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53-465: Among Castagnoli's fieldwork accomplishments was the amazing discovery of the Latin sanctuary at Lavinium (modern Pratica di Mare ) and its series of 13 altars, a find that was revealed to the world in 1959. Also at the site is the so-called heroon of Aeneas . Castagnoli was a student of Giuseppe Lugli . Among his students was Adriano La Regina , a former archaeological superintendent of Rome. He

106-475: A Doric frieze) from Delphi showing them on the voyage of the Argo (Ἀργώ) and rustling cattle with Idas. Greek vases regularly show them capturing Phoebe and Hilaeira, as Argonauts , as well as in religious ceremonies and at the delivery to Leda of the egg containing Helen. They can be recognized in some vase-paintings by the skull-cap they wear, the pilos (πῖλος), which was already explained in antiquity as

159-521: A calf. As they prepared to eat, the gigantic Idas suggested that the herd be divided into two parts instead of four, based on which pair of cousins finished their meal first. Castor and Pollux agreed. Idas quickly ate both his portion and Lynceus' portion. Castor and Pollux had been duped. They allowed their cousins to take the entire herd, but vowed someday to take revenge. Some time later, Idas and Lynceus visited their uncle's home in Sparta. The uncle

212-654: A legendary battle on the banks of the Sagras to the intervention of the Twins. The Roman legend could have had its origins in the Locrian account and possibly supplies further evidence of cultural transmission between Rome and Magna Graecia. The Romans believed that the twins aided them on the battlefield. Their role as horsemen made them particularly attractive to the Roman equites and cavalry. Each year on July 15, Feast Day of

265-606: A number of other locations around Sparta. The pear tree was regarded by the Spartans as sacred to Castor and Pollux, and images of the twins were hung in its branches. The standard Spartan oath was to swear "by the two gods" (in Doric Greek : νά τώ θεὼ, ná tō theō , in the Dual number ). The rite of theoxenia (θεοξενία), "god-entertaining", was particularly associated with Castor and Pollux. The two deities were summoned to

318-598: A number of versions of the story of Castor and Pollux. Homer portrays them initially as ordinary mortals, treating them as dead in the Iliad ("... there are two commanders I do not see, / Castor the horse breaker and the boxer / Polydeuces, my brothers..." – Helen , Iliad 3.253–255 ), but in the Odyssey they are treated as alive even though "the corn-bearing earth holds them". The author describes them as "having honour equal to gods", living on alternate days because of

371-437: A table laid with food, whether at individuals' own homes or in the public hearths or equivalent places controlled by states. They are sometimes shown arriving at a gallop over a food-laden table. Although such "table offerings" were a fairly common feature of Greek cult rituals, they were normally made in the shrines of the gods or heroes concerned. The domestic setting of the theoxenia was a characteristic distinction accorded to

424-460: A walled village of medieval design, Pratica di Mare, in the comune of Pomezia . The latter is a city constructed in 1939 and settled according to a plan of Benito Mussolini , whose engineers completed the millennia-long task of draining and filling the marsh, now the Pontine fields. A brief strip of field separates the large and flourishing city from the village. One Roman gate allows entry into

477-513: A winter villa, to become Laurolavinium . The nature of the union remains ambiguous. A number of kilns have been identified within the perimeter of the city walls. Outside the city was a sanctuary dedicated to Sol Indiges and a vast sanctuary with numerous altars, where the bronze inscribed plaque records that the Dioscuri were being venerated at one of numerous altars. According to Roman mythology, which links Lavinium more securely to Rome,

530-465: Is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Pollux. In Homer's Iliad , Helen looks down from the walls of Troy and wonders why she does not see her brothers among the Achaeans. The narrator remarks that they are both already dead and buried back in their homeland of Lacedaemon, thus suggesting that at least in some early traditions, both were mortal. Their death and shared immortality offered by Zeus

583-475: The Battle of Lake Regillus in 495 BCE. The establishment of a temple may also be a form of evocatio , the transferral of a tutelary deity from a defeated town to Rome, where cult would be offered in exchange for favor . According to legend, the twins fought at the head of the Roman army and subsequently brought news of the victory back to Rome. The Locrians of Magna Graecia had attributed their success at

