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77-721: Claudio Pellandini arrived in Mexico in 1860. Since 1893, in its showroom and store, at 2a. Calle de San Francisco No. 10, the Casa Pellandini used to sell: marble, bronze and terracotta sculptures; French and Mexican stained glass windows, lamps, Venetian mirrors, artistic engravings, marble and alabaster busts, frames, moldings, glass, imported wallpaper; porcelain figures, white and painted ones; prints, facsimiles of watercolors, chromos, oleographs, griffins, planters, materials for artists, supplies for engineers, cases of oil and watercolor colors, and ornamental objects, which ended up in

154-711: A decade of war . Independence was achieved by the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire 11 years and 12 days later, on 28 September 1821. However, Hidalgo is credited as being the "father of his country". Scholars have not been able to reach a consensus on the exact words Miguel Hidalgo said at the time. Michael Meyer has noted: "The exact words of this most famous of all Mexican speeches are not known, or, rather, they are reproduced in almost as many variations as there are historians to reproduce them." Meyer also argues that: ...the essential spirit of

231-553: A triptych with each being somewhat autonomous. The right-hand wall contains murals depicting pre-Hispanic Mexico and centers around the life of the Aztec god Quetzalcóatl . Quetzalcóatl appears in the mural as a star, a god, and a human being. Created by serpents, he sails through space as a star that accompanies the sun at night. Quetzalcóatl then assumes a human body to teach the Aztec people as their king and patriarch. Last, when he sacrifices his blood to give life to men, he returns to

308-696: A fake show of support. The Grito was also disrupted in 2006 by a demonstration called the Plantón. Crowds loyal to losing candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador protested alleged irregularities in the general election just concluded, and the Grito could not be delivered at the Zócalo but was spoken at the National Palace. López Obrador won the presidency in 2018. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused

385-564: A garden for the use of the viceroy and his court. The north door led to a small patio in which was located the jail and the guards' quarters. When the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain was at work in Mexico (1787-1803), the establishment of the Royal Botanical Garden on the model of that in the imperial capital of Madrid was an essential mandate of the enterprise. The viceregal palace itself became

462-659: A million spectators from all over Mexico and tourists worldwide. After the President recites each line beginning with "¡Viva(n)!", the crowd responds by repeating, "¡Viva(n)!" After the recitation, the President rings the bell one last time and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd. This is followed by the playing of the Mexican national anthem by a military band from the Mexican Armed Forces, with

539-542: A month after the president appeared to be humiliated by U.S. presidential candidate Donald Trump , thousands of citizens marched, yelled, and carried signs. They tried to enter the Zócalo during the Grito, but were blocked by a wall of soldiers. News outlets within Mexico failed to acknowledge the protest. The event was well-attended but opponents charge that the PRI brought acarreados (poor people or hand-picked party members) as

616-701: A museum to the centennial. A statue of Benito Juárez was placed in the north wing near his old quarters. This statue was made with bronze from the cannons of the Conservative Army during the Reform War and from French projectiles from the Battle of Puebla . This caused the Palace to give it the appearance it has today. All the viceroys that ruled New Spain during the colonial period lived in this residence except for Antonio de Mendoza and Juan O’Donojú ,

693-496: A second time, the Mexican flag is waved, and everyone sings the National Anthem, followed by fireworks. There are also celebrations in schools throughout Mexico , and in these cases whenever the bell ringing is reenacted the school or university head utters the traditional words. Celebrations also take place outside of Mexico, such as in U.S. states that have a large concentration of people of Mexican heritage who celebrate

770-584: A site of the botanical garden, with excavations of the original site done so that fertile soil could be substituted. The palace essentially remained unchanged until after independence in the 1830s. Many of Mexico's leaders after independence made changes to the Viceroy Palace, including renaming it the "National Palace". Mexico's first ministries were installed such as the Ministry of Hacienda (internal revenue), Ministry of War, Ministry of Justice, and

