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67-619: Artichokes were brought to California by Italian immigrants in the late 19th century, and to Castroville in the 1920s when Andrew Molera planted an acre of artichokes on his ranch. In 1922, Angelo del Chiaro and his cousin leased 150 acres from Molera and expanded the artichoke crop. By 1926, 12,000 acres in California, most of them in Castroville, were dedicated to growing artichokes. The Artichoke Festival evolved from an earlier May Days Parade and band competition. A pancake breakfast and

134-470: A superstrate , prestige language and the dominant medium of literary and intellectual expression in the southern half of the peninsula from the 8th century to the 13th century. Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of bilingualism with Romance until the 13th century. It also coexisted with Hebrew , and Arabic features and traditions had a major impact on Jewish poetry in Iberia. There

201-613: A Marilyn Monroe look-a-like contest. The food at the festival includes artichokes – fried, sauteed, grilled, marinated, pickled, fresh, and creamed as soup, and cooked into cupcakes. 2020 saw the festival's cancellation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic . The 61st was deferred to 2021. In the Toot & Puddle episode "Putting the Art in Artichoke," the title characters visit Castroville for

268-635: A barbecue were added to the event and, in 1959, a band leader and three local business owners formed the Castroville Artichoke Advisory Board. The board came up with the name Castroville Artichoke Festival. The two-day event is held every year in May, originally in Castroville and, since 2014, at the Monterey County Fair and Event Center. In 2009, the festival marked its 50th year, and in 2011, 20,000 people attended

335-483: A century after the death of Muhammad , involved a few thousand Arab tribesmen and a much larger number of partially Arabicized Amazigh , many of whom spoke little or no Arabic . According to Consuelo López-Morillas , "this population sowed the seeds of what was to grow into an indigenous Andalusi Arabic." Unlike the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania , through which Latin remained the dominant language,

402-510: A curiosity. But very soon veers towards the northwest ... Artichoke beds are mentioned in Avignon by the notaries from 1532 onward; from the principal towns they spread into the hinterlands ... appearing as carchofas at Cavaillon in 1541, at Chateauneuf du Pape in 1553, at Orange in 1554. The local name remains carchofas , from the Italian carciofo ... They are very small, the size of

469-524: A delicate flavor. Salt may be added to the water if boiling artichokes. Covered artichokes, in particular those that have been cut, can turn brown due to the enzymatic browning and chlorophyll oxidation. Placing them in water slightly acidified with vinegar or lemon juice can prevent the discoloration. Leaves are often removed one at a time, and the fleshy base eaten, with vinaigrette , hollandaise , vinegar , butter , mayonnaise , aioli , lemon juice, or other sauces. The fibrous upper part of each leaf

536-421: A few years. The peak season for artichoke harvesting is the spring, but they can continue to be harvested throughout the summer, with another peak period in mid-autumn. When harvested, they are cut from the plant so as to leave an inch or two of stem. Artichokes possess good keeping qualities, frequently remaining quite fresh for two weeks or longer under average retail conditions. Apart from culinary applications,

603-542: A hen's egg ... and are still considered a luxury, a vaguely aphrodisiac tidbit that one preserved in sugar syrup. The Dutch introduced artichokes to England, where they grew in Henry VIII 's garden at Newhall in 1530. From the mid-17th century artichokes 'enjoyed a vogue' in European courts. The hearts were considered luxury ingredients in the new court cookery as recorded by writers such as François Pierre La Varenne ,

670-449: A large head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm (3–6 in) diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. The edible portions of the buds consist primarily of the fleshy lower portions of the involucral bracts and the base, known as the heart ; the mass of immature florets in the center of the bud is called the choke or beard (which are inedible in older, larger flowers). The English word artichoke

737-414: A limited harvest at the end of the first growing season, even in regions where the plants are not normally winter-hardy. This means home gardeners in northern regions can attempt to produce a crop without the need to overwinter plants with special treatment or protection. The seed cultivar 'Imperial Star' has been bred to produce in the first year without such measures. An even newer cultivar, 'Northern Star',

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804-515: A register of the less-privileged masses. Many features of Andalusi Arabic have been reconstructed by Arabists using Hispano-Arabic texts (such as the azjāl of ibn Quzman , al-Shushtari and others) composed in Arabic with varying degrees of deviation from classical norms, augmented by further information from the manner in which the Arabic script was used to transliterate Romance words. The first complete linguistic description of Andalusi Arabic

