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68-669: The structure was built in the 12th century by William I , the son of Roger II of Sicily , the first monarch of the Kingdom of Naples . It was expanded by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and became one of his royal palaces. On 19 August 1432, Sergianni Caracciolo was stabbed by four knights in the service of the Queen in his room in Castel Capuano. In the 16th century, under the Spanish viceroyship of Pedro Álvarez de Toledo , all of

136-610: A coastal area outside the port. As a Roman colony ( 244 BC ), the city experienced a major urban expansion that ensued economic and social development. According to Pliny the Elder , Brindisi was one of the most important Italian cities. During the Middle Ages , Brindisi suffered a sharp decline, after it was devastated by the Goths in the 6th century; Procopius describes it as a small city without defensive walls. The town shrank to

204-465: A few months so that it has a stronger flavor. Typical of the winter season are the Pecorino , ricotta and strong ricotta (or cottage cheese). It is used to flavor spaghetti sauce or spread on bruschetta . Fresh popular cheeses are burrata , junket , Manteca cheese , mozzarella or Fior di latte . Vegetables are the true protagonist of the traditional diet of Salento . Depending on season, are

272-625: A filling of almonds), jam with orange and lemon, and fig jam. Pasta and bread is made with unrefined flour, and thus takes on a dark colour. Durum wheat is mixed with traditional meal. Special local dishes include lasagna with vegetables, cavatelli , orecchiette (stacchioddi in Brindisi dialect) and ravioli stuffed with ricotta. In breadmaking, local custom favours the use of durum wheat, bread flour and barley bread. For bread made with yeast (called criscituni) and cooked on an oven stone, Brindisi bakers use bundles of olive branches to give

340-489: A guard of Normans . William died on May 7, 1166, and was interred in Palermo Cathedral , although he was later moved to Monreale Cathedral by his son and heir William II of Sicily when that building was completed. By his wife, Margaret of Navarre , daughter of García Ramírez of Navarre , he had four sons: De Mulieribus Claris by Boccaccio said that at the birth of Constance , whom it described as

408-1145: A modern auditorium, a media office and the secretariats of the university offices of Bari and Lecce operate. The Archbishop Annibale De Leo Library is a prestigious public library housed in the Seminary of Brindisi, in Piazza Duomo. Founded in 1798 by archbishop of Brindisi Annibale De Leo, with an endowment of about 6,000 volumes, today it has over 20,000 volumes, 17 incunable , over 200 16th-century manuscripts. These include some rare works, and various manuscript collections. The University of Salento Brindisi has social sciences, politics and geography faculty with courses in Sociology, Social Services and Political Science . The University of Bari has courses in Business Administration , Management and Consulting, Economics, Maritime and Logistics, Information Technology, Design, Nursing and Physiotherapy . The "F. Ribezzo" Provincial Archaeological Museum

476-472: A monastery. François Eudes de Mézeray said Constance had never become a nun. Brindisi Brindisi ( US : / ˈ b r ɪ n d ɪ z i , ˈ b r iː n -/ BRIN -diz-ee, BREEN - ; Italian: [ˈbrindizi] ) is a city in the region of Apulia in southern Italy, the former capital of the province of Brindisi , on the coast of the Adriatic Sea . Historically,

544-555: A siege conducted by Caesar in 49 BC, part of Caesar's Civil War ( Bell. Civ. i. ) and was again attacked in 42 and 40 BC, with the latter giving rise to the Treaty of Brundisium between Octavian , Mark Antony and Lepidus in the autumn of the same year. The poet Pacuvius was born here about 220 BC, and here the famous poet Virgil died in 19 BC. Under the Romans, Brundisium – a large city in its day with some 100,000 inhabitants –

612-643: A simple column on a pillar, once stood in front of the entrance; it was used to disgrace and punish debtors. At the rear exterior of the building, facing Piazza Enrico de Nicola, is the Fontana del Formiello . 40°51′11.77″N 14°15′50.97″E  /  40.8532694°N 14.2641583°E  / 40.8532694; 14.2641583 This article about a castle in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . William I of Sicily William I (1120 or 1121 – May 7, 1166), called

680-686: A smaller area, probably around the San Leucio temple, outside the old town. The port was abandoned for several centuries. The rebirth came with the Byzantine domination (11th century ) and especially with the Normans and the Swabians (12th and 13th century), when it became a prime port for the Crusades . The city was divided into three districts or "pittachi": Santo Stefano (in the vicinity of