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636-610: The Bebryces , a savage mythical people in Bithynia . After returning from the voyage, the Dioscuri helped Jason and Peleus to destroy the city of Iolcus in revenge for the treachery of its king Pelias . When their sister Helen was abducted by Theseus , the half-brothers invaded his kingdom of Attica to rescue her. In revenge they abducted Theseus's mother Aethra and took her to Sparta while setting his rival, Menestheus , on

689-481: The Dioscuri or Dioskouroi . Their mother was Leda , but they had different fathers; Castor was the mortal son of Tyndareus , the king of Sparta, while Pollux was the divine son of Zeus , who seduced Leda in the guise of a swan. The pair are thus an example of heteropaternal superfecundation . Though accounts of their birth are varied, they are sometimes said to have been born from an egg, along with their twin sisters Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra . In Latin,

742-616: The Gospel of Mark . MacDonald cites the origin of this identification to 1913 when J. Rendel Harris published his work Boanerges , a Greek version probably of an Aramaic name meaning "Sons of Thunder ", thunder being associated with Zeus , father of Pollux, in what MacDonald calls a form of early Christian Dioscurism. More directly, the Acts of the Apostles mentions the Dioskouroi in

795-722: The Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea , was called by the Greeks Dioskouridou (Διοσκουρίδου νήσος), meaning "the island of the Dioscuri". The heavenly twins appear in Indo-European tradition as the effulgent Vedic brother-horsemen called the Ashvins , Lithuanian Ašvieniai , and possibly Germanic Alcis . The Etruscans venerated the twins as Kastur and Pultuce , collectively as

848-1129: The Indo-European horse twins . There is much contradictory information regarding the parentage of the Dioscuri. In the Homeric Odyssey (11.298–304), they are the sons of Tyndareus alone, but they were sons of Zeus in the Hesiodic Catalogue (fr. 24 M–W). The conventional account (attested first in Pindar, Nemean 10) combined these paternities so that only Pollux was fathered by Zeus, while Leda and her husband Tyndareus conceived Castor. This explains why they were granted an alternate immortality. The figure of Tyndareus may have entered their tradition to explain their archaic name Tindaridai in Spartan inscriptions, or Tyndaridai in literature, in turn occasioning incompatible accounts of their parentage. Their other sisters were Timandra , Phoebe , and Philonoe . Castor and Pollux are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point

901-569: The Phrygian caps . From the 5th century BCE onwards, the brothers were revered by the Romans, probably as the result of cultural transmission via the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia in southern Italy. An archaic Latin inscription of the 6th or 5th century BCE found at Lavinium , which reads Castorei Podlouqueique qurois ("To Castor and Pollux, the Dioskouroi"), suggests a direct transmission from

954-572: The tinas cliniiaras , "Sons of Tinia ", Etruscan counterpart of Zeus. They were often portrayed on Etruscan mirrors. As was the fashion in Greece, they could also be portrayed symbolically; one example is seen in the Tomb of the Funereal Bed at Tarquinia where a lectisternium is painted for them. Another is symbolised in a painting depicted as two pointed caps crowned with laurel, referring to

1007-473: The Dioskouroi but seeking to replace them with equivalent Christian pairs. Saints Peter and Paul were thus adopted in place of the Dioskouroi as patrons of travelers, and Saints Cosmas and Damian took over their function as healers. Some have also associated Saints Speusippus, Eleusippus, and Melapsippus with the Dioskouroi. The New Testament scholar Dennis MacDonald identifies Castor and Pollux as models for James son of Zebedee and his brother John in

1060-471: The Dioskouroi, 1,800 equestrians would parade through the streets of Rome in an elaborate spectacle in which each rider wore full military attire and whatever decorations he had earned. Castor and Pollux are also represented in the Circus Maximus by the use of eggs as lap counters. In translations of comedies by Plautus , women generally swear by Castor, and men by Pollux; this is exemplified by

1113-660: The Dioskouroi. The image of the twins attending a goddess are widespread and link the Dioskouroi with the male societies of initiates under the aegis of the Anatolian Great Goddess and the great gods of Samothrace . During the Archaic period , the Dioscuri were venerated in Naukratis . The Dioscuri are the inventors of war dances, which characterize the Kuretes . Anakeia (ἀνάκεια) or Anakeion (ἀνάκειον)

