106-472: The Cass Sculpture Foundation was a charitable commissioning body based in Goodwood, Sussex , England . The Foundation's 26-acre grounds were home to an ever-changing display of 80 monumental sculptures , all of which were available for sale with the proceeds going directly to artists . The Foundation was a self-sufficient body reliant on sales of commissioned sculptures and visitor entrance fees. After
212-538: A Fourth Plinth commission, an invitation for members of the public, chosen by lot, to spend one hour on the vacant plinth in Trafalgar Square in London. This "living art" happening initially attracted much media attention. It even became a topic of discussion on the long-running BBC radio drama series The Archers , where Gormley made an appearance as himself. Throughout the 2000s, Gormley has interrogated
318-562: A Germanic tribe that settled in the region from the North German Plain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The earliest-known usage of the term South Saxons (Latin: Australes Saxones ) is in a royal charter of 689 which names them and their king, Noðhelm , although the term may well have been in use for some time before that. The monastic chronicler who wrote up the entry classifying the invasion seems to have got his dates wrong; recent scholars have suggested he might have been
424-814: A Lib Dem-Independent coalition ( Mid Sussex ) one was run by an Independent-Labour-Lib Dem-Green coalition ( Rother ) and one had a Lib Dem-Green coalition ( Wealden ). Conservative Katy Bourne is the Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner , having first been elected in 2012. In the 2016 referendum on UK membership of the EU , the people of Sussex voted to leave the EU by the narrowest of margins, by 50.23% to 49.77% or 4,413 votes. Headquartered in Lewes, Home Office policing in Sussex has been provided by Sussex Police since 1968. The first-tier Crown Court for all of Sussex
530-594: A bit longer seeing the tide come in and how many of them disappear. And then you're encouraged to linger further until they're revealed again. In September 2015, Gormley had his first sculpture installed in New Zealand. Stay is a group of identical cast-iron human form sculptures, with the first installed in the Avon River / Ōtākaro in Christchurch 's central city , and the other sculpture installed in
636-522: A body and recalled the people Gormley saw asleep in India wrapped in saris or dhotis . After attending Saint Martin's School of Art and Goldsmiths in London from 1974, he completed his studies with a postgraduate course in sculpture at the Slade School of Fine Art , between 1977 and 1979. Gormley's work as a student used natural materials such as stone and wood. Gormley's career began with
742-409: A division which was reinforced when the administrative counties of East Sussex and West Sussex were established in 1889. Subsequent local government reforms maintained the division into east and west. The county retained a single lord lieutenant and sheriff until 1974, when they were replaced with separate posts for East and West Sussex and Sussex lost its status as a ceremonial county. Sussex
848-1024: A foundation for the world of model sculpture. After research and visits to other sculpture parks such as the Kröller-Müller Museum in the Netherlands , the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Denmark , and the Hakone Open-Air Museum in Japan , the Cass Sculpture Foundation was fully established in 1992. The Foundation commissioned over 400 works from both emerging and established artists. Previous commissions included work by Anthony Caro , Tony Cragg , Andy Goldsworthy , Marc Quinn , Kiki Smith , and Rachel Whiteread . The foundation’s ambition
954-640: A group of 60 enormous steel figures – called Expansion Field . The work was shown at the Zentrum Paul Klee in Bern . In May 2015 five life-sized sculptures, Land , were placed near the centre and at four compass points of the UK in a commission by the Landmark Trust to celebrate its 50th anniversary. They are at Lowsonford ( Warwickshire ), Lundy ( Bristol Channel ), Saddell Bay ( Scotland ),
1060-561: A lesser scale, with several people being executed for their Catholic beliefs. In Elizabeth's reign, Sussex was open to the older Protestant forms practised in the Weald as well as the newer Protestant forms coming from Continental Europe; combined with a significant Catholic presence, Sussex was in many ways out of step with the rest of southern England. Sussex escaped the worst ravages of the English Civil War , although control of
1166-497: A limited edition vinyl album of ambient sounds from his studio for Record Store Day titled Sounds of the Studio . It consisted of two tracks (one on each side) titled Sounds of the Studio (Part 1) and Sounds of the Studio (Part 2) . It came with an inner with a monochrome print of his studio on one side and text by the artist with a photo on the other. In 2019, Gormley populated the island of Delos with iron "bodyforms" with
SECTION 10
#17327912752021272-484: A man who was pivotal in changing the course of all our lives. It is not about the memorialisation of a death, but about a celebration of the opportunities that a life allowed". Gormley's first solo exhibition in New York , USA , in over eight years opened at White Cube and ran until June 2024. The artist exhibited a new site-specific installation titled Aerial , from which the exhibition took its name. This sculpture
1378-592: A number of large-scale exhibitions, including Living Time at TAG Art Museum in Qingdao, China , and Critical Mass at Musée Rodin in Paris, France , which marked the first time that a living artist has been invited to exhibit in all areas of the museum, including the Hôtel Biron . As part of the exhibition, Gormley showed his major artwork Critical Mass II , a sculpture comprising 60 cast iron bodies, in and around