847-404: A third being built after 1554 and a fourth sometime after that. Its garden was extensive, occupying much of the south and southwest portions of the property up to what is now Correo Mayor Street. The palace has living quarters, offices, two audience rooms, and a tower for gunpowder. A secondary building behind the main one has nineteen windows spanning its façade. It also had a parapet , above which

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924-560: Is Spanish in origin and symbolized the transplanting of Spanish civilization to the New World. It is immobile in the sense that since Aztec times, this has been the seat of earthly political power, first as the palaces of the Aztec tlatoani , then of the Spanish viceroys, then of Mexican heads of state. Only until very recently, those who held power over Mexico lived here as well as asserted their authority. The building itself represents

1001-603: Is known as the Mariana Door, named in honor of Mariano Arista who had it constructed in 1850. The area next to this door used to be the old Court Prison, with courtrooms and torture chambers. It is now occupied by the Finance Ministry. It contains the Treasury Room, constructed by architects Manuel Ortiz Monasterio and Vicente Mendiola. The iron and bronze door is the work of Augusto Petriccioli. Above

1078-599: Is normally granted to tangible objects, requires the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit to provide permanent food and care for them in their lifetimes. One cat, Zeus, became famous for appearing on-camera during a press conference by López Obrador in 2023. Grito de Dolores The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores ) occurred in Dolores , Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave

1155-410: Is not only a place but also a destination where friends of the country can be welcomed. Feral cats have been recorded to have been inhabiting the palace gardens since the 1970s, with 19 cats in residence as of 2024. In April that same year, President Andres Manuel López Obrador declared the cats to be “living fixed assets,” the first time animals in Mexico have been awarded the title. The measure, which

1232-815: The National Palace , state government palaces, the Municipal Hall of Puebla , the Chapultepec Castle , where President Porfirio Díaz resided up until 25 May 1911, churches, residences, public buildings, etcetera. Two years later, in 1895, Claudio Pellandini opened the first large art supplies factory in the country. Its workshops, located at Comonfort 48 on the corner of Jaime Nunó, in the Santa Ana neighborhood of Colonia Morelos, Mexico City, occupied an area of 129 167 square feet (12 000 m), and had machinery imported from Europe and

1309-510: The Plaza de la Constitución ( El Zócalo ). This site has been a palace for the ruling class of Mexico since the Aztec Empire , and much of the current palace's building materials are from the original one that belonged to the 16th-century leader Moctezuma II . Used and classified as a government building, the National Palace, with its red tezontle facade, fills the entire east side of

1386-474: The balustrade of this area has been remodeled, conserving the murals by Diego Rivera that adorn the main stairwell and the walls of the second floor. In the stairwell is a mural depicting the history of Mexico from 1521 to 1930, and covers an area of 450 m (4800 ft ). These murals were painted between 1929 and 1935, jointly titled "The Epic of the Mexican People". The work is divided like

1463-583: The call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence . The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as "El Grito de Independencia" (The Independence Cry). Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City , while ringing the same bell Hidalgo used in 1810. During the patriotic speech,

1540-682: The Aztec tlatoani 's residence and performed a number of official functions as well. The building was divided into two sections and decorated with marble and painted stucco . The main façade contained the shield of the monarchy, an eagle with a snake in its claws. It has three patios surrounded by porticos , indoor sanitary facilities, fountains and gardens. The bedrooms had tapestries of cotton, feathers and rabbit fur painted in bright colors. The floors were of polished stucco and covered in animal furs and finely-woven mats. There were rooms for servants, administrative staff, and military guards, along with kitchens, pantries and storage rooms. The richness of

1617-633: The Cortés palace features. It was known as the Palacio del Virrey (Palace of the Viceroy) or Casa Real de los Virreyes ( Royal House of the Viceroys). Italian Capuchin friar Ilarione da Bergamo included a description of the viceregal palace in his travel narrative. He notes that the building is not just the residence of the viceroy and his family, but also has a number of government offices including