871-482: A register of the less-privileged masses. Spoken Andalusi Arabic had distinct features. It is unique among colloquial dialects in retaining from Standard Arabic the internal passive voice through vocalization. Through contact with Romance , spoken Andalusi Arabic adopted the phonemes / p / and / tʃ / . Like the other Iberian languages, Andalusi lacked vowel length but had stress instead (e.g. Andalusí in place of Andalusī ). A feature shared with Maghrebi Arabic

938-662: A royal decree in Spain forbidding Moriscos from the use of Arabic on all occasions , formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic henceforth would be regarded as a crime. Arabic speakers were given three years to learn a "Christian" language, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. This triggered one of the largest revolts, the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571) . Still, Andalusi Arabic remained in use in certain areas of Spain (particularly

1005-672: A substratum to an adstratum to a superstratum with respect to Arabic. Semantic fields such as plant and animal names, domestic objects, and agriculture received the most loanwords. Sometimes both the Romance and Arabic words were used, such as the words imlíq (from UMBILICU ) and surra ( سُرَّة ) for navel ; Consuelo Lopez-Morillas recalls "the many households made up of Hispano-Roman women and Arab men." Once subsumed into Arabic morphological patterns, Romance loanwords became difficult to distinguish as such. For example, nibšāriuh (from aniversario 'anniversary' or 'birthday')

1072-467: A time-saving substitute, though the consistency and stronger flavor of fresh hearts, when available, is often preferred. Deep-fried artichoke hearts are eaten in coastal areas of California . Throughout North Africa , the Middle East , Turkey , and Armenia , ground lamb is a favorite filling for stuffed artichoke hearts. Spices reflect the local cuisine of each country. In Lebanon , for example,

1139-407: Is Jewish-style artichokes , which are deep-fried whole. The softer parts of artichokes are also eaten raw, one leaf at a time dipped in vinegar and olive oil, or thinly sliced and dressed with lemon and olive oil. There are many stuffed artichoke recipes. A common Italian stuffing uses a mixture of bread crumbs, garlic, oregano, parsley, grated cheese, and prosciutto or sausage. A bit of the mixture

1206-498: Is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of vitamin K (16% DV), magnesium , sodium , and phosphorus (10–12% DV). Large globe artichokes are frequently prepared by removing all but 5–10 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 3 ⁄ 8  in) or so of the stem. To remove thorns, which may interfere with eating, around a quarter of each scale can be cut off. To cook, the artichoke is simmered for 15 to 30 minutes, or steamed for 30–40 minutes (less for small ones). A cooked, unseasoned artichoke has

1273-515: Is also used to make a 'Cin Cyn', a slightly less-bitter version of the Negroni cocktail , by substituting Cynar for Campari . The globe artichoke genome has been sequenced. The genome assembly covers 725 of the 1,084 Mb genome and the sequence codes for about 27,000 genes. An understanding of the genome structure is an important step in understanding traits of the globe artichoke, which may aid in

1340-489: Is an Arabicisation (through phono-semantic matching ) of the English word artichoke or other European terms like it. As in the case of Levantine Arabic ʔarḍī shawkī , names for the artichoke have frequently changed form due to folk etymology and phono-semantic matching. The Italian form articiocco seems to have been adapted to correspond to Italian arci- ('arch-, chief') and ciocco ('stump'). Forms of

1407-493: Is evidence that code-switching was commonplace among bilingual populations in al-Andalus. It also had some contact with Berber languages or al-lisān al-gharbī ( اللسان الغربي 'the western tongue') in periods of Berber rule, particularly under the Almoravids and Almohads, though Federico Corriente identified only about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic speech. The influence of Romance on Andalusi Arabic

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1474-593: Is evidenced by occasional Romance or even local Arabic transcription of / a / as [ o ] or [ u ] . There was a fair amount of compensatory lengthening involved where a loss of consonantal gemination lengthened the preceding vowel, whence the transformation of عشّ /ʕuʃ(ʃ)/ ("nest") into عوش /ʕuːʃ/ . New phonemes introduced into Andalusi Arabic, such as /p/ and /t͡ʃ/ were often written as geminated بّ and جّ respectively. This would later be carried over into Aljamiado , in which /p/ and /t͡ʃ/ in Romance languages would be transcribed with