1484-520: A period of rule by King Offa of Mercia , Sussex regained its independence but was annexed by Wessex around 827 and was fully absorbed into the crown of Wessex in 860, which later grew into the Kingdom of England. The Battle of Hastings was fought in Sussex, the victory that led to the Norman conquest of England . In September 1066, William of Normandy landed with his forces at Pevensey and erected
1590-543: A quarter of a century too late. In the Domesday Book of 1086, Sussex is recorded as Sudsexe . Three United States counties (in Delaware , New Jersey and Virginia ), and a former county/land division of Western Australia , are named after Sussex. The flag of Sussex consists of six gold martlets , or heraldic swallows , on a blue background, blazoned as Azure , six martlets or . Recognised by
1696-470: A regional power. Shortly afterwards, Cædwalla returned to Sussex, killing its king and oppressing its people, putting them in what Bede called "a worse state of slavery". The South Saxon clergy were put under the control of West Saxon Winchester . Only around 715 was Eadberht of Selsey made the first bishop of the South Saxons , after which further invasion attempts from Wessex ensued. Following
1802-467: A review in 2020, the Foundation's Trustees decided to wind up the foundation and the park was closed. The Foundation's archive of drawings and maquettes was due to be donated to the nearby Pallant House Gallery . Inspired by their own extensive collection of works from artists such as Elisabeth Frink and Henry Moore , the founders Wilfred and Jeannette Cass embarked on a journey to design
1908-506: A solo exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery in 1981. In this exhibition, Gormley showed a series of works that were concerned with surfaces, skins and inner structures, such as Natural Selection , a ten metre row of objects, including tools, fruits, weapons and vegetables, encased in lead, and Room , an enclosure reminiscent of a barbed-wire fence made from a set of the artist's clothes. Gormley then turned his attention to
2014-533: A turn for the worse with an increasing amount of them becoming unemployed, those in work faced their wages being forced down. Conditions became so bad that it was even reported to the House of Lords in 1830 that four harvest labourers (seasonal workers) had been found dead of starvation. The deteriorating conditions of work for the agricultural labourer eventually triggered riots, first in neighbouring Kent, and then in Sussex, where they lasted for several weeks, although
2120-632: A wooden castle at Hastings , from which they raided the surrounding area. The battle was fought between Duke William of Normandy and the English king, Harold Godwinson , who had strong connections with Sussex and whose chief seat was probably in Bosham . After having marched his exhausted army 250 miles (400 km) from Yorkshire, Harold fought the Normans at the Battle of Hastings, where England's army
2226-525: Is Bewl Water on the Kent border, while the largest wholly within Sussex is Ardingly Reservoir . The coastal resorts of Sussex and neighbouring Hampshire are the sunniest places in the United Kingdom. The coast has consistently more sunshine than the inland areas: sea breezes, blowing off the sea, tend to clear any cloud from the coast. The sunshine average is approximately 1,900 hours a year; this
SECTION 20
#17327912752022332-436: Is Lewes Crown Court , which has courts in Lewes, Brighton and Hove. Like other first-tier Crown Courts it has its own resident High Court Judge . There is also a third-tier Crown Court at Chichester. The local prison in Sussex for men is Lewes Prison and there is also a Category D prison at Ford . A rape is a traditional territorial sub-division of Sussex, formerly used for various administrative purposes. Their origin
2438-915: Is currently divided into Antony Gormley Sir Antony Mark David Gormley OBE RA (born 30 August 1950) is a British sculptor. His works include the Angel of the North , a public sculpture in Gateshead in the north of England, commissioned in 1994 and erected in February 1998; Another Place on Crosby Beach near Liverpool ; and Event Horizon , a multipart site installation which premiered in London in 2007, then subsequently in Madison Square in New York City (2010), São Paulo , Brazil (2012), and Hong Kong (2015–16). Gormley
2544-580: Is much higher than the UK average of 1,340 hours a year. Most of Sussex lies in hardiness zone 8; the exception is the coastal plain west of Brighton, which lies in the milder zone 9. Rainfall is below average with the heaviest precipitation on the South Downs with 950 mm (37 in) of rainfall per year. The close proximity of Sussex to the Continent of Europe, results in cold spells in winter and hot, humid weather in summer. The climate of
2650-636: Is the 20th-century north–south development on the A23 - Brighton line corridor , Sussex's main link to London. Sussex's population is dominated by the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation that, with a population of over 470,000, is home to almost 1 in 3 of Sussex's population. According to the ONS urban area populations for continuous built-up areas, these are the five largest conurbations: The combined population of Sussex as of 2021
2756-583: Is the highest point in Sussex, or county top . With a height of 248 metres (814 ft) Ditchling Beacon is the highest point in East Sussex. At 113 kilometres (70 miles) long, the River Medway is the longest river flowing through Sussex. The longest river entirely in Sussex is the River Arun , which is 60 kilometres (37 mi) long. Sussex's largest lakes are man-made reservoirs. The largest
2862-616: Is unknown, but they appear to predate the Norman Conquest Each rape was split into several hundreds and may be Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon in origin. At the time of the Norman Conquest, there were four rapes: Arundel, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. The rape of Bramber was created later in the 11th century and the rape of Chichester was created in the 13th century. Local government in Sussex has been subject to periodic review over time . Currently, Sussex
