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44-513: The area has been inhabited since Upper Palaeolithic times. In early medieval times, the current frazione of Licosa was a base of the Saracens , who were defeated here in 846 by a coalition of the Duchy of Naples , Amalfi , Sorrento and Gaeta . The history of the current Castellabate is tied to Saint Costabile Gentilcore (St. Constabilis), fourth abbot of La Trinità della Cava . In 1123,

88-472: A setting full of a variety of flora and fauna. The nearest railway station is found at Agropoli. Served by numerous trains, which include Eurostar Italia , it is found on the route of Naples - Reggio Calabria . In terms of roads, it is served by the A3 Highway, which connects the town with the coast of Cilento. Access by sea is found at the port of San Marco di Castellabate. Castellabate's cuisine

132-405: A solid mass. The curd mass is left until the pH is at around 5.2–5.5, which is the point when the cheese can be stretched and kneaded to produce a delicate consistency—this process is generally known as pasta filata . According to the mozzarella di bufala campana trade association, "The cheese-maker kneads it with his hands, like a baker making bread, until he obtains a smooth, shiny paste,

176-489: A specific purpose. The early modern humans who expanded into Europe, commonly referred to as the Cro-Magnons , left many sophisticated stone tools, carved and engraved pieces on bone, ivory and antler , cave paintings and Venus figurines . The Neanderthals continued to use Mousterian stone tool technology and possibly Châtelperronian technology. These tools disappeared from the archeological record at around

220-499: A strand of which he pulls out and lops off, forming the individual mozzarella." Traditionally, mozzarella is allowed to dry and harden after it is pulled into shape, while fresh mozzarella is packed in liquid for easy consumption. In Italy, the cheese is produced nationwide using Italian buffalo's milk under the government's official name mozzarella di latte di bufala , because Italian buffalo are present in all Italian regions. Only selected mozzarella di bufala campana PDO

264-528: A way to convey seasonal behavioural information about hunted animals. Lines (|) and dots (•) were apparently used interchangeably to denote lunar months, while the (Y) sign apparently signified "To give birth". These characters were seemingly combined to convey the breeding period of hunted animals. The climate of the period in Europe saw dramatic changes, and included the Last Glacial Maximum ,

308-442: Is "[u]sed particularly for pizzas and [that] contains somewhat less water than real mozzarella". Low-moisture part-skim mozzarella, widely used in the food service industry, has a low galactose content, per some consumers' preference for cheese on pizza to have low or moderate browning . Some pizza cheeses derived from skim mozzarella variants were designed not to require aging or the use of starter. Others can be made through

352-399: Is a semi-soft non-aged cheese prepared by the pasta filata ('stretched-curd') method with origins from southern Italy . It is prepared with cow's milk or buffalo milk, taking the following names: Fresh mozzarella is white, but the occasional yellow/brown colour of mozzarella comes from the enzyme R110. Due to its high moisture content, it is traditionally served the day after it

396-413: Is a style made from the milk of Italian buffalo raised in designated areas of Campania , Lazio , Apulia , and Molise . Unlike other mozzarellas—50% of whose production derives from non-Italian and often semi-coagulated milk —it holds the status of a protected designation of origin (PDO: 1996) under European Union law and UK law. Mozzarella of sheep milk , sometimes called mozzarella pecorella ,

440-410: Is also made, which is simply mozzarella di bufala campana PDO, produced in the egg-sized format. When twisted to form a plait, mozzarella is called treccia . After the curd heals, it is further cut into 1–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) pieces. The curds are stirred and heated to separate the curds from the whey. The whey is then drained from the curds and the curds are placed in a hoop to form

484-704: Is also often cited as describing mozzarella, which states that in the 12th century the Monastery of San Lorenzo, in Capua , Campania, Alicandri offered pilgrims a piece of bread with mozza . Fresh mozzarella, recognised as a traditional speciality guaranteed (TSG) since 1996 in the European Union , is available usually rolled into a ball of 80 to 100 grams (2.8 to 3.5 oz) or about 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter, and sometimes up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) or about 12 cm (4.7 in) in diameter. It