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1166-761: The Greeks and Romans alike; there were temples to the twins in Athens , such as the Anakeion , and Rome , as well as shrines in many other locations in the ancient world. The Dioskouroi and their sisters grew up in Sparta , in the royal household of Tyndareus ; they were particularly important to the Spartans , who associated them with the Spartan tradition of dual kingship and appreciated that two princes of their ruling house were elevated to immortality. Their connection there

1219-522: The Greeks; the word "qurois" is virtually a transliteration of the Greek word κούροις , while "Podlouquei" is effectively a transliteration of the Greek Πολυδεύκης . The construction of the Temple of Castor and Pollux , located in the Roman Forum at the heart of their city, was undertaken to fulfill a vow ( votum ) made by Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis in gratitude at the Roman victory in

1272-487: The Homeric Hymn to the twins is unknown. They appear together in two plays by Euripides , Helen and Elektra . Cicero tells the story of how Simonides of Ceos was rebuked by Scopas, his patron, for devoting too much space to praising Castor and Pollux in an ode celebrating Scopas' victory in a chariot race . Shortly afterwards, Simonides was told that two young men wished to speak to him; after he had left

1325-820: The Twins. "In this way the real political order is secured in the realm of the Gods". Their herōon or grave-shrine was on a mountain top at Therapne across the Eurotas from Sparta, at a shrine known as the Meneláeion where Helen, Menelaus, Castor and Pollux were all said to be buried. Castor himself was also venerated in the region of Kastoria in northern Greece. They were commemorated both as gods on Olympus worthy of holocaust , and as deceased mortals in Hades, whose spirits had to be propitiated by libations . Lesser shrines to Castor, Pollux and Helen were also established at

1378-600: The banqueting room, the roof fell in and crushed Scopas and his guests. According to the ancient sources the horse of Castor was named Cyllarus . Both Dioscuri were excellent horsemen and hunters who participated in the hunting of the Calydonian Boar and later joined the crew of Jason 's ship, the Argo . During the expedition of the Argonauts , Pollux took part in a boxing contest and defeated King Amycus of

1431-428: The brothers hunting, both on horseback and on foot. On votive reliefs they are depicted with a variety of symbols representing the concept of twinhood, such as the dokana (δόκανα – two upright pieces of wood connected by two cross-beams), a pair of amphorae , a pair of shields, or a pair of snakes. They are also often shown wearing felt caps, sometimes with stars above. They are depicted on metopes (an element of

1484-453: The city was named by Aeneas in honor of Lavinia , daughter of Latinus , king of the Latins , and his wife, Amata . Aeneas reached Italy and there fought a war against Turnus , the leader of the local Rutuli people. Aeneas founded not Rome but rather Lavinium, the main centre of the Latin league, from which the people of Rome sprang. Aeneas thus links the royal house of Troy with

1537-630: The early Roman royal house. The foundation of Lavinium and the Rutulian war are both mentioned prominently in Virgil 's Aeneid . In ancient times Lavinium had a close association with the nearby Laurentum . According to Livy , in the eighth century BC, when Romulus and Titus Tatius jointly ruled Rome, the ambassadors of the Laurentes came to Rome, but were beaten by Tatius' relatives. The Laurentes complained, but Tatius accorded more weight to

1590-404: The field against an enemy. But when in the year 504 B.C. the two kings, during their invasion of Attica, failed in their undertaking on account of their secret enmity towards each other, it was decreed at Sparta, that in future only one king should command the army, and in consequence should only be accompanied by one of the images of the Dioscuri. It is not improbable that these images, accompanying

1643-459: The four cousins helped set into motion the events that gave rise to the Trojan War. Meanwhile, Castor and Pollux had reached their destination. Castor climbed a tree to keep a watch as Pollux began to free the cattle. Far away, Idas and Lynceus approached. Lynceus, named for the lynx because he could see in the dark, spied Castor hiding in the tree. Idas and Lynceus immediately understood what

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1696-441: The influence of his relatives than to the injury done the Laurentes. When Tatius afterwards visited Lavinium to celebrate an anniversary sacrifice, he was slain in a tumult. Romulus declined to go to war and instead renewed the treaty between Rome and Lavinium. In 509 BC, after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, one of Rome's first two consuls Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus was coerced into leaving Rome because of his relation to