748-657: A tiny archipelago , currently not open and in use for military purposes (United Nations Group Schools used it during the intervention in Bosnia ). The entire municipality is part of the Brindisi Plain, characterised by high agricultural uses of its land. It is located in the northeastern part of the Salento plains, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Itria Valley and the low Murge. The Natural Marine Reserve of

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816-401: Is allowed to compose up to 10% of the blend with Montepulciano allowed to compose up to another 20% (or 30% if Sangiovese is not included). If it is to be a Reserva , the wine is aged a minimum of 2 years before release and must attain a minimum alcohol level of 12.5%. From an urban point of view [58] [59], the city's earliest signs of human settlement are on the promontory of Punta Terre,

884-487: Is located in Piazza Duomo and has many large rooms, providing visitors with six sections: epigraphy , sculpture, the antiquarium, prehistoric, coins, medieval, modern and bronzes of Punta del Serrone. The Giovanni Tarantini Diocesan Museum is newly established and is housed in the Palazzo del Seminario. It has a collection of paintings, statues, ornaments and vestments from the churches of the diocese. Particularly important

952-567: Is the silver embossed Ark that has the remains of St Theodore of Amasea and a 7th-century pitcher, in which one can recognize the wedding at Cana . The Ethnic Salento Agrilandia Museum of Civilization offers tourists the chance to see many statues in wood and stone. It also features agriculture and interesting tools with the rural culture. Over the past decade the city has developed and consolidated non-amateur theater companies, some dealing with theater for research and actor training. These companies have developed several socio-cultural projects for

1020-719: The Bourbons . Between September 1943 and February 1944, the city functioned as Italy's temporary government seat and hosted King Victor Emmanuel III , Pietro Badoglio , and a part of the Italian armed forces command in September 1943 after the armistice with Italy . In the 21st century, Brindisi is the home base of the San Marco Regiment , a marine brigade originally known as the La Marina Regiment. It

1088-568: The Duchy of Apulia , and was the first rule of the Counts of Conversano . After the baronial revolt of 1132, owned by the will of Roger II of Sicily , the city recovered some of the splendor of the past during the period of the Crusades , when it regained the Episcopal See , saw the construction of the new cathedral and a castle with an essential new arsenal, and became a privileged port for

1156-729: The Holy Land . In 1156, a siege of Brindisi by the Byzantine Empire ended in a battle in which the believers were decisively defeated by the Sicilian Normans, ending the Byzantines' hopes of conquering Southern Italy. It was in the cathedral of Brindisi that the wedding of Norman Prince Roger III of Sicily took place, son of King Tancred of Sicily . Emperor Frederick II , the heir to the crown of Jerusalem and Isabella of Brienne (9 November 1225) started from

1224-534: The Kingdom of Italy . The name comes from the Latin Brundisium through the Greek Brentesion and Messapi Brention, meaning "head of the deer" related to Albanian bri, brî - pl. Brini zi (black horn) brirë, brinë ("horn"; "antler") [< late Proto-Albanian *brina < earlier *brena ]. The city's name appears, therefore, to refer to the shape of the port which recalls the shape of the head of

1292-654: The Ostrogoths and reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century AD. In 674, it was destroyed by the Lombards led by Romuald I of Benevento , but such a fine natural harbor meant that the city was soon rebuilt. In the 9th century, a Saracen settlement existed in the city's neighborhood, stormed in 836 by pirates. In 1070, it was conquered by the Normans and became part of the Principality of Taranto and

1360-588: The World Wide Fund for Nature of Torre Guaceto is close to the city. The Ionian Sea is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) away. The territory of Brindisi is characterised by a wide flat area from which emerge sub-deposits of limestone and sand of marine origin, which in turn have a deeper level clay of the Pleistocene era and an even later Mesozoic carbonate composed of limestone and soils. The development of agriculture has caused an increase in

1428-448: The demography of the town was the exodus of people from Albania in 1990–1991, which lasted almost a decade and led to the port of Brindisi receiving waves of Albanian immigrants. The largest non-Italian ethnic community is Albanian. The number of those who decided to stay in the city, however, is negligible in light of the number of immigrants who migrated. Brindisi remains the first step towards western Europe for displaced people from