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1694-633: The Gachupines!' Many believe that Hidalgo's Grito condemned the notion of monarchy and criticized the current social order in detail. In fact, his opposition was targeted to Spain and its viceroy in Mexico: that is, not against the monarchy in general but against "bad government". The Grito also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Mexican-born Criollos and Peninsulares (native Spaniards) could sympathize. However,

1771-816: The Grand Courtyard beyond the central portal, are open to the public. The National Palace also houses the main State Archives, with many historical documents, and the Biblioteca Miguel Lerdo de Tejada , one of the largest and most important libraries in the country. On north annex of the building is the Treasury Room and the Benito Juárez Museum. Between the two is the Empress Stairway, built by brothers Juan and Ramón Agea. When faced with claims that their work

1848-451: The Grito and this can be controversial. President Vicente Fox frequently took liberties with it, adding and removing items, addressing Mexicans in both genders, and in 2001 wishing long life to "our agreements". Peña Nieto gave "vivas" to victims of recent earthquakes in 2017. During Peña Nieto's presidency, the Grito became an occasion for political protest against him and his Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). On 15 September 2016,

1925-478: The Grito to be done remotely. Similar celebrations to the presidential one occur in cities and towns throughout Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide on 15 or 16 September. The chief executive, ambassador, or consul rings a bell and recites the traditional words, including the names of independence heroes and local patriots , and ending with the threefold shout of Viva Mexico! The bell rings

2002-419: The Mexican people as a blending of both Spanish and Aztec. The old palace was destroyed to make way for the new, but both were built of the very same stone. According to Zedillo, this represents something that is not quite Aztec, but not quite Spanish either, much like the country itself. These same stones were present during all of Mexico's major historical events and had seen foreign flags fly above them. On

2079-567: The Ministry of Internal and External Relations, as well as the Supreme Court. During an uprising led by Valentín Gómez Farías against then-president Anastasio Bustamante , the southwest balustrade was seriously damaged during a siege lasting twelve days. In 1845, the old Chambers of Deputies was constructed, with the Senate on the upper floor of the south wing. In 1850, Mariano Arista had the old north prison door cemented shut and constructed

2156-496: The Patio of Honor. During this work, the old column bases of the Viceroy Palace were found, two of which were restored where they were found. They also found old cedar rafters with their brackets, which were used to form the foundation of the first floor. Recently, excavations in and next to the National Palace have unearthed parts of Moctezuma 's "New Houses", the name of the palaces that Hernán Cortés razed to build what has become

2233-793: The Plaza de los Héroes in the capital city of Nuevo León . They were transferred to the Taller Casa Montaña, in Torreón , Coahuila , for restoration. The Casa Pellandini had a branch in the Downtown of Guadalajara, founded in 1901 on premises numbers 43 and 45 on López Cotilla Street. On Wednesday, 14 September 1927, a fire broke out minor consequences in said branch of that commercial house. By 1946, it had moved to Avenida Corona 129, also in Guadalajara Downtown. In 1971, it

2310-532: The President of Mexico stands on the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City and rings the same bell that Hidalgo rang in 1810, which was moved to the National Palace. The President then recites a shout of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano ) based upon the "Grito de Dolores", with the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence who were there on that historic day. The Grito ends with

2387-657: The Swiss Claudio Pellandini imported or manufactured. The Mexican Revolution had no adverse effects on the operations of the prestigious company or on the marketing of luxury goods. Stained glasses created by master Claudio Pellandini, placed in windows of the facade of the Government Palace of Nuevo León , in Monterrey, showed images of various Mexican national heroes. Seven pieces by Pellandini were vandalized on 5 January 2017, during riots at

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2464-651: The United States. It employed approximately 200 people, and had 27 electric machines for beveling, grinding, engraving, and polishing glass. At the end of the 19th century, the French stained glass factory Saint-Gobain named the Casa Pellandini its sole representative and depositary in the Mexican Republic. The high society of the Porfiriato , partially Frenchified, liked to purchase the products that