2968-650: Is widely regarded as a single unified entity for some purposes, such as the environment, food and drink and sport . In 2007, Sussex Day was created to celebrate the county's culture and history . The name "Sussex" is derived from the Middle English Suth-sæxe , which is in turn derived from the Old English Sūþseaxe , meaning "(land or people) of the South Saxons " (cf. Essex , Middlesex and Wessex ). The South Saxons were
3074-739: Is £3,401,250 for a maquette of the Angel of the North , set at Christie's , London, on 14 October 2011. While at the Slade School of Fine Art, Gormley met Vicken Parsons , who was to become his assistant, and in 1980, his wife, as well as a successful artist in her own right. The couple have a daughter and two sons. Gormley is a patron of Paintings in Hospitals , a charity that provides art for health and social care in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In June 2022 Gormley said that he had applied for German citizenship , to which he
3180-503: The American Revolution . Known as 'the radical duke', Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond , was an early supporter of parliamentary reform and US independence. Richard Cobden was a product of Sussex's rural radicalism, and became a campaigner for free trade and peace. Poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was another influential radical from Sussex. At the beginning of the 19th century agricultural labourers' conditions took
3286-589: The Bishop of Chichester and the Earl of Gloucester . These three were to elect a council of nine, to govern until a permanent settlement could be reached. During the Hundred Years' War , Sussex found itself on the frontline, convenient both for intended invasions and retaliatory expeditions by licensed French pirates. Hastings, Rye and Winchelsea were all burnt during this period and all three towns became part of
Cass Sculpture Foundation - Misplaced Pages Continue
3392-540: The Catuvellauni , a tribe based around modern Hertfordshire. Much of Sussex was a Roman canton of the Regni , probably taking a similar area to the pre-Roman tribal area and kingdom. Its capital was at Noviomagus Reginorum , modern-day Chichester, close to the pre-Roman capital of the area, around Selsey. Sussex was home to the magnificent Roman Palace at Fishbourne , by far the largest Roman residence known north of
3498-619: The Cinque Ports , a loose federation for supplying ships for the country's security. Also at this time, Amberley and Bodiam castles were built to defend the upper reaches of navigable rivers. One of the impacts of the war and the Black Death , which killed around half of the population of Sussex, was the perceived injustice that led many Sussex people to participate in the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. Coastal areas suffered most from
3604-523: The Flag Institute on 20 May 2011, its design is based on the heraldic shield of Sussex . The first-known recording of this emblem being used to represent the county was in 1611 when cartographer John Speed deployed it to represent the Kingdom of the South Saxons . However, it seems that Speed was repeating an earlier association between the emblem and the county, rather than being the inventor of
3710-650: The Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Dance for the set design for Babel (Words) at Sadler's Wells in collaboration with Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui and Damien Jalet. He was the recipient of the Obayashi Prize in 2012 and is the 2013 Praemium Imperiale laureate for sculpture. Gormley was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to the arts, having previously been appointed OBE in 1998 . For Room , he received
3816-748: The Ministry of Culture to take place in Delos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site . He installed 29 sculptures made during the last 20 years, including five new works specially commissioned by the NEON Organization, both at the periphery and integrated amongst Delos's archaeological site and museum animating the geological and archaeological features of the island. Also in 2019, the Royal Academy held an exhibition filling its 13 main galleries with Gormley's works, including some new (designed to fit
3922-614: The Old English Sūþseaxe ; lit. ' South Saxons '; 'Sussex') is an area within South East England which was historically a kingdom and, later, a county . It includes the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex . The area borders the English Channel to the south, and the ceremonial counties of Surrey to the north, Kent to the north-east, and Hampshire to the west. Sussex contains
4028-667: The Roman departure from Britain around 410 AD. The foundation legend of Sussex is provided by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , which states that in the year AD 477 Ælle landed with his three sons. Having fought on the banks of the Mearcredesburna , it seems Ælle secured the area between the Ouse and Cuckmere in a treaty. Traditionally this is thought to have been against native Britons, but it may have been to secure
4134-621: The Royal Academy of Arts in London , Art Changsha in China and Forte di Belvedere in Florence . The 2006 Sydney Biennale featured Gormley's Asian Field , an installation of approximately 200,000 small clay figurines crafted by around 300 Chinese villagers in five days from 100 tons of red clay. Use of others' works attracted minor comment. Some figurines were stolen. Also in 2006,
4240-466: The Royal Institute of British Architects , honorary doctor of the universities of Teesside , Liverpool , University College London , and Cambridge , and a fellow of Trinity and Jesus Colleges , Cambridge. In October 2010, along with 100 other leading artists, he signed an open letter to Culture Minister Jeremy Hunt protesting cutbacks in the arts. On 13 March 2011, Gormley was awarded