1541-643: Is made in Romania. The flower portion is put into water and consumed as a herbal tea in Mexico. It has a slightly bitter, woody taste. Artichoke is the primary botanical ingredient of the Italian aperitif Cynar , with 16.5% alcohol by volume, produced by the Campari Group . It can be served over ice as an aperitif or as a cocktail mixed with orange juice, which is especially popular in Switzerland. It

1608-608: Is native to the Mediterranean area. There was debate over whether the artichoke was a food among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or whether that cultivar was developed later, with Classical sources referring instead to the wild cardoon. The cardoon is mentioned as a garden plant in the eighth century BCE by Homer and Hesiod . Pliny the Elder mentioned growing of 'carduus' in Carthage and Cordoba . In North Africa, where it

1675-459: Is said to be able to overwinter in more northerly climates, and readily survives subzero temperatures. Commercial culture is limited to warm areas in USDA hardiness zone 7 and above. It requires good soil, regular watering and feeding, and frost protection in winter. Rooted suckers can be planted each year, so mature specimens can be disposed of after a few years, as each individual plant lives only

1742-564: Is still found in the wild state, the seeds of artichokes, probably cultivated, were found during the excavation of Roman-period Mons Claudianus in Egypt. Varieties of artichokes were cultivated in Sicily beginning in the classical period of the ancient Greeks; the Greeks calling them kaktos . In that period, the Greeks ate the leaves and flower heads, which cultivation had already improved from

1809-469: Is still used in Maghrebi Arabic today, while other variants in Arabic include kharshafa , and Modern Standard Arabic khurshūfa . These Arabic forms themselves derive from classical Arabic حرشفة ( harshafa ) singular word of the plural حراشف ( ḥarashef ) meaning "scale" . Other languages which derive their word for the artichoke from Arabic include Israeli Hebrew , which has

1876-508: Is then pushed into the spaces at the base of each leaf and into the center before boiling or steaming. In Spain, younger, smaller, and more tender artichokes are used. They can be sprinkled with olive oil and left in hot ashes in a barbecue, sautéed in olive oil with garlic, with rice as a paella , or sautéed and combined with eggs in a tortilla ( frittata ). Often cited is the Greek anginares alla Polita ("artichokes city-style", referring to

1943-469: Is usually discarded. The heart is eaten when the inedible choke has been peeled away from the base and discarded. The thin leaves covering the choke are also edible. In Italy, artichoke hearts in oil are the usual vegetable for the "spring" section of the "four seasons" pizza (alongside tomatoes and basil for summer, mushrooms for autumn, and prosciutto and olives for winter). A recipe well known in Rome

2010-529: The Vaal River . In 2020, the world produced approximately 1.5 million tons of artichokes. Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Artichokes can be produced from seeds or from vegetative means such as division , root cuttings , or micropropagation . Although technically perennials that normally produce the edible flower during only the second and subsequent years, certain varieties of artichokes can be grown from seed as annuals, producing

2077-537: The 11th century on, in stanzaic dialectal poems ( zajal ) and dialectal proverb collections. Substantial material on late Granadan Arabic survives in the work of Pedro de Alcalá —the Vocabulista aravigo en letra castellana and Arte para ligeramente saber la lengua araviga , both published in 1505 to explain the language of the conquered to the conquerors following the Fall of Granada . Its last documents are

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2144-549: The Artichoke Festival. In the Netflix series Stranger Things , the character Dustin wears a Castroville Artichoke Festival shirt in episodes 6–8. 36°35′40.49″N 121°51′44.66″W  /  36.5945806°N 121.8624056°W  / 36.5945806; -121.8624056 Artichoke This is an accepted version of this page The artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus ), also known by

2211-540: The Classical language. Alternatively in higher registers, [ e ] and [ o ] were only allophones of / i / and / u / respectively, while diphthongs were mostly resistant to monophthongization. However, / a / could turn into [ e ] or [ i ] via imāla . In the presence of velar or pharyngeal contour, / a / was backed into [ ɑ ] and sometimes even rounded into [ o ] or [ u ] , or even [ ɒ ] . This

2278-486: The French word artichaut (which also derives from Arabic, possibly via Spanish) have over the years included artichaud (corresponding to chaud , 'warm') and artihault (corresponding to haut , 'height'). Forms found in English have included hartichoak , corresponding to heart and choke , which were likely associated with the belief that the inedible centre of the vegetable could choke its eaters or that