2541-551: The Zócalo, measuring over 200 metres (660 ft) long. It is home to some of the offices of both the Federal Treasury and the National Archives . The facade is bordered on the north and south by two towers and includes three main doorways, each of which lead to a different part of the building. The southern door leads to the Patio of Honor and presidential offices (no public access). The northern door

2618-547: The buildings on it were claimed by Hernán Cortés , who had architects Rodrigo de Pontocillos and Juan Rodríguez rebuild the palace while Cortés lived in the "Old Houses" (now the Nacional Monte de Piedad building) across the plaza from 1521 to 1530. Cortés's palace was a massive fortress with embrasures for cannon at the corners and the mezzanine had crenels for musketeers . The façade had only two doors with arches (medio punto). Inside there were two patios, with

2695-460: The central doorway, facing the Zócalo, is the main balcony where just before 11pm on September 15, the president of Mexico gives the Grito de Dolores , in a ceremony to commemorate Mexican Independence . Part of this ceremony includes ringing the bell that hangs above the balcony. This bell is the original one that Father Miguel Hidalgo rang to call for rebellion against Spain. It originally hung in

2772-415: The church of Dolores Hidalgo , Guanajuato , but was relocated here. In the niche containing the bell, there is the Mexican coat of arms . On each side there is an Aztec eagle knight and his Spanish counterpart. These were sculpted by Manuel Centurion and symbolize the synthesis of Mexican culture and Spanish culture. The central door leads to the main patio which is surrounded by Baroque arches. Only

2849-657: The country in particular. Diego also painted 11 panels on the middle floor, such as the "Tianguis of Tlatelolco" (tianguis means "market"), and the "Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz". These are part of a series depicting the pre-Hispanic era. Peoples such as the Tarascos of Michoacán , the Zapotecs and Mixtecs of Oaxaca and the Huastecs of Hidalgo , San Luis Potosí and Veracruz . However, this series

2926-458: The creole leadership attempted to set a course of autonomy and in support of the legitimate heir to the throne, Ferdinand VII , but the peninsular elite fearing loss of the colony carried out a coup, also in the name of Ferdinand. Almost immediately groups of creoles began forming various plots around the viceroyalty, including in Querétaro , of which Father Hidalgo became a part. When the plot

3003-553: The crowd singing along. The ceremonies conclude with a spectacular fireworks display at the Zócalo grounds. On the morning of 16 September, or Independence Day, the national military parade in honor of the holiday starts in the Zócalo and its outskirts, passes the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma , Mexico City's main boulevard, passing " El Ángel de la Independencia " memorial column and other places along

3080-558: The current edifice. Parts of a wall and a basalt floor were found during recent renovations on the building that now houses the Museum of Culture, which adjoins the Palace on its north side. The wall and floor are believed to be part of Casa Denegrida, or the Black House, which Spanish conquerors described as a windowless room painted in black. In here, Moctezuma would meditate on what he was told by professional seers and shamans . It

3157-510: The current northern door. He also converted the north wing into barracks of the "Batallón de Guardia de Supremos Poderes" (Battalion of Guards for the Supreme Powers). In 1864, Maximilian of Habsburg had three flagpoles installed in front of the three main doors. By the central door was the Mexican flag; at the north door was the flag of Austria and at the south door was the flag of France . He also had Lorenzo de la Hidalga construct

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3234-511: The department, moved their offices to the north wing, finishing in 1902. He chose the largest room in the wing for the Office of Seals. In 1896, the bell that Father Hidalgo rung at the parish of Dolores, Guanajuato was moved here. A number of changes were made during the rule of Porfirio Díaz . The English-made clock on the parapet was moved to the tower of the Church of Santo Domingo. The façade

3311-479: The doors, windows, cornices , and parapets. In the interior, a grand staircase of marble was installed in the central patio (where Diego Rivera would later paint The History of Mexico mural) and constructed stairs to the internal revenue department and the offices of the General Treasury in the north wing. The old Chamber of Deputies, abandoned after a fire in 1872, was reconstructed and re-inaugurated as

