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60-502: The Ceann Comhairle ( Irish: [ˌcaːn̪ˠ ˈkoːɾˠl̠ʲə] ; "Head of [the] Council"; plural usually Cinn Comhairle [ˌciːn̠ʲ ˈkoːɾˠl̠ʲə] ) is the chairperson (or speaker ) of Dáil Éireann , the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of Ireland . The person who holds the position is elected by members of the Dáil from among their number in

120-516: A CEO include Ford , HSBC , Alphabet Inc. , and HP . A vice- or deputy chair, subordinate to the chair, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chair in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chair is being discussed. In the absence of the chair and vice-chair, groups sometimes elect a chair pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chair ranks higher than vice-chair, as there are often multiple vice-chairs but only

180-605: A Governor-General.... [T]he creation of an office of the Governor-General was what was chosen by the drafters of the Constitution, and the text of the Constitution appears to support a reading of some level of discretion on how the representative of the Crown was to exist." The Crown's representative was expressly bound by the same constitutional conventions as the governor general of Canada , which would limit him to

240-522: A constitutional amendment. However, de Valera was later advised by the attorney general and senior advisors that the amendment was not sufficient to abolish the office entirely, which still continued by virtue of Letters Patent , Orders in Council , and statute law . Though officially insisting that the office had been abolished (de Valera instructed Ua Buachalla to act as though he had left office and to leave his official residence), de Valera introduced

300-406: A general election than its usual entitlement, but still has the same number of TDs. Under standing orders, no member of the government or Minister of State may act as Ceann Comhairle or Leas-Cheann Comhairle. The Ceann Comhairle does not take part in debates, nor do they vote except in the event of a tie. In this event, they generally vote in accordance with the parliamentary conventions relating to

360-594: A largely ceremonial role. It was hoped that, if he was given the same title as that used in other dominions, then, if the British government attempted to violate convention by using the office of governor-general to interfere in the Free State's affairs, these other nations would see their own autonomy threatened and might object. The first two governors-general of the Irish Free State assumed office under

420-563: A second law, the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 , to retrospectively eliminate the post from Irish law . Under its own terms, the act applied retroactively, so that the office would be deemed to have been fully abolished on 11 December 1936. Ua Buachalla and de Valera, although once close friends, fell out over Ua Buachalla's treatment in the abolition of the viceregal post, with Ua Buachalla initiating legal proceedings to sue de Valera. However, their relationship

480-481: A single deputy chair. This type of deputy chair title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner). An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairs describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP). Governor-General of the Irish Free State The governor-general of

540-418: Is following the rules of the group. In committees or small boards, the chair votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chair should vote only when it can affect the result. At a meeting, the chair only has one vote (i.e. the chair cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chair such authority). The powers of

600-504: Is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model. There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chair to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective. The role of the chair in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chair. Companies with both an executive chair and

660-724: The Council of State , and the Commission for Public Service Appointments . Since the 1937 Constitution , the Ceann Comhairle has been an ex officio member of the Council of State, beginning with Frank Fahy . The earlier presiding officers never served on the Council of State: i.e. those of the Revolutionary Dáil (1919–1922: Cathal Brugha , George Noble Plunkett , Eoin MacNeill , and Michael Hayes ) and

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720-534: The Free State Dáil (1922–1936: Hayes again, before Fahy). The position of Ceann Comhairle was created on the first day of the Dáil on 21 January 1919, when it was first established as a breakaway revolutionary parliament . The first Ceann Comhairle was Cathal Brugha , who served for only one day, presiding over the Dáil's first meeting, before leaving the post to become President of Dáil Éireann . The office

780-455: The executive council . In 1933, constitutional amendments were passed removing the governor-general's role in recommending the appropriation of money and the power to veto legislation . In December 1936, when King Edward VIII abdicated from all his thrones, including that of the Irish Free State (as created in the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 and Statute of Westminster 1931 ),

840-728: The British government ultimately agreed. When it came to selecting Healy's successor, the Irish cabinet chose James McNeill , an Ulsterman , from one of the six out of nine Ulster counties which had remained in the Union with Britain, who was a former member of Collins's constitution committee and a former chairman of Dublin County Council . Because, unlike his predecessor, he was not the United Kingdom's official representative in

