commissioners. However, the head of the commission, who is the closest equivalent to a North American sports commissioner, is formally titled the chairman, and is never referred to as a commissioner . Current commissioners of

1664-614: The Gambia, he was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) on 1 January 1890. In 1891, the native King of Gambia had been organising abusive acts towards the British colonists. Carter (from his official residence in Bathurst ) sent an envoy with a message that if the abuses continued, "he might expect a visit of a disciplinary nature from the marine forces of the Queen of England [ sic ]." The King sent

1728-491: The Government of the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago , and its Dependencies in the absence of the Governor from 1907 until 1910, whereupon he retired. In 1919, he changed his surname to Gilbert-Carter . In the early 1920s, he moved back to Barbados, and lived at Ilaro Court , which had been designed and built by Lady Gilbert Carter. He died there on 18 January 1927. When his will was probated on 22 March of that year,

1792-621: The Lagos State Transport Commissioner announced that all commercial vehicles would be banned from entering Lagos Island by way of the Carter Bridge to keep buses and other vehicles from parking on the bridge. In addition to congestion on the bridge, Carter was perceived as unsafe at night due to the lack of streetlights. In July 2013, Governor Fashola of Lagos State commissioned streetlights on Carter Bridge powered by an Independent Power Project. The project

1856-499: The NBA in 1976. The National Hockey League did not follow suit when the rival World Hockey Association commenced playing, as then-NHL president Clarence Campbell , who was openly hostile to the WHA's very existence, made clear he was not interested in any change to his own title. The NHL finally appointed a commissioner in 1993 (long after merging with the WHA ) when incumbent Gary Bettman assumed office. Major League Soccer appointed

1920-585: The NFL commissioner's authority). Finally in 1966, the American Football League agreed to abolish their commissioner's office and recognize the authority of then-NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle in exchange for the NFL agreeing to a merger with its most successful rival. This did not result in any formal change to Rozelle's title or even in his powers, since the NFL constitution already purportedly granted him extensive power over other professional leagues. Nevertheless he became informally known as

1984-475: The Royal Navy in 1864, serving as an Assistant Clerk on HMS  Frederick William , being transferred in 1866 to HMS  Malacca . On 5 July 1866, Carter was promoted to Clerk, while still serving on HMS Malacca . Between 1867 and 1869, he served on a variety of ships as a clerk, until 1 December 1869 (while serving on HMS  Pembroke ), when he was promoted to Assistant Paymaster (being added to

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2048-552: The United States to " trade commissioners " employed by the U.S. Department of Commerce . Most but not all trade commissioners were retitled commercial attachés upon creation of the Foreign Commerce Service ( viz. ) in 1927. The title "trade commissioner" went out of use in the United States when Commerce's overseas officials were transferred to the Department of State and all three U.S. foreign services (of

2112-621: The administration of any of its 28 districts . One commissioner is appointed per district. The position was created during the British colonial era, sustained during the Kamuzu Banda era and continues as a prominent position in democratic era in Malawi. Prior to the Acts of Union 1707 , an elected member of the Estates (parliament) of Scotland held the office of commissioner, representing

2176-701: The aftermath of the Black Sox Scandal . Landis was titled "commissioner" partly to distinguish his office from that of the "president" of the American and National Leagues . Landis' title derived from the National Commission , the ruling body for baseball established in 1903, when the two leagues were largely autonomous organizations. The commission originally consisted of three members. Desperate to restore public confidence in their sport's integrity, baseball owners agreed to appoint Landis as

2240-606: The bridge has resulted in both severe road congestion in addition to contributing to its rapid deterioration. In 2003, the Nigerian Institute of Structural Engineers noted that the parking of vehicles along the span may result in collapse if left unaddressed. To address this issue, the Lagos State government has instituted a ₦ 50,000 fine for persons parking their vehicles along the span. Additionally, in April 2006,

2304-433: The colonial administration in several French-ruled countries. After on 17 April 1914 Tannu Tuva (ethnically Mongolian) was declared a Russian 'protected' area ( Uryanhay [Urjanhaj] kray ), two subsequent Russian commissioners for the affairs of Urjanhai Kray (1914–1915 A.P. Cererin (Tsererin) and 1915–1917 Yu.V. Grigoryev) were appointed, alongside the last native tribal paramount chief (title Ambyn-noyon ), followed by

2368-494: The commissioner or appointing a commissioner and reducing the position of league president to a mere figurehead role. The National Football League appointed its first commissioner in 1941. The NFL, which in its early years faced several rival leagues, intended its commissioner's office to be analogous to the one then held by Landis in baseball, with authority over all of professional football. The NFL's rivals responded by appointing their own commissioners (thereby explicitly rejecting