3388-406: The eve of Mexican Independence Day , the National Palace is the star of the show. The original bell Father Hidalgo rang is here and the President himself gives the Grito de Dolores from its main balcony. He also notes one such Independence Eve, in 1964, when General Charles de Gaulle , then- President of France , spoke to the crowd in Spanish from the Palace. He notes this to assert that the Palace

3465-415: The first and last viceroys. After independence, the palace was home to the two emperors who ruled Mexico during brief periods: Agustin de Iturbide and Maximilian I of Mexico . The first president to live in the building was also Mexico's first president, Guadalupe Victoria , and its last occupant in the 19th century was Manuel González , president from 1880 to 1884. After that, the presidential residence

3542-581: The grand marble staircase that is in the Patio of Honor in the southern wing, as well as having the public rooms roofed and furnished with paintings, candelabras , and chamber pots from Hollenbach , Austria and Sirres, France. In opposition, Benito Juárez chose to have his quarters in the north end of the Palace, rather than in the traditional southern end. In 1877, the Secretaría de Hacienda y Credito Público (Secretary of Internal Revenue and Public Credit), José Ives Limantour , as part of his overhaul of

3619-479: The high court ( Real Audiencia ) and other legal offices, royal treasury agents, attorneys including those of the General Indian Court , as well as small prisons in the complex. During the tenure of viceroy Bernardo Gálvez, he sought a residence separate from the palace and plans for Chapultepec Castle were drawn up in 1785, to be constructed on a high point outside the core of the city. The palace

3696-458: The holiday. As Mexico has historically been one of the largest sources of tourism to the region, the US city of Las Vegas is known for hosting cultural events—including concerts and sporting events—appealing to Mexicans and Hispanic Americans on and around 16 September. In the United States, National Hispanic Heritage Month also begins on 15 September; the date was chosen due to its proximity to

3773-760: The independence day of Mexico and other Latin American countries. Since the early-1990s, boxing cards with main events involving top Mexican fighters have been a fixture of Independence Day weekend in Las Vegas. While U.S.-hosted fights on the weekend date back as far as the 1970s, the tradition of hosting these fights in Las Vegas was first established by Julio César Chávez and his manager Don King , who fought annually during Independence Day week from 1991 to 1995. All but one of these bouts were held in Las Vegas, with his 1993 fight against Pernell Whitaker occurring at San Antonio's Alamodome instead. The tradition

3850-590: The inner, secondary building, tall windows with small ironwork balconies were installed. The south door led to what was named the "Patio of Honor"; in this section were the viceroy's quarters. The mezzanine held the offices of the Secretary and the Archives of the Viceroyalty. The lower part has servants' and halberdiers ' quarters as well as storage bins for mercury . This Patio of Honor opened in back toward

3927-410: The late 20th century, the event has come to symbolize Mexican independence and to initiate Independence Day ceremonies the following day (16 September). Independence Day in Mexico is a patriotic holiday , marked by parades, concerts, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and special programs on the national and local media outlets. Every 15 September at around 11 p.m.,

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4004-431: The message is... 'My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once... Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Gachupines!' In contrast, William F. Cloud divides

4081-609: The middle and largest panel, the Conquest is depicted with its ugliness, such as rape and torture, as well as priests defending the rights of the indigenous people. The battle for independence occupies the uppermost part of this panel in the arch. The American and French invasions are represented below this, as well as the Reform period and the Revolution. The left-hand panel is dedicated to early and mid-20th century, criticizing

4158-446: The night before from the National Palace balcony to launch the celebrations. As a result, in 2012, Calderón's final year as president, he did not go to Dolores Hidalgo but gave the Grito from the National Palace balcony instead. President Enrique Peña Nieto did not give the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo in any of his six years as president, becoming the fourth president to break the tradition. Many presidents add their "personal touch" to

4235-430: The palace facade and windows with graffiti and by breaking windows, and burned down a section of the Mariana Door after a failed attempt at breaking it down. The National Institute of History and Anthropology (INAH) handled the restoration and presented charges for the damage. On March 6, 2024, protesters demonstrating in commemoration of the Iguala mass kidnapping in 2014 used a commandeered pickup truck to batter down