4346-754: The Southbank Centre , London, presented by Koestler Trust showing artworks by prisoners, detainees, and ex-offenders. In addition, he judged their annual category prize, also on the theme "inside". Gormley then held the first solo exhibition at the newly remodelled Kettle's Yard in Cambridge, England . Two new bodies of work, known as Rooters and Polyhedra Works , were shown that year at White Cube in Hong Kong and Thaddaeus Ropac in Salzburg , respectively. On 21 April 2018, Gormley released
Cass Sculpture Foundation - Misplaced Pages Continue
4452-429: The UK Parliament , Sussex is represented by 17 MPs. At the 2024 general election , 6 Labour and Labour Co-op MPs, 5 Conservative MPs, 5 Lib Dem MPs and 1 Green MP were elected from Sussex constituencies. Amongst top-tier local authorities, East and West Sussex County Councils are both held by the Conservatives and Brighton and Hove City Council is led by Labour. Amongst district councils, as of June 2024,
4558-464: The V&A , Science and Natural History Museums . This anniversary also saw the Foundation launch a number of new international partnerships. These included working with the Hermitage Museum in Russia , The Creative India Foundation in Hyderabad, India and the Yellow River Arts Centre in Yinchuan, China . CASS was an authority on the commissioning and exhibiting of large-scale sculpture. The organization's charitable objectives were met through
4664-401: The Weald were all part of changes as significant to Sussex as those brought by the neolithic period, by the Romans and the Saxons. Sussex also experienced the most radical and thorough reorganisation of land in England. The county's existing sub-divisions, known as rapes, were made into castleries and each territory was given to one of William's most trusted barons. Castles were built to defend
4770-445: The union with Scotland two members represented the county in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. The Reform Act 1832 led to the disenfranchisement of some of the smaller Sussex boroughs and divided what had been a single county constituency into eastern and western divisions, with two representatives elected for each division. The reforms of
4876-566: The 17th century, after which it began to decline. It also brought widespread deforestation of parts of the Sussex Weald. Henry VIII 's separation of the Church of England from Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries led to the demolition of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey and the sites being given to Henry's supporters. The shrine to St Richard at Chichester Cathedral was also destroyed. Mary I returned England to Catholicism and in Sussex 41 Protestants were burned to death . Under Elizabeth I , religious intolerance continued albeit on
4982-413: The 19th century made the electoral system more representative, but it was not until 1928 that there was universal suffrage. There was a strong radical and republican tradition in Sussex from the 19th century. For most of the 20th century Sussex was a Conservative Party stronghold—from the 1906 to 1997 general elections the only seats in Sussex won by parties other than the Conservatives were in
5088-1372: The 2015 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture . In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked Gormley number four in their list of the "100 most powerful people in British culture ". Gormley's work is held in major public and private collections around the world, including the Arts Council of England ; Tate , London; British Museum , London; British Council , England; National Galleries of Scotland , Edinburgh; Royal Academy of Arts , London; Victoria and Albert Museum , London; Wellcome Collection , London; Art Gallery of New South Wales , Sydney; National Gallery of Australia , Canberra; Middelheim Museum , Antwerp; Louisiana Museum of Modern Art , Humblebaek; Centre Georges Pompidou , Paris; Lehmbruck Museum , Duisburg; SCHAUWERK Sindelfingen, Sindelfingen; M+ , Hong Kong; Irish Museum of Modern Art , Dublin; Uffizi Gallery , Florence; National Museum of Modern Art , Tokyo; Museum Voorlinden , Wassenaar; State Hermitage Museum , St. Petersburg; Malmo Konsthall , Malmo; Pinchuk Art Centre , Kyiv; MIT List Visual Arts Center , Cambridge, Massachusetts; Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles; Phillips Collection , Washington D.C.; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , San Francisco; Walker Art Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Yale Center for British Art , New Haven, Connecticut. Gormley's auction record
5194-419: The Alps. The Romans built villas, especially on the coastal plain and around Chichester, one of the best preserved being that at Bignor . Christianity first came to Sussex at this time, but faded away when the Romans left in the 5th century. The nationally important Patching hoard of Roman coins that was found in 1997 is the latest find of Roman coins found in Britain , probably deposited after 475 AD, well after
5300-672: The Black Death, and took longest to recover. Instead much economic activity in Sussex was focused on the Weald. Merchants moved north from the coastal towns and many Continental craftsmen, fleeing religious persecution, brought their expertise to the timber, iron, clothmaking and glass industries. Economic and social tensions continued for many years as Sussex people were also involved in Jack Cade 's rebellion of 1450, in which Cade may have been killed at Cade Street , near Heathfield. Demands grew more radical in Sussex in 1451 when John and William Merfold advocated rule by common people. They also demanded that Henry VI be deposed and publicly incited
5406-884: The Foundation funded artists to work on a very large scale making works several meters high. The Foundation encouraged pioneering and experimental works that challenged the creative processes of each artist to further their careers. Sculptors displaying works at the Cass Sculpture Foundation have included: Kenneth Armitage , Anthony Caro , Lynn Chadwick , Tony Cragg , Paul Day , Richard Deacon , Elisabeth Frink , Andy Goldsworthy , Antony Gormley , Thomas Heatherwick , Shirazeh Houshiary , Allen Jones , Phillip King , Bryan Kneale , Eduardo Paolozzi , Marc Quinn , Kiki Smith , Gavin Turk , Rachel Whiteread , Bill Woodrow , Manfred Kielnhofer , Jesse Wine, and David Worthington . 50°52′44.38″N 0°43′7.95″W / 50.8789944°N 0.7188750°W / 50.8789944; -0.7188750 Sussex Sussex ( /ˈsʌsɪks/ ; from