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1496-520: The Bad or the Wicked ( Sicilian : Gugghiermu lu Malu ), was the second king of Sicily , ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own in 1166. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile . William's title "the Bad" seems little merited and expresses the bias of the historian Hugo Falcandus and the baronial class against the king and the official class by whom he was guided. William

1564-473: The Balkans. The large number of Americans is largely due to a U.S. Air Force station , between Brindisi and San Vito dei Normanni that operated throughout the second half of the 20th century. Although the base is no longer operational, many soldiers have decided to stay. The British presence is the result of a recent phenomenon of families from Northern Europe, especially English and Irish, settling in

1632-471: The Brindisi kitchen, is the use of green or white tomatoes: mainly used for tomato sauce but they are also consumed in olive oil, after a process of natural drying. Significant is also the consumption of green and black olives , crushed or in brine . Finally, legumes such as beans, peas and Vicia faba , eaten fresh or dried in the spring and during the winter season. Among the dishes prepared with fruit are quince , baked figs and dried figs (prepared with

1700-732: The Diocese of Ostuni, first joined the Diocese of Conversano - Monopoli and likely heir to the ancient diocese of Egnatia . On 30 September 1986, by decree of the Congregation for Bishops , the Archdiocese of Brindisi and Ostuni diocese were united in the Archdiocese of Brindisi-Ostuni plena. The new diocese was recognized civilly 20 October 1986, by decree of the Ministry of Interior. Brindisi contains an Eastern Orthodox Church parish, St. Nicholas of Myra Byzantine Rite . The rite of

1768-549: The Greek presence in Brindisi has long been established since the rule of the Byzantine Empire with a strong spread of the Basilian monks . The Jews were a small but industrious community from 53 AD until the second half of the 16th century. The new Albanian migration has led to the recurrence of some Islamic religious presence. Significant in Brindisi is the cult of Tarantismo that combines pagan and Christian tradition. In

1836-622: The Greeks. These diplomatic successes were probably due to Maio; on the other hand, the African dominions were lost to the Almohads , and it is possible that he advised their abandonment in face of the dangers threatening the kingdom from the north. In 1156, a revolt began in Sfax and quickly spread and nothing was done to put it down. In 1159, the admiral Peter led a raiding expedition against

1904-670: The Saracen-held Balearic Islands with 160 ships. He tried to relieve besieged Mahdia with the same fleet, but turned around just after engaging in battle. Peter did not fall out of favour, but no further assistance was sent to the Christians holding out in Mahdia and the city surrendered on 11 January 1160, ending the "African empire". The policy of Maio led to a general conspiracy, and in November 1160 Maio

1972-552: The Sicilian rebels, had Bonello blinded, and in a short campaign reduced the rest of the Regno , avenging the rebel burning of Butera . During the initial assault on the palace, to release the captive king, the king's son Roger was killed by a wayward arrow (though the historian Falcandus, seemingly ever-ready to impugn the royal character, has the king kicking his "faithless" son dead). Thus freed from feudal revolts, William confided

2040-484: The administration which had guided his father's rule for his final years. Only the Englishman Thomas Brun was removed, and the chancellor Maio of Bari was promoted. The real power in the kingdom was at first exercised by Maio, a man of low birth, whose title ammiratus ammiratorum was the highest in the realm. Maio continued Roger's policy of excluding the nobles from the administration and that

2108-580: The animal. The emblem of the city of Brindisi relates to certain unique characteristics of the ancient city of Brindisi, some of which are still visible today. The head of the deer derives from the Messapic name of the city Brention , a name inspired by the shape of the port city, which is reminiscent of the stag antlers. The emblem also contains the so-called "terminal pillar" of the Appian Way . Several traditions concern its founders; one claims it

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2176-453: The area of Brindisi are produced Aleatico di Puglia Doc, Ostuni Doc, Brindisi Rosso DOC, Rosato Brindisi DOC and Puglia IGT. Some grape varieties grown in Brindisi include: The Brindisi DOC produces both red and rose wines from grapes limited to a harvest yield of 15 tonnes/ha and must produce a wine with a minimum 12% alcohol level . The wines are usually blends made predominantly from Negaroamaro and Malvasia Nera but Sangiovese

2244-424: The bread a particular scent. One type of traditional bread is made with olives (called puccia). It is made with a much more refined wheat flour than for ordinary bread, to which are added black olives. Also important are frisella , a sort of dehydrated hard bread which can be stored for a long time, and tarallini , also easily stored for long periods. The pucce and uliate cakes are also typical. Among local desserts