4312-409: The palace surprised Cortés, which he relayed in letters to Charles I of Spain . The palace also held a chamber reserved for the "tlacxitlan" where a group of elders, presided over by the emperor himself, would settle disputes among the citizenry. After the Conquest, these New Houses were not completely leveled to the ground but were sufficiently destroyed as to make them uninhabitable. The land and

4389-406: The palace. Historian Manuel Rivera Cambas states that after reconstruction, the palace lost its fortress-like appearance, and took on a Baroque appearance. Its crenels were converted into windows with ironwork grilles . framed in stonework. Inscriptions were etched above these windows and coats-of-arms were places to the sides. A smaller, third door was added on the north side of the building. On

4466-490: The president calls out the names of the fallen heroes who died during the War of Independence and ends the speech by shouting "Viva Mexico!" three times followed by the Mexican National Anthem. In the 1810s, what would become Mexico was still New Spain , part of the Spanish crown. Following Napoleon 's overthrow of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy in 1808, Spain's American possessions rose in rebellion, refusing to accept Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte , as king. In New Spain

4543-431: The sentiments above between Hidalgo and the crowd: [Hidalgo] told them that the time for action on their part had now come. When he asked, 'Will you be slaves of Napoleon or will you as patriots defend your religion, your hearths, and your rights?' there was a unanimous cry, 'We will defend to the utmost! Long live religion, long live our most holy mother of Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad government, and death to

4620-511: The sky having completed his earthly cycle. Once he leaves the earth, Quetzalcóatl assumes the shape the morning star , called Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli . The cycle that he undergoes signifies the continuous cycle of life. Rivera's creation of a Mexican identity helps to continue the reform that began with the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Before this time, any individualism from the Indians was discouraged as well as any allusion toward Aztec origins. The mural aims to dismiss any idea of inferiority. In

4697-413: The status quo and depicting a Marxist kind of utopia, featuring the persons of Plutarco Elías Calles , John D. Rockefeller , Harry Sinclair , William Durant , J.P. Morgan , Cornelius Vanderbilt and Andrew Mellon as well as Karl Marx . This part of the mural also includes Frida Kahlo , Diego's wife. This mural reflects Diego's own personal views about Mexico's history and the indigenous people of

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4774-461: The strong anti-Spanish cry of "Death to Gachupines" ( Gachupines being a slur given to Peninsulares) would have shocked Mexico's elites. The day of 16 September was first celebrated in 1812 in Huichapan , Hidalgo . It was given the status of a national holiday in the Constitution of Apatzingán , ratified by the conventions of 1822 and 1824, and first celebrated nationally in 1825. The Cry of Dolores has assumed an almost mythical status. Since

4851-451: The third floor was added during the term of President Plutarco Elías Calles by Alberto J. Pani, an engineer and then finance minister and designed by Augusto Petriccioli. Merlons were placed on the towers and parapet and decorative caps were placed on all three doors. The Dolores Bell was placed in a niche flanked by atlantes above the balcony above the central door. The façade was covered with red tezontle stone and installed stone frames on

4928-429: The threefold shout of ¡Viva México! The Grito often differs slightly from year to year to reflect recent sentiments, or a preference by the President for a shorter or longer shout. This is the version often recited by the President of Mexico: Beneath the balcony of the National Palace, there is a large crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución (also called the Zócalo ), to hear the recitation. The event draws up to half

5005-417: The way. The Grito is not always re-enacted at the National Palace; some years it is performed in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, where it originally happened. This is especially common in the final year of a President's term. President Felipe Calderón made an exception by re-enacting the Grito in Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations on 16 September 2010, even though he had already done so

5082-413: The wooden doors of the palace before entering and getting expelled by security forces. Because of work related to the construction of Metro Line 2 and the acceleration of the sinking of many of the buildings in the historic center, the basic structure of the Palace suffered deterioration, requiring work to secure the building's foundation and supports, especially on the third floor, the central patio and