2345-456: The Muslim conquest brought a language that was a vehicle for a cultural and religious subjugation. Over the centuries, Arabic spread gradually in al-Andalus, primarily through conversion to Islam . While Alvarus of Cordoba lamented in the 9th century that Christians were no longer using Latin, Richard Bulliet estimates that only 50% of the population of al-Andalus had converted to Islam by

2412-761: The Muslims of Granada were forced to choose between conversion and exile; those who converted became known as the Moriscos . In 1526, this requirement was extended to Muslims in the rest of Spain, the Mudéjars . In 1567, due to the wars against the Ottoman Empire and to the fact that the Moriscos had revealed themselves as agents of the enemy who helped the Ottomans against Spain, Philip II of Spain issued

2479-455: The above letters, each containing a shadda . Andalusi Arabic is uniquely conservative among colloquial Arabic dialects for retaining the internal passive voice ( صيغة المجهول ' sighatu l-majhūl ') of Standard Arabic verbs , using the same stem of the active voice verb with different vocalization. The passive voice is expressed in the past or perfect tense with kasra (/i/) on the last syllable and damma (/u/) on all other syllables, and in

2546-571: The author of Le Cuisinier François (1651). It was also claimed, in this period, that artichokes had aphrodisiac properties. They were taken to the United States in the nineteenth century—to Louisiana by French immigrants and to California by Spanish immigrants. Cultivation of the globe artichoke is concentrated in the Americas and the countries bordering the Mediterranean basin. The main European producers are Italy, Spain, and France and

2613-563: The buds bloom, the structure changes to a coarse, barely edible form. Another variety of the same species is the cardoon , a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean region . Both wild forms and cultivated varieties ( cultivars ) exist. This vegetable grows to 1.4–2 m ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery, glaucous-green leaves 50–83 cm ( 19 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 32 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long. The flowers develop in

2680-481: The case that ق most often represented /q/ , sometimes /k/ , and marginally /ɡ/ based on a plethora of surviving Andalusi writings and Romance transcriptions of Andalusi Arabic words. The vowel system was subject to a heavy amount of fronting and raising, a phenomenon known as imāla , causing /a(ː)/ to be raised, probably to [ ɛ ] or [ e ] and, particularly with short vowels, [ ɪ ] in certain circumstances, particularly when i-mutation

2747-472: The city of Constantinople ), a hearty, savory stew made with artichoke hearts, potatoes, and carrots, and flavored with onion, lemon, and dill. The island of Tinos , or the villages of Iria and Kantia in the Peloponnese , still very much celebrate their local production, including with a day of the artichoke or an artichoke festival. Artichokes may also be prepared by completely breaking off all of

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2814-526: The death of Abd al-Rahman III in 961, and 80% by 1100. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the Emirate of Granada , in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared. The colloquial Arabic of al-Andalus was prominent among the varieties of Arabic of its time in its use for literary purposes, especially in zajal poetry and proverbs and aphorisms . In 1502,

2881-479: The expulsion, although Andalusi speakers rapidly assimilated into the Maghrebi communities to which they fled. Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of bilingualism with Andalusi Romance (known popularly as Mozarabic ) until the 13th century. It was also characterized by diglossia : in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated idiolect and

2948-648: The extensive Berber presence in al-Andalus. Corriente identified about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic, only a few of which were still in use in the early 16th century. The phoneme represented by the letter ق in texts is a point of contention. The letter, which in Classical Arabic represented either a voiceless pharyngealized velar stop or a voiceless uvular stop , most likely represented some kind of post-alveolar affricate or velar plosive in Andalusi Arabic. Federico Corriente presents

3015-673: The festival. Marilyn Monroe was crowned the 1st Honorary Artichoke Queen in 1948, Sally DeSante Hebert was crowned the 1st Festival Artichoke Queen in 1961 and the first Artichoke King was Andrew O'Desky in 1974. William Hung was crowned the Artichoke King on May 21, 2006. The festival is sponsored by local artichoke companies. It includes a parade, live music, an agro art competition with three-dimensional fruit and vegetable artwork, farmers markets, field tours, artichoke souvenirs sales, wine, beer & spirits garden, cooking demos, 5k beach run, canasta (basket) race, quilt challenge, and