SECTION 50
#17327912752025512-410: The Hall. Gormley also unveiled True, for Alan Turing at King's College, Cambridge . This sculpture, made from slabs of Corten steel, celebrates the life and enduring influence of mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing . Speaking on the sculpture, Gormley stated "Alan Turing unlocked the door between the industrial and the information ages. I wanted to make the best sculpture I could to honour
5618-427: The Lib Dems had a majority in three local authorities ( Chichester , Eastbourne and Horsham ) and the Labour Party had a majority in three local authorities ( Adur , Crawley and Worthing ). Of the six local authorities in no overall control , one had a minority Green administration ( Hastings ), one was run by a Lib Dem-Labour-Green coalition ( Arun ), one was run by a Green-Labour coalition ( Lewes ), one as run by
5724-445: The Martello Tower ( Aldeburgh , Suffolk), and Clavell Tower ( Kimmeridge Bay , Dorset). The Dorset sculpture was knocked over into Kimmeridge Bay by a storm in September 2015. On 6 September 2015, Another Place marked the 10th anniversary of its installation at Crosby Beach in Merseyside . Gormley commented: I'm just delighted by the barnacles! Every time I'm there, just like any other visitor, you're encouraged to linger
5830-406: The Roman army under Julius Caesar that temporarily occupied south-eastern Britain in 55 BC. Soon after the first Roman invasion had ended, the Celtic Regni tribe under their leader Commius initially occupied the Manhood Peninsula . Eppillus , Verica and Cogidubnus followed Commius as rulers of the Regni or southern Atrebates, a region which included most of Sussex, with their capital in
5936-420: The Selsey area. A number of archaeologists now think there is a strong possibility that the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 started around Fishbourne and Chichester Harbour rather than the traditional landing place of Richborough in Kent. According to this theory, the Romans were called to restore the refugee Verica , a king whose capital was in the Selsey and Chichester area, who had been driven out by
6042-412: The Sussex Downs were the location of the Battle of Lewes , in which Simon de Montfort and his fellow barons captured Prince Edward (later Edward I ), the son and heir of Henry III . The subsequent treaty, known as the Mise of Lewes , led to Montfort summoning the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation. A provisional administration was set up, consisting of Montfort,
6148-440: The Wealden iron industry was strategically important to both sides. In 1642 there was a skirmish at Haywards Heath when Royalists marching towards Lewes were intercepted by local Parliamentarians . The Royalists were routed with around 200 killed or taken prisoner. Shortly after there were sieges at Chichester and Arundel , and a smaller battle at Bramber Bridge . Despite its being under Parliamentarian control, Charles II
6254-472: The area east of the Saxon Shore fort of Anderida from the influence of the Kingdom of Kent, with whom the South Saxons may have had occasional disputes. Ælle was recognised as the first ' Bretwalda ' or overlord of southern Britain. He was probably the most senior of the Anglo-Saxon kings and led the ill-fated campaign against King Arthur at Mount Badon . By the 7th century, South Saxon kings were ruling from sites around Selsey (the pre-Roman capital of
6360-409: The area) and Chichester (the Roman capital of the area) initially with similar borders to the pre-Roman kingdom and Roman canton. For much of the 7th and 8th centuries, Sussex suffered attempts at invasion from the Kingdom of Wessex to its west. King Æðelwealh formed an alliance with Christian Mercia against Wessex, becoming Sussex's first Christian king. With support from St Wilfrid , Sussex became
6466-456: The armistice to be offered to Germany at the end of World War I were agreed at a meeting at Danny House , Hurstpierpoint . With the declaration of World War II , Sussex found itself part of the country's frontline with its airfields playing a key role in the Battle of Britain and with its towns being some of the most frequently bombed. Sussex was garrisoned by multiple British and Canadian Army units from 1940 until at least May 1942. During
SECTION 60
#17327912752026572-444: The association. It is now firmly regarded that the county emblem originated and derived from the coat of arms of the 14th-century Knight of the Shire , Sir John de Radynden . Sussex's six martlets are today held to symbolise the traditional six sub-divisions of the county known as rapes . Sussex by the Sea is regarded as the unofficial anthem of Sussex; it was composed by William Ward-Higgs in 1907, perhaps originally from
6678-412: The breadline and receiving regular relief. Socially acceptable crimes, including protest, riot, collective action and smuggling were commonplace in Sussex and were seen by many as a legitimate way to address grievances and assert freedoms. At this time, Sussex became a centre for radicalism . Thomas Paine developed his political ideas in Lewes, and later wrote Common Sense which was influential in
6784-535: The burning of Gormley's 25-m high The Waste Man formed the zenith of the Margate Exodus . Other collaborative projects include Clay and the Collective Body , Inside Australia , Domain Field and Gormley's ongoing Field works, including Asian Field , Amazonian Field , American Field , Field for the Art Gallery of New South Wales and Field for the British Isles . In 2007, Gormley's Event Horizon , consisting of 31 life-sized and anatomically correct casts of his body, four in cast iron and 27 in fiberglass ,