5159-421: Was a clock and a bell. The main courtyard was built large enough so he could entertain visitors with New Spain 's first recorded bullfights. The Spanish crown bought the palace from the Cortés family in 1562 to house the Viceregal Palace. It remained so until Mexican Independence in the 1820s. In 1562, the Spanish Crown bought the palace and land from Martin Cortés , son of Hernán Cortés, retaining much of

5236-425: Was at Prisciliano Sánchez 175, also in Guadalajara Downtown. This branch was managed by Otto B. Kiener. This was its last location in that city. National Palace (Mexico) The National Palace ( Spanish : Palacio Nacional ) is the seat of the federal executive in Mexico. Since 2018 it has also served as the official residence for the President of Mexico . It is located on Mexico City 's main square,

5313-401: Was cemented over and etched to look like stone block. Cloth awnings were placed on the windows of the upper floors. On pedestals near the main door, statues of female forms were placed. Inside, the ambassador's room, the dining room, the kitchens, the lounge, the garages and the stables were all refurnished. This was done at a time when French style was popular in Mexico. Between 1926 and 1929,

5390-459: Was contrary to social etiquette at the time. In the Finance Ministry patio is the Benito Juárez Room, where this president lived during the end of his term and where he died on July 18, 1872. The bedroom, living room and study have been preserved complete with a number of objects belonging to the president. The site and much of the building material of the current building is of what were called Moctezuma II's " New Houses ". This palace functioned as

5467-480: Was discovered in early September 1810, some of the plotters decided to proceed with the uprising. Around 2:30 am of September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama , he addressed the people in front of his church, urging them to revolt. His speech became known as the "Cry of Dolores". The liberated country adopted Mexico as its official name. Mexico's independence from Spain took

5544-466: Was later taken up by other boxers of Mexican descent, such as Oscar De La Hoya and Canelo Álvarez . The tradition has also been extended to mixed martial arts , with UFC beginning to host a Las Vegas event on the weekend promoted as Noche UFC beginning with 2023's UFC Fight Night: Grasso vs. Shevchenko 2 (with a main event featuring the promotion's first women's champion of Mexican descent, Alexa Grasso ), and UFC 306 in 2024 (where all but one of

5621-434: Was moved to Chapultepec Castle and later, in 1934, to Los Pinos , but the National Palace became the official residence once again with Andrés Manuel López Obrador , president since 2018. Famous people who stayed here include Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Mateo Alemán , Friar Servando de Mier (he also died here), Alexander von Humboldt and Simón Bolívar . On November 8, 2014, alleged anarchists intentionally damaged

5698-661: Was not finished. On the upper floor is what once was the Theatre Room of the viceroys , which became the Chamber of Deputies from 1829 to August 22, 1872, when the room was accidentally destroyed by fire. In this parliamentary chamber the Reform Constitution of 1857 was written. This and the Constitution of 1917 are on display. The Palace has fourteen courtyards but only a few of these, such as

5775-425: Was part of a construction which is thought to have consisted of five interconnected buildings containing the emperor's office, chambers for children and several wives and even a zoo. More excavations are planned. On the webpage of past president Ernesto Zedillo , Carlos Fuentes calls the National Palace a "traveling and an immobile construction". Traveling is used in the sense that much of its architectural style

5852-399: Was the site of viceregal power and centrally located so that when there were outbreaks of violence toward the regime, the palace was a target. Due to tensions between the viceroy and the archbishop, the palace was set on fire by supporters of the archbishop in 1624. On 8 June 1692, the palace was almost completely destroyed. Viceroy Gaspar de Sandoval then had Friar Diego Valverde reconstruct

5929-417: Was unstable and would collapse, they had a full battalion charge down them while they stood underneath. The Treasury Room is no longer in use. Leading to the Museum part of the complex, which used to be the Finance Ministry, is a statue of Benito Juárez by Miguel Noreña . This work was criticized at the time because it was felt that such an honored person should not be depicted sitting on his coattails, as it

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