3082-466: The globe artichoke is also an attractive plant for its bright floral display, sometimes grown in herbaceous borders for its bold foliage and large, purple flower heads. Cooked unsalted artichoke is 82% water, 12% carbohydrates , 3% protein , and 3% fat . In a 100-gram reference serving, cooked artichoke supplies 74 calories , is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of folate , and

3149-545: The identification of economically important genes from related species. Andalusi Arabic Andalusi Arabic or Andalusian Arabic ( Arabic : اللهجة العربية الأندلسية , romanized :  al-lahja l-ʿarabiyya l-ʾandalusiyya ) was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 15th century in Al-Andalus , the regions of the Iberian Peninsula , respectively modern Spain until

3216-496: The imperfect (prefix) form of a verb, preceded by either kān or kīn (depending on the register of the speech in question), of which the final -n was normally assimilated by preformatives y- and t- . An example drawn from Ibn Quzmān will illustrate this: The oldest evidence of Andalusi Arabic utterances can be dated from the 10th and 11th century, in isolated quotes, both in prose and stanzaic Classical Andalusi poems ( muwashshahat ), and then, from

3283-441: The imperfect tense with damma /u/ on the personal subject prefix—the first syllable—and fatḥah /a/ on the following syllables. Some nouns in Andalusi Arabic shifted gender to match the gender of corresponding terms in Romance, such as the feminine Arabic nouns ʿayn ( عين 'eye') and shams ( شمس 'sun'), which became masculine in al-Andalus, matching ojo and sol . Gender distinction in second-person pronouns and verbs

3350-927: The inner regions of Valencia and Aragon ) until the final expulsion of the Moriscos at the beginning of the 17th century. Andalusi Arabic is still used in Andalusi classical music and has significantly influenced the dialects of such towns as Sfax in Tunisia, Rabat , Salé , Fès , Tétouan and Tangier in Morocco, Nedroma , Tlemcen , Blida , Jijel , and Cherchell in Algeria, and Alexandria in Egypt. Andalusi Arabic also influenced Andalusi Romance ("Mozarabic"), Spanish , Judaeo-Spanish varieties, Catalan-Valencian-Balearic , Portuguese , Classical Arabic and Moroccan , Tunisian , Egyptian , Hassani and Algerian Arabics. Under Muslim rule, Arabic became

3417-659: The late-15th century, and modern Portugal until the mid-13th century under Muslim rule . It became an extinct language in Iberia after the expulsion of the Moriscos , which took place over a century after the Granada War by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain . Once widely spoken in Iberia, the expulsions and persecutions of Arabic speakers caused an abrupt end to the language's use on the peninsula. It continued to be spoken to some degree in North Africa after

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3484-418: The leaves, leaving the bare heart. The leaves are steamed to soften the fleshy base part of each leaf to be used as the basis for any number of side dishes or appetizing dips , or the fleshy part is left attached to the heart, while the upper parts of the leaves are discarded. The remaining concave-shaped heart is often filled with meat, then fried or baked in a savory sauce. Canned or frozen artichoke hearts are

3551-671: The main American producers are Argentina, Peru and the United States. In the United States, California provides nearly 100% of the U.S. crop, with about 80% of that being grown in Monterey County ; there, Castroville proclaims itself to be "The Artichoke Center of the World" and holds the annual Castroville Artichoke Festival . More recently, artichokes have been grown in South Africa in a small town called Parys , located along

3618-404: The names French artichoke , globe artichoke , and green artichoke in the United States, is a variety of a species of thistle cultivated as food. The edible portion of the plant consists of the flower buds before the flowers come into bloom. The budding artichoke flower-head is a cluster of many budding small flowers (an inflorescence ), together with many bracts , on an edible base. Once

3685-437: The plant can take over a garden, choking out other plants. Artichokes are affected by fungal pathogens including Verticillium dahliae and Rhizoctonia solani . Soil solarization has been successful in other crop-fungus pathosystems and is evaluated for suppression of V. dahliae and R. solani by Guerrero et al. 2019. The artichoke is a domesticated variety of the wild cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus ), which

3752-579: The spread of artichoke cultivation in Italy and southern France in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, when the artichoke appeared as a new arrival with a new name, which may be taken to indicate an arrival of an improved cultivated variety: The blossom of the thistle, improved by the Arabs, passed from Naples to Florence in 1466, carried by Philippo Strozzi. Towards 1480 it is noticed in Venice , as