6890-469: The ceremonial counties of East and West Sussex in 1974. Boundaries were changed and a large part of the rape of Lewes was transferred from the eastern division into West Sussex, along with Gatwick Airport, historically part of the county of Surrey. From 1290, Sussex returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of England . Each county returned two MPs and each borough designated by Royal charter also returned two MPs. After
6996-409: The city of Brighton and Hove and its wider city region , as well as the South Downs National Park and the National Landscapes of the High Weald and Chichester Harbour . Its coastline is 137 miles (220 km) long. The Kingdom of Sussex emerged in the 5th century; during Roman Britain the area was inhabited by the Regni tribe. In about 827, shortly after the Battle of Ellendun , Sussex
7102-440: The coastal districts is strongly influenced by the sea, which, because of its tendency to warm up slower than land, can result in cooler temperatures than inland in the summer. In the autumn months, the coast sometimes has higher temperatures. Rainfall during the summer months is mainly from thunderstorms and thundery showers; from January to March the heavier rainfall is due to prevailing south-westerly frontal systems. In winter,
7208-399: The constituencies of Brighton and Brighton Kemptown . Since 1997 there has been a gradual shift to the left, especially in more urban areas. This has been most notable in Brighton and Hove, where in Brighton Pavilion the UK's first Green MP, Caroline Lucas , was elected in 2010 and the UK's first Green-led local authority was elected in 2011. In the House of Commons , the lower house of
7314-420: The county. The population of Sussex was 550,446 in 1891 and 605,202 in 1901. Finds at Eartham Pit in Boxgrove show that the area has some of the earliest hominid remains in Europe, dating back some 500,000 years and known as Boxgrove Man or Homo heidelbergensis . At a site near Pulborough called The Beedings, tools have been found that date from around 35,000 years ago and that are thought to be from either
7420-408: The east winds can be as cold as further inland. Selsey is known as a tornado hotspot, with small tornadoes hitting the town in 1986, 1998 and 2000, with the 1998 tornado causing an estimated £10 million of damage to 1,000 buildings. Most of Sussex's population is distributed in an east–west line along the English Channel coast or on the east–west line of the A272 . The exception to this pattern
7526-428: The eastern Mediterranean. Sussex is rich in remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages , in particular the Bronze Age barrows known as the Devil's Jumps and Cissbury Ring , one of Britain's largest hillforts. Towards the end of the Iron Age in 75 BC people from the Atrebates , one of the tribes of the Belgae , a mix of Celtic and German stock, invaded and occupied southern Britain. This was followed by an invasion by
7632-562: The exhibition Sight . Organised and commissioned by the NEON Organization and presented in collaboration with the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades , this project marked the first time that an artist took over the archaeological site of Delos since the island was inhabited over 5,000 years ago, and is the first time a contemporary art installation has been unanimously approved by the Greek Archaeological Council of
7738-462: The exhibition, a new installation, Resting Place , filled a room with 244 bodies built from fired bricks, and a row of what the artist calls concrete "bunkers" ran down the gallery's central corridor. In 2024, Time Horizon , an installation of 100 cast iron sculptures, opened at Houghton Hall in Norfolk . The installation responded to the specific landscape of the parkland and the history of
7844-477: The feast day of St Richard of Chichester , Sussex's patron saint , whose shrine at Chichester Cathedral was an important place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages . Sussex's motto, We wunt be druv , is a Sussex dialect expression meaning "we will not be pushed around" and reflects the traditionally independent nature of Sussex men and women. The round-headed rampion , also known as the "Pride of Sussex",
7950-438: The first works in which I used my own body. I was trying to map out the phenomenology of the body and to find a new way of evoking it as being less a thing, more a place; a site of transformation, and an axis of physical and spatial experience." Throughout the 1980s, Gormley's lead body-cases were extended, suspended, sealed, pierced and also doubled into two joined forms. Gormley describes his work as "an attempt to materialise
8056-515: The history of art at Trinity College, Cambridge , from 1968 to 1971. He travelled to India and the Dominion of Ceylon / Sri Lanka to learn more about Buddhism between 1971 and 1974. When Gormley returned to England, and inspired by his time in India, he made one of his first artworks, Sleeping Place , by laying a plaster-soaked sheet over a friend. Its hollow plaster shell hinted at the form of
8162-443: The human body, creating moulds of his own body in plaster that he would then encase in lead. These works, such as the three-part sculptures Three Ways: Mould Hole and Passage and Land Sea and Air II , as well as the single body-case works Plateau , Night and Peer , attempt to investigate the body as a space. In Gormley's words, "How to make bodies into vessels that both contain and occupy space? The early three-piece lead works are
8268-546: The inference Ad maiorem Dei gloriam – "to the greater glory of God". Gormley grew up in a Roman Catholic family living in Hampstead Garden Suburb . The family was wealthy, with a cook and a chauffeur, with a home overlooking the golf course; Gormley's father was an art lover. He attended Ampleforth College , a Benedictine boarding school in Yorkshire , before reading archaeology, anthropology, and
8374-463: The killing of the nobility and clergy. The Wealden iron industry expanded rapidly, especially after the first blast furnace arrived in Sussex in 1496, from the Low Countries , which greatly improved efficiency. Skilled Flemish workers moved to Sussex, followed again by Huguenot craftsmen from France, who brought new techniques. The industry was strategically important and flourished into