2312-452: The central place is occupied by almond paste , obtained by grinding shelled almonds and sugar. Another specialty is cartellate, a pastry, particularly prepared around Christmas, made of a thin strip of a dough made of flour, olive oil, and white wine that is wrapped upon itself, intentionally leaving cavities and openings, to form a sort of "rose" shape; the dough is then deep-fried, dried, and soaked in either lukewarm vincotto or honey. In

2380-472: The city are BrindisiSera and " Brindisi News ". Brindisi is home to the television stations Teleradio Agricoltura Informazione and Puglia TV, which began broadcasts in January 1988 in Brindisi. Brindisi's cuisine is simple with basic ingredients used, starting with flour or unrefined barley , which is less expensive than wheat. Vegetables, snails , and bluefish figure prominently in its cuisine. Among

2448-685: The city has played an essential role in trade and culture due to its strategic position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea. The city remains a major port for trade with the Balkan Peninsula , Greece and the Middle East. Its industries include agriculture, chemical works, and the generation of electricity. From September 1943 to February 1944, Brindisi was the provisional government seat of

2516-494: The city's various legal offices and departments were consolidated here and it became the Hall of Justice - known as the "Vicaria" - the basements of which served as a prison. Over the entrance to the castle, the arms of Emperor Charles V , who visited Naples in 1535, are still visible. The castle has undergone many restorations, one as recent as 1860, and no longer retains much of its original appearance. The Colonna della Vicaria ,

2584-642: The columns), Eufemia (in Santa Teresa) and San Toma (in the area of Saint Lucia). Under the Aragonese and the Spanish kings, the main efforts were directed mainly around the ramparts (walls, castle and sea fort to provide relief from mostly the Greeks, Albanians and Slavs. Only through the reopening of the Pigott channel (1775), the city experienced a new impetus and reopened traffic with the East mainly due to

2652-439: The count of Lecce . The king was captured along with his whole family, his life being barely spared by one Richard of Mandra . Roger was then paraded through the streets and it was announced that he would be crowned in the cathedral three days thence. For a while the king remained in the hands of the conspirators who purposed murdering or just deposing him, but the people and the army rallied round him; he recovered power, crushed

2720-585: The country, many Apulian migrants also settled in the Piedmont and Lombardy regions of northern Italy, and particularly in Milan . Since the 1960s, when the large petrochemical companies were joined by mechanical, naval, and aviation corporations, Brindisi was able to create employment opportunities for technicians and workers. The city experienced a small regional immigration, attracting families from neighboring provinces and regions. Another important chapter in

2788-681: The countryside. Emigration can be traced in two great waves. The first, which was at its peak in the years immediately before and after the First World War , was almost exclusively to the Americas (and mostly to the United States, Argentina , and Brazil ). The second wave of migrants from Apulia headed instead for Northern Europe after the Second World War . Attracted by the industrial development of some northern areas of

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2856-444: The daughter of William, a Calabrian abbot named Joachim told William that she would cause the destruction of Sicily. William believed the prediction and forced the young Constance to become a nun to prevent her from marrying and having children. This apparently contradicted the fact that Constance was indeed the posthumous daughter of Roger II and half-sister of William. Giovanni Villani said William I sought to put her to death due to

2924-636: The first half of the 7th century BC. The Brindisi Messapia certainly entertained strong business relationships with the opposite side of the Adriatic and the Greek populations of the Aegean Sea . After the Punic Wars , it became a major center of Roman naval power and maritime trade. In the Social War , it received Roman citizenship and was made a free port by Sulla . It suffered, however, from

2992-676: The government to men trained in Maio's school, creating a triumvirate: the grand protonotary , Matthew of Ajello ; Count Sylvester of Marsico , who had inherited Maio's property; and the Bishop Palmer of Syracuse , elect, but not consecrated. His latter years were peaceful; he became the champion of the true pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, and Alexander III was installed in the Lateran Palace in November 1165 by

3060-534: The house of the tarantato and began to play the pinch music with frenetic rhythms. The Brindisi pinch, as opposed to Lecce, is devoid of Christian references and a therapeutic repertoire and musical detail. The Provincial Library is a public library located in Commenda avenue. It has over 100,000 books and an extensive newspaper archive and participates in the National Library Service. Inside