2432-527: The commissioners' powers and responsibilities in the NFL, NBA and NHL are not substantially different from those of the presidents that preceded them. Although baseball's subsequent commissioners have not had the absolute power that Landis did, former Commissioner Bud Selig has succeeded in centralizing authority over Major League Baseball in the commissioner's office, relegating the position of league president to an honorary title and giving baseball's commissioner competencies similar to those of his colleagues in

2496-476: The consent of the lawful authorities of the nation, no aggressive action shall be taken against the said nation and its independence shall be fully recognized." The Egba chiefs further promised to abolish human sacrifices. He was promoted Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 3 June 1893, "in recognition of his services in conducting a mission to the Yoruba country which resulted in

2560-705: The envoy back mutilated, with a message: "This is the King's answer." In response, Carter sent three British gunboats to avenge the outrage upon the envoy. Carter was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Lagos on 3 February 1891. Carter ordered an attack on the Ijebu "in the interest of civilization" in 1892. Afterwards, he continued to justify this attack as a war to end slavery and promote civilization. Carter travelled to various parts of Yorubaland , accompanied by soldiers, in an attempt to demonstrate

2624-451: The game's sole commissioner after he rebuffed their offer of a position at the head of a reformed commission. Baseball owners also gave Landis absolute power and a lifetime contract, which permitted the former judge to assume more power over the sport than a commissioner in any sport has held since. The other major professional sports leagues of North America followed suit, either replacing their positions of league president with that of

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2688-442: The heads of some statewide departments are called "commissioners". In California , court commissioners are subordinate judicial officers granted many of the same authorities as judges, though not all. In some states certain municipalities may have a planning or zoning authority composed of local officials or members of the public. These authorities can be called commissions with the members addressed as "commissioners". In

2752-663: The might of the British. Carter was not well received at Oyo , and the Egba chiefs advised him not to interfere with slavery, while the Ibadan chiefs said they were afraid that their slaves would "assert their freedom by running to the Resident " – and they refused to sign a treaty with Carter that would impose a Resident on the city. However, in January 1893 the Egba chiefs signed

2816-781: The ministers of the Union’s member states; each is assigned a portfolio under the authority of the president of the EU Commission, but they make important decisions collegially, often subject to approval by the European Parliament and/or the Council of the European Union , the two organs of the EU’s bicameral legislature. The French equivalent, commissaire , was used for various officials employed at different levels of

2880-691: The negotiation of important treaties and brought to an end a long-standing war." Carter was given Ife works of art in 1896 by the recently crowned King of Ife, Adelekan, in the hopes that a decision in his favour would be made about the resettlement of Modakeke residents outside the city. These works (including three known as the Ife marbles ), were sent by Carter to Europe. While serving in Lagos, Lady Carter, his first wife, died on 13 January 1895, shortly after arriving in Lagos. The Carter Bridge , first built in 1901 and linking Lagos Island with Iddo Island ,

2944-405: The other major sports. Many minor professional and amateur leagues throughout the United States and Canada have also appointed commissioners. The title has not caught on outside North America. In Great Britain, the title chief executive is used for the most closely equivalent position in that country's professional leagues. A key difference between the state of affairs in North America and Europe

3008-453: The owners of the league's clubs or board of directors/governors, and function as executive directors of the various owner's associations describing themselves as Leagues and handle matters such as discipline, arbitration of disputes between the clubs, etc. in the interests of the owners. The title was first used in 1920, when Kenesaw Mountain Landis was appointed Commissioner of Baseball in

3072-555: The past, the U.S. government-appointed special commissioners for a variety of tasks. For example, the head of the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1862 to 1889 was a commissioner, not a Cabinet secretary. Until 1968, federal courts appointed commissioners to perform routine judicial duties such as taking testimony, taking bail, and even enforcing laws such as the Fugitive Slave Act . These commissioners were replaced by United States magistrates . In police services in

3136-539: The police forces of the United States and the United Kingdom are respectively captain and superintendent. In firefighting services in the Commonwealth of Nations, the title of commissioner typically designates the head of an entire fire service in a particular jurisdiction, such as the commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service or the commissioner of Fire and Rescue NSW , two separate fire authorities that operate within

3200-706: The private sector; for instance, many North American sports leagues. There is some confusion between commissioners and commissaries because other European languages use the same word for both. Therefore titles such as commissaire in French, Kommissar in German and comisario in Spanish or commissario in Italian, can mean either commissioner or commissary in English, depending on the context. A commissioner within

3264-405: The resignation of the league's second commissioner, Jeff Plush , shortly before the 2017 season. The NWSL's highest office was styled as "president" until the "commissioner" title was reinstated when Lisa Baird filled that post in 2020. Due to the unique ownership structure of the Professional Women's Hockey League , the organization has no current plans to appoint a commissioner. In general,