8480-527: The last Neanderthals in northern Europe or pioneer populations of modern humans. The thriving population lived by hunting game such as horses, bison, mammoths and woolly rhinos . Around 6000 BC the ice sheet over the North Sea melted, sea levels rose and the meltwaters burst south and westwards, creating the English Channel and cutting the people of Sussex off from their Mesolithic kinsmen to
8586-457: The last major Anglo Saxon kingdom to become Christian. South Saxon and Mercian forces took control of what is now east Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Cædwalla of Wessex killed Æðelwealh and "ravaged Sussex by fierce slaughter and devastation". The South Saxons forced Cædwalla from Sussex and were able to lead a campaign into Kent , replacing its king. At this time Sussex could have re-emerged into
8692-638: The lead up to the Dieppe Raid and D-Day landings, the people of Sussex were witness to the buildup of military personnel and materials, including the assembly of landing crafts and construction of Mulberry harbours off the county's coast. In the post-war era, the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of a new town . As part of the Local Government Act 1972 , the eastern and western divisions of Sussex were made into
8798-531: The lyrics of Rudyard Kipling 's poem entitled Sussex . Adopted by the Royal Sussex Regiment and popularised in World War I , it is sung at celebrations across the county, including those at Lewes Bonfire , and at sports matches, including those of Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club and Sussex County Cricket Club . The county day, called Sussex Day , is celebrated annually on 16 June,
8904-484: The museum and its grounds. Inside the Hôtel Biron, Gormley placed four sculptures in dialogue with Rodin's own work and also selected a number of his working models to be seen alongside Rodin's plaster maquettes. Later in the year, Gormley opened Body Politic at White Cube in London , a solo exhibition of new sculptures responding to themes of movement and containment, as well as the topic of migration. As part of
9010-604: The nearby Arts Centre in early 2016. In 2015, at the Forte di Belvedere in Florence , Gormley presented a group of cast iron works that acted as points of ″acupuncture″ throughout the historical fortress. Gormley returned to Florence in 2018 with the exhibition Essere at the Uffizi Gallery . The exhibition featured both historical and recent work, notably Room from 1980, Sense from 1991 and Passage from 2016. In 2017, Gormley curated Inside , an exhibition at
9116-410: The place at the other side of appearance where we all live." His work attempts to treat the body not as an object, but as a place and in making works that enclose the space of a particular body to identify a condition common to all human beings. The work is not symbolic but indexical – a trace of a real event of a real body in time. In the 1990s, the hollow body-cases became solid, with Gormley casting
9222-456: The relationship between the human body and architecture, notably in his series of steel and iron "Blockworks". In these works, Gormley replaces anatomy with architectural blocks that recall the built environment. In March 2014, Gormley appeared in the BBC Four series What Do Artists Do All Day? in an episode that followed his team and him in their Kings Cross studio, preparing a new work –
9328-510: The sale of its sculptures. Once a work was sold, CASS split the profit between the artist and the next commission, thereby ensuring that it maintained a rolling collection of new works. The commissioning process could take between 1 and 5 years from conception to completion. During the process, the artists contributed a maquette and works on paper to the Foundation's archive for educational purposes Through meeting fabrication costs and other additional costs (including installation and marketing),
9434-591: The south. Later in the Neolithic period, the area of the South Downs above Worthing was one of Britain's largest and most important flint -mining centres. The flints were used to help fell trees for agriculture. The oldest of these mines, at Church Hill in Findon, has been carbon-dated to 4500 BC to 3750 BC, making it one of the earliest known mines in Britain. Flint tools from Cissbury have been found as far away as
9540-518: The space), some remade for the gallery, and some of his early sculptures, with two rooms of his drawings and sketchbooks. In 2020, Gormley was confirmed to be "lending" a sculpture to Kirklees College to sit atop its new building at Pioneer House in Dewsbury , as part of a major redevelopment in the town. In 2022, a Gormley sculpture called Alert was installed on the main campus of Imperial College London . The installation raised objections from
9646-656: The student body due to its perceived "phallic" interpretation. That year, Gormley also held exhibitions at the Lehmbruck Museum in Duisburg, Germany and Museum Voorlinden in Wassenaar , the Netherlands. In Duisburg, his work was placed in dialogue with Wilhelm Lehmbruck 's expressionistic, elongated sculptures. Gormley's Reflection II has remained on display at the museum. In 2023, Gormley opened
9752-542: The territories including at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. Sussex's bishop, Æthelric II , was deposed and imprisoned and replaced with William the Conqueror's personal chaplain, Stigand . The Normans also built Chichester Cathedral and moved the seat of Sussex's bishopric from Selsey to Chichester. The Normans also founded new towns in Sussex, including New Shoreham (the centre of modern Shoreham-by-Sea), Battle, Arundel, Uckfield and Winchelsea. In 1264,
9858-563: The unrest continued until 1832 and became known as the Swing Riots . During World War I , on 30 June 1916, the Royal Sussex Regiment took part in the Battle of the Boar's Head at Richebourg-l'Avoué . The day subsequently became known as The Day Sussex Died . Within five hours the 17 officers and 349 men were killed, and 1,000 men were wounded or taken prisoner. In 1918 the terms of