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528-553: Is based on a cave lion skeleton found in Seigsdorf, Germany which has hunting lesions. 14,000 BP Fertile Crescent : Europe : Africa : Siberia : The Upper Paleolithic in the Franco-Cantabrian region : Mozzarella Mozzarella ( English: / ˌ m ɒ t s ə ˈ r ɛ l ə / , Italian: [mottsaˈrɛlla] ; Neapolitan : muzzarella , Neapolitan: [muttsaˈrɛllə] )

572-498: Is based on local products: wine, olive oil, cheese (such as mozzarella ), garbanzo beans , salami , and confections made with figs . Benvenuti al Sud , an Italian adaptation of the 2008 French film Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis , is set in Castellabate and partly in its hamlets Santa Maria and San Marco . Castellabate is twinned with: Upper Palaeolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic )

616-582: Is made but can be kept in brine for up to a week or longer when sold in vacuum-sealed packages . Fresh mozzarella can be heard to make a distinct squeaky sound when it is chewed or rubbed. Low-moisture mozzarella can be kept refrigerated for up to a month, although some shredded low-moisture mozzarella is sold with a shelf life of up to six months. Mozzarella is used for most types of pizza and several pasta dishes or served with sliced tomatoes and basil in Caprese salad . Mozzarella , derived from

660-442: Is soaked in salt water ( brine ) or whey . If citric acid is added and it is partly dried (desiccated), its structure becomes more compact. In this last form it is often used to prepare dishes cooked in the oven, such as lasagna and pizza . Fresh mozzarella balls are made in multiple sizes for various uses; often the name refers to the size. Sizes smaller than the typical fist-sized ball include ovolini , which are about

704-815: Is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age . Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene ), according to some theories coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity in early modern humans , until the advent of the Neolithic Revolution and agriculture . Anatomically modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens ) are believed to have emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. It has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of archaic humans of

748-506: Is typical of Sardinia , Abruzzo , and Lazio , where it is also called mozzapecora . It is worked with the addition of the rennet of lamb. Mozzarella of goat milk is of recent origin and the producers are still few. Several variants have been specifically formulated and prepared for use on pizza, such as low-moisture mozzarella cheese. The International Dictionary of Food and Cooking defines this cheese as "a soft spun-curd cheese similar to mozzarella made from cow's milk" that

792-840: The Balkans , parts of the Iberian Peninsula and areas around the Black Sea . This period saw cultures such as the Solutrean in France and Spain. Human life may have continued on top of the ice sheet, but we know next to nothing about it, and very little about the human life that preceded the European glaciers. In the early part of the period, up to about 30 kya, the Mousterian Pluvial made northern Africa, including

836-570: The Middle Paleolithic , until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of artefacts found associated with modern human remains. This period coincides with the most common date assigned to expansion of modern humans from Africa throughout Asia and Eurasia, which contributed to the extinction of the Neanderthals . The Upper Paleolithic has the earliest known evidence of organized settlements , in

880-833: The Sahara , well-watered and with lower temperatures than today; after the end of the Pluvial the Sahara became arid. The Last Glacial Maximum was followed by the Allerød oscillation , a warm and moist global interstadial that occurred around 13.5 to 13.8 kya. Then there was a very rapid onset, perhaps within as little as a decade, of the cold and dry Younger Dryas climate period, giving sub-arctic conditions to much of northern Europe. The Preboreal rise in temperatures also began sharply around 10.3 kya, and by its end around 9.0 kya had brought temperatures nearly to present day levels, although

924-439: The fish hook , the oil lamp , rope , and the eyed needle . Fishing of pelagic fish species and navigating the open ocean is evidenced by sites from Timor and Buka ( Solomon Islands ). The changes in human behavior have been attributed to changes in climate, encompassing a number of global temperature drops. These led to a worsening of the already bitter cold of the last glacial period (popularly but incorrectly called

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968-726: The Americas by about 15 ka. In Western Eurasia, the Paleolithic eases into the so-called Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic from the end of the LGM, beginning 15 ka. The Holocene glacial retreat begins 11.7 ka ( 10th millennium BC ), falling well into the Old World Epipaleolithic, and marking the beginning of the earliest forms of farming in the Fertile Crescent . Both Homo erectus and Neanderthals used