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3328-415: The standards of the Boy Scouts of America. In some sports leagues , including all four North American professional major sports the commissioner is the highest executive position in the league. The exact powers of the commissioner depend on the constitution and/or rules of the league, and are invariably limited by State and Federal Law and collective bargaining agreements. Commissioners are elected by

3392-434: The stores and ordnance left behind by the Dutch. He married Susan Laura Hocker, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Hocker, in 1874 (later having 3 sons and 2 daughters — his second son Humphrey 1884–1969 was the first Director of the Cambridge University Botanic Garden ). Lady Carter died in 1895. He retired from the Navy on 21 July 1875. Carter became the private secretary to Sir George Berkeley , Governor of

3456-462: The territorial legislature and presenting commendations to Canadian Forces members for long-term or outstanding service to the office. Possible candidates for the position are selected by the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments . The official appointment is made by the Governor General-in-Council (the federal government ). Senior public servants, commissioners and other high-ranking bureaucrats referred to collectively as mandarins . In

3520-502: The title agricultural attaché in 1939 when USDA's overseas officers were transferred to the Department of State. Noted American author Mark Twain recounted meeting one of the 19th-century roving agricultural commissioners in Innocents Abroad : I was proud to observe that among our excursionists were three ministers of the gospel, eight doctors, sixteen or eighteen ladies, several military and naval chieftains with sounding titles, an ample crop of "Professors" of various kinds, and

3584-445: The top Canadian football leagues then in existence (the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union and Western Interprovincial Football Union ) appointed commissioners in a bid to assert their leagues' independence from the NFL commissioner. When the two leagues formed an umbrella organization (the Canadian Football Council) in 1956, the posts of IRFU commissioner and WIFU commissioner were abolished and former WIFU Commissioner Sydney Halter

3648-428: The total value of his effects was £6859 9s 11d. Commissioner#British and Commonwealth overseas possessions A commissioner (commonly abbreviated as Comm'r ) is, in principle, a member of a commission or an individual who has been given a commission (official charge or authority to do something). In practice, the title of commissioner has evolved to include a variety of senior officials, often sitting on

3712-462: Was George Scott Railton . Within the Scout Movement , a commissioner is a senior adult leader who is responsible for the management of an aspect of Scouting and/or the leadership of other adults, as opposed to adult leaders who lead youth members. Commissioners are district and council leaders who help Scout units succeed. They coach and consult with adult leaders of Cub Scout packs, Boy Scout troops, and Venturing crews. Commissioners help maintain

3776-452: Was all unprepared for this crusher. I fell under that titular avalanche a torn and blighted thing. I said that if that potentate must go over in our ship, why, I supposed he must – but that to my thinking, when the United States considered it necessary to send a dignitary of that tonnage across the ocean, it would be in better taste, and safer, to take him apart and cart him over in sections in several ships. Ah, if I had only known then that he

3840-416: Was an administrative officer in the Royal Navy and a colonial official for the British Empire . Starting as a Collector of Customs for the Gold Coast , he then became a Treasurer of the Gold Coast and the Gambia . Moving on to colonial administration, he started as the Administrator for the Gambia, where he dealt with the aggression of the native king of Gambia. His next post was as Governor for

3904-474: Was appointed commissioner of the CFC. When the CFC itself evolved into the modern Canadian Football League in 1958, Halter carried on in the office as that league's first commissioner. The National Basketball Association followed suit by appointing a commissioner in 1967, largely in response to a rival league that commenced play that year. The ABA did not recognize the NBA commissioner's authority and maintained its own commissioner's office until merging with

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3968-438: Was conceptualized, designed and completed by the State's Electricity Board (www.lseb.gov.ng) using local components and technicians. See also: List of schools in Lagos See also: List of hospitals in Lagos See also: List of festivals in Lagos See also: Architecture of Lagos Gilbert Thomas Carter Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter (also Gilbert-Carter ) KCMG (14 January 1848 – 18 January 1927)

4032-411: Was named after him. Carter was transferred to Bahamas as Governor and Commander-in-Chief in 1898, and after a temporary transfer to Trinidad, in July 1904 he was transferred to the Barbados as Governor and Commander-in-Chief. Carter met an American artist (see Stamp) from Boston, Gertrude Codman Parker (6 February 1875 – 12 November 1953, Boston ), in the spring of 1903 when she was travelling in

4096-442: Was only a common mortal, and that his mission had nothing more overpowering about it than the collecting of seeds and uncommon yams and extraordinary cabbages and peculiar bullfrogs for that poor, useless, innocent, mildewed old fossil the Smithsonian Institute [sic], I would have felt so much relieved. Following unification of the U.S. Foreign Service under the Rogers Act in 1924, overseas trade promotion shifted from consuls of

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