3819-514: The typical filling would include lamb, onion, tomato, pinenuts , raisins, parsley, dill, mint, black pepper, and allspice . A popular Turkish vegetarian variety uses only onion, carrot, green peas, and salt. Artichokes are often prepared with white sauces or other kinds of sauces. Artichokes can also be made into a herbal tea . The infusion is consumed particularly among the Vietnamese . An artichoke-based herbal tea called Ceai de Anghinare

3886-428: The verbal system was substantially altered. One example is the initial n- on verbs in the first person singular , a feature shared by many Maghrebi varieties. Likewise the form V pattern of tafaʻʻal-a ( تَفَعَّلَ ) was altered by epenthesis to atfa``al ( أتْفَعَّل ). Andalusi Arabic developed a contingent/subjunctive mood (after a protasis with the conditional particle law ) consisting of

3953-807: The wild form. The Romans called the vegetable carduus (hence the name cardoon ). Further improvement in the cultivated form appears to have taken place in the medieval period in Muslim Spain and the Maghreb , although the evidence is inferential only. By the twelfth century, it was being mentioned in the compendious guide to farming composed by Ibn al-'Awwam in Seville (though it does not appear in earlier major Andalusian Arabic works on agriculture), and in Germany by Hildegard von Bingen . Le Roy Ladurie, in his book Les paysans de Languedoc , has documented

4020-466: The word חֻרְשָׁף ( khursháf ). The original Hebrew name (see Hebrew: he:ארטישוק ) is קינרס kinars , which is found in the Mishna . Despite being borrowed from Arabic, European terms for the artichoke have in turn influenced Arabic in their own right. For example, the modern Levantine Arabic term for artichoke is أرضي شوكي ( ʔarḍī shawkī ). This literally means 'earthy thorny', and

4087-457: Was abandoned. There were about twenty suffixes from Romance that were attached to Arabic bases. The -an which, in Classical Arabic, marked a noun as indefinite accusative case (see nunation ), became an indeclinable conjunctive particle, as in ibn Quzmān's expression rajul-an 'ashīq . The unconjugated prepositive negative particle lis developed out of the classical verb lays-a . The derivational morphology of

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4154-478: Was borrowed in the sixteenth century from the northern Italian word articiocco (the standard modern Italian being carciofo ). The Italian term was itself borrowed either from Spanish alcarchofa (today usually alcachofa ) or directly from the source of the Spanish word—medieval Andalusi Arabic الخرشوفة ( al-kharshūfa , including the Arabic definite article al ). The Arabic form kharshūfa

4221-424: Was especially pronounced in situations of daily Arabic-Romance contact . For example, an Arabic letter written by a Valencian Morisco in 1595 contained constructions such as taʿmál alburšíblī 'do what is possible' and aquštiš matáʿī 'at a cost to me.' It was also characterized by diglossia : in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated idiolect and

4288-678: Was given by the Spanish Arabist Federico Corriente , who drew on the Appendix Probi , zajal poetry, proverbs and aphorisms, the work of the 16th century lexicographer Pedro de Alcalá , and Andalusi letters found in the Cairo Geniza . As Arabisms moved into varieties of Iberian Romance over time, Andalusi Arabic borrowed widely from the Romance lexicon. Corriente observes three periods in which Romance words entered Arabic, as Romance shifted from

4355-425: Was made plural as nibšāriyāt and lubb (from lobo 'wolf') became a broken plural as lababah . Romance loanwords were used in Andalusi Arabic through the end of Muslim rule in Iberia, even after Granada had been monolingually arabophone for two centuries. The lexical impact of Berber language on Andalusi Arabic appears to be considerably less than that of Romance and very small in proportion to

4422-430: Was possible. Contact with native Romance speakers led to the introduction of the phonemes / p / , / ɡ / and, possibly, the affricate / tʃ / from loanwords . Monophthongization led to the disappearance of certain diphthongs such as /aw/ and /aj/ which were leveled to / oː / and / eː / , respectively, though Colin hypothesizes that these diphthongs remained in the more mesolectal registers influenced by

4489-537: Was that the first-person imperfect was marked with the prefix n- ( نلعب nalʿab 'I play') like the plural in Standard Arabic, necessitating an analogical imperfect first-person plural, constructed with the suffix -ū ( نلعبوا nalʿabū 'we play'). A feature characteristic of it was the extensive imala that transformed alif into an /e/ or /i/ (e.g. al-kirā ("rent") > al-kirē > Spanish " alquiler "). The Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, about

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