3128-445: The past it was believed that women who showed forms of hysteria were infected by the bite of a Lycosa tarantula . The only known remedy was to dance continuously for days, so that the poison did not cause greater effect. Through music and dance was created a real exorcism in musical character. Each time a tarantato exhibited symptoms associated with Taranto, the tambourine , fiddle , mandolin , guitar and accordion players went in

3196-419: The peninsula and destroyed the Greek fleet (4 ships) and army at Brindisi on May 28, 1156, and recovered Bari. Adrian came to terms at Benevento on June 18, 1156, where he and William signed the Treaty of Benevento , abandoning the rebels and confirming William as king. During the summer of 1157, William sent a fleet of 164 ships carrying 10,000 men to sack Euboea and Almira . In 1158 William made peace with

3264-553: The port of Brindisi in 1227 for the Sixth Crusade Frederick II erected a castle, with massive round towers, to guard the inner harbour; it later became a convict prison. Like other Pugliese ports, Brindisi, for a short while, was ruled by Venice , but was soon reconquered by Spain. A plague devastated Brindisi in 1348; it was plundered in 1352 and 1383; and an earthquake struck the city in 1456 . Brindisi fell to Austrian rule in 1707–1734 and afterward to

3332-428: The prediction until Tancred, a bastard son of Count Roger I of Sicily , persuaded him to send her to a convent instead. Joachim Camerarius argued that Constance was simply sent to the convent during the coup against William I for her safety and stayed there until her betrothal without ever being a nun. Hugo Falcandus and Richard of San Germano argued Constance was brought up and educated in royal palace rather than

3400-536: The promotion of the theater for people with disabilities. The same group of companies has produced six shows. The municipal theatre is the Teatro Verdi (New Verdi Theatre). It is located in the historical center of the city, and opened in 2006. In 2022, Stefano Miceli was appointed chairman of the theatre foundation. Under his guidance, the theater debuted its resident orchestra named Orchestra del Nuovo Teatro Verdi and its first symphonic concert season. During

3468-657: The province. As for the press, the La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno publishes the Brindisi Journal . Salento's newspaper, the Nuovo Quotidiano di Puglia also covers Brindisi. Senzacolonne , which was founded in 2004, is the only one with a central editorial office in Brindisi. " The Nautilus " national scientific magazine based in Brindisi, reports on the sea, ports, transport and recreational boating. Other newspapers that have their headquarters in

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3536-401: The recipes are " Pettole "(fried yeast dough, sweet or savory to taste stuffed maybe with cod or anchovy , with cauliflower or broccoli ), "Patani tajedda rice and mussels" (rice, potatoes and mussels ), soup, fish, mashed potatoes with fava beans , broad beans and mussels, and "Racana mussels". Almond milk : made by infusing water with the finely chopped almonds and then squeezing

3604-402: The region. Many such settlers are pensioners, buying villas in the Brindisi countryside. This phenomenon is relatively recent in Apulia, known as "Salentoshire", a playful neologism along the lines of " Chiantishire " on the consolidation of British tourism in Tuscany . The Brindisi dialect is a variant of Salentino and, although there are minor differences between the various municipalities,

3672-436: The region. Snow is rare in Brindisi but occurred during the January 2017 cold spell, bringing snow and ice to much of southern Italy. Within the territory of the town of Brindisi environmental protected areas are located, some newly established: Brindisi has been the subject of extensive emigration during the 20th century, as well as all cities in the South. Emigration focused mainly on the lower strata of society who abandoned

3740-443: The root remains unchanged. It is spoken not only in Brindisi, but in some towns of the province of Taranto . The Brindisi also affects some dialects north of Lecce in the south Brindisi, along with Ostuni , is home of the Archdiocese of Brindisi-Ostuni (Archidioecesis Brundusina-Ostunensis in Latin), home of the Catholic Church suffragan of Archdiocese of Lecce and part of the ecclesiastical region of Apulia. The diocese

3808-410: The same to expel the "milk". The region of Apulia has entered the milk of almonds in its list of traditional Italian food products. Limoncello : a liquor made from the peel of fresh lemons and enriched with water, sugar and alcohol. Brindisi cheeses are mostly from sheep, due to the significant ranching of sheep and goats. In the summer they produce ricotta , which can be eaten fresh or matured for

3876-424: The same year the tenor Fabio Armiliato sang at the official inauguration of the first Verdi Gala at Nuovo Teatro Verdi, and new jazz and classical music festivals and international guests artists debuted at the theatre. Radio station CiccioRiccioBrindisi is heard throughout Apulia, Basilicata , parts of Molise , Campania, and Calabria . Radio Dara that started in a workshop, founded in 1980, now broadcasts across