1012-531: The Castello Dell 'Abate, Basilica Pontificia Santa Maria de Gulia, and the Piazza 10 Ottobre 1123 (Malzone). The original four defensive walls of Castello dell 'Abate, a courtyard and arches remain today. The castle serves as a site for cultural events although the interior has been remodeled and hosts an art museum. The museum contains valuable archeological discoveries such as ancient amphoras and features

1056-544: The European Union is produced according to a traditional recipe. The TSG certification does not specify the source of the milk, so any type of milk can be used, but it is speculated that it is normally made from whole milk . Different variants of this dairy product are included in the list of prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali (PAT) of the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (MIPAAF), with

1100-506: The Villa Matarazzo which has been renovated and now serves as a community setting for civic events and houses a cinema; the surrounding grounds feature a nature park and playground for children. Castellabate borders with the municipalities of Agropoli , Laureana Cilento , Montecorice and Perdifumo . It counts the hamlets ( frazioni ) of Alano, Licosa , Ogliastro Marina , Santa Maria (the municipal seat) and San Marco ; and

1144-761: The climate was wetter. This period saw the Upper Paleolithic give way to the start of the following Mesolithic cultural period. As the glaciers receded sea levels rose; the English Channel , Irish Sea and North Sea were land at this time, and the Black Sea a fresh-water lake. In particular the Atlantic coastline was initially far out to sea in modern terms in most areas, though the Mediterranean coastline has retreated far less, except in

1188-457: The coldest phase of the last glacial period , which lasted from about 26.5 to 19 kya, being coldest at the end, before relatively rapid warming (all dates vary somewhat for different areas, and in different studies). During the Maximum, most of Northern Europe was covered by an ice-sheet , forcing human populations into the areas known as Last Glacial Maximum refugia , including modern Italy and

1232-571: The control of the barony of the Cilento . It then passed, in turn, to Caracciolo, Loffredo, Filomarino, Acquaviva, and finally the Granito family (who carried the title of marquis and later became princes by marriage) in 1745. Castellabate remained in the family of the Prince of Belmonte until the end of the feudal era. Numerous medieval structures remain in use today with the most significant being

1276-484: The direct acidification of milk. Mozzarella is also available smoked ( affumicata ). Çaycuma mozzarella cheese and Kandıra mozzarella cheese are Turkish cheeses made of buffalo's milk. Mozzarella received a traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG) certification from the European Union in 1998, and in 2022 the product specification was updated for the name mozzarella tradizionale . This protection scheme requires that mozzarella tradizionale sold in

1320-708: The form of campsites, some with storage pits. Artistic work blossomed, with cave painting, petroglyphs , carvings and engravings on bone or ivory. The first evidence of human fishing is also found from a 125,000 years old artefacts in Buya , Eritrea and in other places such as Blombos cave in South Africa . More complex social groupings emerged, supported by more varied and reliable food sources and specialized tool types. This probably contributed to increasing group identification or ethnicity . The peopling of Australia most likely took place before c. 60 ka . Europe

1364-513: The last ice age ). Such changes may have reduced the supply of usable timber and forced people to look at other materials. In addition, flint becomes brittle at low temperatures and may not have functioned as a tool. Some notational signs, used next to images of animals, may have appeared as early as the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe circa 35,000 BCE, and may be the earliest proto-writing : several symbols were used in combination as

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1408-533: The localities of Lago and Tresino . Castellabate is 280 meters above sea level and lies in the middle of the Cilento National Park. It is situated on the gulf of Policastro, the island of Capri can be seen from the shoreline. Castellabate is part of the Cilento National Park and the Vallo di Diano (Pellecchia) distinguished by forests, natural caves, inaccessible peaks, and miles of walking paths in

1452-595: The north of the Adriatic and the Aegean . The rise in sea levels continued until at least 7.5 kya ( 5500 BC ), so evidence of human activity along Europe's coasts in the Upper Paleolithic is mostly lost, though some traces have been recovered by fishing boats and marine archaeology , especially from Doggerland , the lost area beneath the North Sea. The first direct evidence for Neanderthals hunting cave lions . This