1749-610: The intervention of Zeus. In both the Odyssey and in Hesiod , they are described as the sons of Tyndareus and Leda. In Pindar , Pollux is the son of Zeus while Castor is the son of the mortal Tyndareus. The theme of ambiguous parentage is not unique to Castor and Pollux; similar characterisations appear in the stories of Herakles and Theseus . The Dioscuri are also invoked in Alcaeus ' Fragment 34a, though whether this poem antedates

1802-513: The kings into the field, were the ancient δόκανα, which were now disjointed, so that one-half of the symbol remained at Sparta, while the other was taken into the field by one of the kings. The name δόκανα seems that it comes from δοκός which meant beam, but Suda and the Etymologicum Magnum state that δόκανα was the name of the graves of the Dioscuri at Sparta, and derived from the verb δέχομαι. The Dioskouroi were worshipped by

1855-618: The kings. He voluntarily went into exile in Lavinium. In around 488 BC, Lavinium was captured by an invading army of the Volsci , led by Gaius Marcius Coriolanus and Attius Tullus Aufidius . 41°39′42″N 12°28′42″E  /  41.661625°N 12.478427°E  / 41.661625; 12.478427 Dioscuri Castor and Pollux (or Polydeuces ) are twin half-brothers in Greek and Roman mythology , known together as

1908-699: The latter, enabling the twins to alternate between Olympus and Hades . The brothers became the two brightest stars in the constellation Gemini ("the twins"): Castor ( Alpha Geminorum ) and Pollux ( Beta Geminorum ). As emblems of immortality and death, the Dioscuri, like Heracles , were said to have been initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries . In some myths, Poseidon rewarded them with horses to ride and power to aid shipwrecked men. Castor and Pollux are consistently associated with horses in art and literature. They are widely depicted as helmeted horsemen carrying spears. The Pseudo- Oppian manuscript depicts

1961-589: The narrow streets of the village past the Castello Borghese, originally a fortification, purchased along with the village in 1617 by Marcantonio Borghese . The castle and the village were periodically renovated. All that remains of the river that once partly surrounded the village is a small stream, the Fosso di Pratica. Pratica di Mare is about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the Tyrrhenian Sea near

2014-519: The presence of a "cult of Castores" that the people did not want to abandon. In some instances, the twins appear to have simply been absorbed into a Christian framework; thus 4th century CE pottery and carvings from North Africa depict the Dioskouroi alongside the Twelve Apostles , the Raising of Lazarus or with Saint Peter . The church took an ambivalent attitude, rejecting the immortality of

2067-428: The remnants of the egg from which they hatched. They were described by Dares Phrygius as "blond haired, large eyed, fair complexioned, and well-built with trim bodies". Dokana were ancient symbolical representation of the Dioscuri. It consisted of two upright beams with others laid across them transversely. The Dioscuri were worshipped as gods of war, and their images accompanied the Spartan kings whenever they took

2120-534: The slave-woman character Staphyla in A Pot of Gold (act i, ll. 67–71) where she swears by Castor in line 67, then the negative prefix in line 71 denotes a refutation against swearing by Pollux. Photius wrote that Polydeuces was a lover of Hermes , and the god made him a gift of Dotor ( Ancient Greek : Δώτορ ), the Thessalian horse. Even after the rise of Christianity , the Dioskouroi continued to be venerated. The 5th century pope Gelasius I attested to

2173-617: The southernmost edge of the Silva Laurentina , a dense laurel forest, and the northernmost edge of the Pontine Marshes , a vast malarial tract of wetlands. The basis for the port, the only one between Ostia and Antium, was evidently the mouth of the Numicus river. The location of Lavinium has never been lost to historians nor does there appear to have been any significant break in its habitation. Today's settlement remains

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2226-518: The surrounding fields. Recent archaeological excavations performed to the south date Lavinium to well before the legendary foundation of Rome. It was already fortified in the 7th century BC and flourishing in the 6th. Lavinium was assimilated by Republican Rome. It was connected to Rome in the north and Ardea to the south by the Via Laurentina . Under the empire it was combined with the mysterious Laurentum , where many wealthy Romans maintained