3944-423: The tops of turnips , various types of cabbage , the beet greens from the thistle , peppers, eggplant and zucchini (all served sun-dried or in olive oil ), and artichokes . There are also wild vegetables used in traditional cooking such as chicory , dandelion (or zangune), wild asparagus , the Wild mustard, the thistle, the lampascioni also called pampasciuni or pampasciuli, and capers . Frequent, in

4012-456: The use of water resources, increasing indiscriminate use. Brindisi experiences a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). Summers are hot and dry with abundant sunshine. Summer heat indexes can be regularly over 30 °C (86 °F) and occasionally as high as 37 °C (99 °F) during July and August. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. Brindisi and the mostly topographically flat Salento peninsula are subject to light winds most of

4080-406: The year. The two main winds in Salento are the Maestral and the Scirocco. The northerly Maestral wind from the Adriatic Sea is cooling, moderating summer heat and increasing winter wind chill. The southerly Scirocco wind from the Sahara brings higher temperatures and humidity to Salento. During spring and autumn, Sirocco winds can bring thunderstorms, occasionally dropping red sand from the Sahara in

4148-409: Was an active port, the chief point of embarkation for Greece and the East, via Dyrrachium or Corcyra . It was connected with Rome by the Via Appia and the Via Traiana . The termination of the Via Appia, at the water's edge, was formerly flanked by two fine pillars. Only one remains, the second being misappropriated and removed to the neighbouring town of Lecce . Later, Brindisi was conquered by

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4216-452: Was conquered by the Romans and became a Latin colony. The peninsula of the Punta lands, which is located in the outer harbor, has been identified as a Bronze Age village (16th century BC) where a group of huts, protected by a barrier of stones, yielded fragments of Mycenaean pottery. Herodotus spoke of the Mycenaean origin of these populations. The necropolis of Tor Pisana (south of the old town of Brindisi) returned Corinthian jars in

4284-432: Was erected in the 4th century, its first bishop was St. Leucio of Alexandria . In the 9th century following the destruction of the city by the Saracens , the bishops established their residence in Oria . The bishop Theodosius was successful in recovering the relics of St Leucio at the end of the 9th and keeping them in a basicila he built on top of the martyrium of the saint. It was in the 10th century that established

4352-446: Was founded by the legendary hero Diomedes . The geographer Strabo says that it was colonized from Knossos in Crete . Brindisi was originally a Messapian settlement predating the Roman expansion. The Latin name Brundisium , through the Greek Brentesion , is a corruption of the Messapian Brention meaning "deer's head" and probably referring to the shape of the natural harbour. According to other sources, in 267 BC (245 BC), it

4420-524: Was murdered in Palermo by Matthew Bonello , leader of the Sicilian nobles. The barons, however, had long been plotting to overthrow the king. Desiring a weak power on the throne, they had been eyeing the king's eldest son, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia , as a possible replacement for his father. After the assassination of Maio, the royal palace was stormed by two of the king's own relatives: his illegitimate half-brother Simon , whom he had dispossessed of Taranto early in his reign and his bastard nephew Tancred ,

4488-522: Was one of the most hated laws made by a ruler in The Middle Ages, and sought also to curtail the liberties of the towns. The barons, always chafing against the royal power, were encouraged to revolt by Pope Adrian IV , whose recognition William had not yet sought, by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus , and by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I . At the end of 1155, Greek troops recovered Bari , Trani , Giovinazzo , Andria , Taranto and began to besiege Brindisi . William and his army landed on

4556-399: Was renamed San Marco after its noted defense of Venice at the start of World War I . On 19 May 2012, a bomb made of three gas cylinders, detonated in front of a vocational school in Brindisi, killing a 16-year-old female student. Brindisi is situated on a natural harbour, that penetrates deeply into the Adriatic coast of Apulia. Within the arms of the outer harbour islands are Pedagne,

4624-403: Was the son of King Roger II of Sicily , grandson of Count Roger I of Sicily , and great-grandson of Tancred of Hauteville . He grew up with little expectation of ruling. The deaths of his three older brothers Roger , Tancred , and Alfonso between 1138 and 1148 changed matters, though when his father died William was still not well-prepared to take his place. On assuming power, William kept

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