1496-709: The same crude stone tools. Archaeologist Richard G. Klein , who has worked extensively on ancient stone tools, describes the stone tool kit of archaic hominids as impossible to categorize. He argues that almost everywhere, whether Asia , Africa or Europe , before 50,000 years ago all the stone tools are much alike and unsophisticated. Firstly among the artefacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. These new stone-tool types have been described as being distinctly differentiated from each other; each tool had

1540-421: The same time the Neanderthals themselves disappeared from the fossil record, about 40,000 cal BP. Settlements were often located in narrow valley bottoms, possibly associated with hunting of passing herds of animals. Some of them may have been occupied year round, though more commonly they appear to have been used seasonally; people moved between the sites to exploit different food sources at different times of

1584-478: The same year in which he was elevated to the position of abbot, he started construction on the Angel's Castle (10 October 1123), which afterwards became entitled to him. His title gave the village its present name: Castrum Abbatis , Latin for "the castle of the abbot". His abbacy lasted until 17 February 1124. His successor, Simeon, completed its construction and helped the inhabitants. Later, Castellabate fell under

1628-409: The size of a hen's egg, and may be used whole as part of a composed salad or sliced for topping a small sandwich such as a slider . Bocconcini ('small mouthful'), sometimes called uova di bufala ('buffalo eggs'), are approximately bite-sized; a common use is alternating them with cherry tomatoes on a skewer for an appetiser. Ciliegine ('small cherries') are cherry-sized. Perlene are

1672-515: The smallest commercially produced and are often added to salads or into hot soups or pasta dishes just before serving. These balls are packaged in whey or water, have a spongy texture , and absorb flavours. Bocconcini of water buffalo's milk are still produced in the provinces of Naples , Caserta , and Salerno , as bocconcini alla panna di bufala , in a process that involves mixing freshly produced mozzarella di bufala campana PDO with fresh cream. A bocconcino di bufala campana PDO

1716-503: The southern Italian dialects spoken in Apulia , Calabria , Campania , Abruzzo , Molise , Basilicata , Lazio , and Marche , is the diminutive form of mozza ('cut'), or mozzare ('to cut off'), derived from the method of working. The term is first mentioned in 1570, cited in a cookbook by Bartolomeo Scappi , reading "milk cream, fresh butter, ricotta cheese, fresh mozzarella and milk". An earlier reference of Monsignor Alicandri

1760-589: The successor of Costabile Gentilcore. Expansions and renovations of the Basilica have occurred over the years and today it features three naves, transept and apse, a domed roof, an annexed bell tower with functional carillon, and several mosaics and paintings, including one of the Archangel Michael. The Piazza 10 Ottobre 1123 built the year work began on the Castell dell’Abate is located in the center of

1804-478: The village featuring cafes, shops, and a tourist agency. Several notable palaces remain today including the Palazzo Matarazzo (currently serving as a tourist hotel). The nobleman, Francesco Matarazzo (1854-1937) born in Castellabate is credited with creating a rich economic empire and stimulating emigration to Brazil; the family continues to support the local area (D’Auria). A recent example is the gift of

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1848-402: The work of local artists. The underground, featuring original stairs and passageways as well as arrow slips and gun loops has been stabilized and also is available to tour. Legend has it that the underground passageways connected to the villages below were used as routes of escape from marauding pirates. The Basilica Pontificia Santa Maria de Gulia, built in the 12th century was commissioned by

1892-486: The year. Hunting was important, and caribou/wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting". Technological advances included significant developments in flint tool manufacturing, with industries based on fine blades rather than simpler and shorter flakes . Burins and racloirs were used to work bone, antler and hides . Advanced darts and harpoons also appear in this period, along with

1936-487: Was peopled after c. 45 ka. Anatomically modern humans are known to have expanded northward into Siberia as far as the 58th parallel by about 45 ka ( Ust'-Ishim man ). The Upper Paleolithic is divided by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), from about 25 to 15 ka. The peopling of the Americas occurred during this time, with East and Central Asia populations reaching the Bering land bridge after about 35 ka, and expanding into

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