2279-581: The throne of Athens. Aethra was then forced to become Helen's slave. She was ultimately returned to her home by her grandsons Demophon and Acamas after the fall of Troy . Castor and Pollux aspired to marry the Leucippides ("daughters of the white horse"), Phoebe and Hilaeira , whose father was Leucippus ("white horse"). Both women were already betrothed to cousins of the Dioscuri, the twin brothers Lynceus and Idas of Messenia , sons of Tyndareus 's brother Aphareus . Castor and Pollux carried

2332-620: The top of a slope descending to an alluvial shelf on which the Pratica di Mare Air Force Base has been placed. It has the historical distinction of being the airfield from which Otto Skorzeny flew Mussolini to safety in Germany after his rescue from imprisonment in a mountain villa. Today the base is both a secure airport for the protection of distinguished visitors to the Rome region and a home for air shows of advanced aircraft. The Fosso di Pratica

2385-545: The twins are also known as the Gemini ("twins") or Castores , as well as the Tyndaridae or Tyndarids . Pollux asked Zeus to let him share his own immortality with his twin to keep them together, and they were transformed into the constellation Gemini . The pair were regarded as the patrons of sailors, to whom they appeared as St. Elmo's fire . They were also associated with horsemanship, in keeping with their origin as

2438-457: The women off to Sparta wherein each had a son; Phoebe bore Mnesileos to Pollux and Hilaeira bore Anogon to Castor. This began a family feud among the four sons of the brothers Tyndareus and Aphareus. The cousins carried out a cattle-raid in Arcadia together but fell out over the division of the meat. After stealing the herd, but before dividing it, the cousins butchered, quartered, and roasted

2491-496: Was a festival held at Athens in honor of the Dioscuri who also had the name Anakes (Ἄνακες). The ancient city of Dioscurias or Dioskurias (Διοσκουριάς) on the Black Sea coast, modern Sukhumi , was named after them. In addition, according to legend the city was founded by them. According to another legend, the city was founded by their charioteers , Amphitus and Cercius of Sparta . The island of Socotra , located between

2544-459: Was a member of Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei . This article about an Italian archaeologist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lavinium Lavinium was a port city of Latium , 6 km (3.7 mi) to the south of Rome , midway between the Tiber river at Ostia and Antium . The coastline then, as now, was a long strip of beach. Lavinium was on a hill at

2597-511: Was happening. Idas, furious, ambushed Castor, fatally wounding him with a blow from his spear – but not before Castor called out to warn Pollux. In the ensuing brawl, Pollux killed Lynceus. As Idas was about to kill Pollux, Zeus, who had been watching from Mount Olympus , hurled a thunderbolt, killing Idas and saving his son. Returning to the dying Castor, Pollux was given the choice by Zeus of spending all his time on Mount Olympus or giving half his immortality to his mortal brother. He opted for

2650-518: Was material of the lost Cypria in the Epic cycle . The Dioscuri were regarded as helpers of mankind and held to be patrons of travellers and of sailors in particular, who invoked them to seek favourable winds. Their role as horsemen and boxers also led to them being regarded as the patrons of athletes and athletic contests. They characteristically intervened at the moment of crisis, aiding those who honoured or trusted them. Ancient Greek authors tell

2703-415: Was on his way to Crete, so he left Helen in charge of entertaining the guests, which included both sets of cousins, as well as Paris, prince of Troy. Castor and Pollux recognized the opportunity to exact revenge, made an excuse that justified leaving the feast, and set out to steal their cousins' herd. Idas and Lynceus eventually set out for home, leaving Helen alone with Paris, who then kidnapped her. Thus,

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2756-425: Was re-routed around the end of a runway; however, today's small brook is in no way compatible with the concept of a port. The sea may well have formerly extended up to the base of the hill, as sites further north, such as Ostia, appear to have retreated one or two miles inland. Ancient Roman seaside villas are no longer on the beach. Pratica di Mare is observably smaller than ancient Lavinium, whose remains crop out in

2809-473: Was very ancient: a uniquely Spartan aniconic representation of the Tyndaridai was as two upright posts joined by a cross-bar; as the protectors of the Spartan army the "beam figure" or dókana was carried in front of the army on campaign. Sparta's unique dual kingship reflects the divine influence of the Dioscuri. When the Spartan army marched to war, one king remained behind at home, accompanied by one of

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