9964-549: The work in iron to create masses that displace space. One of these works, Critical Mass II , was installed in an old tram storage station in Vienna . Comprising 60 life-size sculptures, all presented in a variety of positions and poses, the work has been described by Gormley as "an anti-monument to the victims of the 20th century". This work has since been exhibited in a variety of countries and contexts, each time reconfigured in response to its environment. Notable presentations include
10070-652: Was able to journey through the county after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 to make his escape to France from the port of Shoreham. In 1681 Charles II granted William Penn lands in what became Pennsylvania and Delaware . Amongst those whom he carried to North America as colonists were 200 people from Sussex, mostly Quakers, who founded settlements named after places in Sussex including Lewes and Seaford in Sussex County , Delaware and Horsham Township and Chichester in Pennsylvania. The Sussex coast
10176-542: Was about 1.7 million. In 2021, Sussex had a population density of 451 per km , higher than the average for England of 434 per km . The decline of the Sussex ironworks probably accounts for the small increase in population during several centuries, although after the Massacre of St Bartholomew upwards of 1,500 Huguenots landed at Rye, and in 1685, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes , many more refugees were added to
10282-654: Was adopted as Sussex's county flower in 2002. The physical geography of Sussex relies heavily on its lying on the southern part of the Wealden anticline , the major features of which are the high lands that cross the county in a west to east direction: the Weald itself and the South Downs . Natural England has identified the following seven national character areas in Sussex: At 280 metres (920 feet), Blackdown
10388-821: Was born in Hampstead , London, the youngest of seven children, to a German mother (maiden name Brauninger) and a father of Irish descent. His paternal grandfather was an Irish Catholic from Derry who settled in Walsall in Staffordshire. The ancestral homeland of the Gormley Clan (Irish: Ó Goirmleadhaigh ) in Ulster was east County Donegal and west County Tyrone , with most people in both Derry and Strabane being of County Donegal origin. Gormley has stated that his parents chose his initials, "AMDG", to have
10494-424: Was conquered by Wessex . From 860 it was ruled by the kings of Wessex , and in 927 it became part of the Kingdom of England . By the Norman period , Sussex was subdivided into six administrative districts known as rapes , which were themselves divided into hundreds . By the sixteenth century, the eastern three rapes and the western three rapes had been combined for most meetings of the court of quarter sessions ,
10600-415: Was defeated and Harold was killed. It is likely that all the fighting men of Sussex were at the battle, as the county's thegns were decimated and any that survived had their lands confiscated. William built Battle Abbey at the site of the battle, with the exact spot where Harold fell marked by the high altar. Sussex experienced some of the greatest changes of any English county under the Normans, for it
10706-410: Was greatly modified by the social movement of sea bathing for health which became fashionable among the wealthy in the second half of the 18th century. Resorts developed all along the coast, including at Brighton, Hastings, Worthing, and Bognor. Poverty increased and by 1801 Sussex had the highest poor law rates in England, with 23 per cent of its population (37,000 people out of 160,000) living on
10812-463: Was installed on top of prominent buildings along London's South Bank , and installed in locations around New York City's Madison Square in 2010. Critic Howard Halle said that "Using distance and attendant shifts of scale within the very fabric of the city, [ Event Horizon ] creates a metaphor for urban life and all the contradictory associations – alienation, ambition, anonymity, fame – it entails." In July 2009, Gormley presented One & Other ,
10918-667: Was made from horizontal and vertical aluminium bars that filled the room like "whiskers" and visitors were invited to enter and find their way through this space. Gormley won the Turner Prize in 1994 with Field for the British Isles . Gormley has been a Royal Academician since 2003, and was a trustee of the British Museum from 2007 to 2015. He is an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and
11024-534: Was still 10 to 25 per cent lower than it had been in 1066. It was also during the Norman period that Sussex achieved its greatest importance in comparison with other English counties. Sussex was on the main route between England and Normandy , and the lands of the Anglo-Norman nobility in what is now western France. The growth in Sussex's population, the importance of its ports and the increased colonisation of
11130-434: Was the heartland of King Harold and was potentially vulnerable to further invasion. In the immediate aftermath of the Normans' landing at Pevensey and the Battle of Hastings and to put an end to any rebellion, the Norman army destroyed estates and other assets on their route through Sussex, leading to a 40 per cent reduction in Sussex's wealth, a situation worse than any other southern or midland county. By 1086 wealth in Sussex
11236-568: Was to financially support artists so they could perfect their art, try out new mediums, and create the avant-garde . The founders hoped that the commissions would act as a catalyst for sculptors, propelling them to other area of the art world, to collaborate with other artists, and to travel. The Foundation marked its twentieth anniversary in 2012 with the London exhibit of 'Tony Cragg at Exhibition Road'. This exhibit displayed 12 works from renowned British artist Tony Cragg along Exhibition Road and its accompanying cultural institutions including
#201798