900-408: The British government's agent in the Free State. This meant that all official correspondence between the British and Irish governments went through the governor-general and that he had access to British government papers. It also meant that he could receive secret instructions from the British government. For example, Tim Healy was formally advised by the British government to veto any attempt to abolish

960-467: The Dáil will be the presiding officer of the House during the election process. For each Ceann Comhairle, this tables lists the number of the Dáil , the period in which they held office, their constituencies and their political affiliation immediately prior to their appointment. The Leas-Cheann Comhairle holds office as the deputy chairperson of Dáil Éireann under Article 15.9.1 of the constitution. In

1020-560: The Free State, but merely the personal representative of the king, McNeill found himself with less influence than Healy had possessed. After the 1932 general election , the Cosgrave government left office and was succeeded by the anti-treaty Fianna Fáil party of Éamon de Valera , who now became President of the Executive Council . Fianna Fáil's immediate goal was to republicanise the Irish Free State and, as such, it opposed

1080-653: The Governor-General having no connection to the British Government after 1931. For this reason, the office's role was diminished over time by the Irish Government . The 1931 enactment in London of the Statute of Westminster gave the Irish Free State full legislative independence. However, the Irish considered that full legislative independence had been achieved in 1922. The role of governor-general in

1140-495: The Irish Free State ( Irish : Seanascal Shaorstát Éireann ) was the official representative of the sovereign of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1936. By convention , the office was largely ceremonial. Nonetheless, it was controversial, as many Irish Nationalists regarded the existence of the office as offensive to republican principles and a symbol of continued British involvement in Irish affairs, despite

1200-530: The Irish Free State was removed from the Constitution on 11 December 1936, at the time of Edward VIII 's abdication as king of the United Kingdom and all the Dominions . The governor-general was appointed by the King on the advice of his Irish ministers. Initially, the British government had some involvement in the appointment process. However, this ended following the 1926 Imperial Conference ; thenceforth, only

1260-536: The Irish cabinet decided to finally abolish the governorship-general. Taoiseach John A. Costello , speaking in 1948, described the Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 , which effected the change, as follows: This Act purported to vest all those powers in the Government, or rather, to put it more technically, to make all those powers exercisable by the Government. That Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act

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1320-686: The Speaker of the British House of Commons , which tend to amount to voting against motions. The Ceann Comhairle formally opens each day's sitting by reading the official prayer. The Ceann Comhairle is the sole judge of order in the house and has a number of special functions. Specifically, the Ceann Comhairle: The Ceann Comhairle is an ex officio member of the Presidential Commission ,

1380-639: The Treaty..., an office of a ‘Governor-General’ did not need to be created. Rather, another form of representative of the Crown could have been chosen by the State if it had so wanted. This was because Article 3 of the Treaty only provided that such a representative would be appointed like that of the Governor General in Canada, and not that there had to be a Governor-General of the State, or one titled as

1440-687: The X Committee". Lenin , for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president but as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars ". At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the Central Executive Committee " (until 1938) and then "Chairman of the Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ". In Communist China, Mao Zedong

1500-507: The absence of the Ceann Comhairle, the Leas-Cheann Comhairle deputises and performs the duties and exercises the authority of the Ceann Comhairle in Dáil proceedings. The Leas-Cheann Comhairle is also elected by secret ballot. The current Leas-Cheann Comhairle is independent TD Catherine Connolly . She is the first female TD to hold the position. Traditionally, the position was reserved for an Opposition TD. The role carries

1560-553: The agreed system of government was to be a "representative of the Crown ". The new office was not named in the treaty, but the committee charged with drawing up the Free State constitution , under General Michael Collins , decided, after considering a number of names, including "Commissioner of the British Commonwealth" and "President of Ireland", that the representative would bear the title of "Governor-General",

1620-508: The chair exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure , suspension, or removal from office . The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chair has the power to discipline them. There are three common types of chair in public corporations. The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold

1680-419: The chair vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors , or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If

1740-432: The chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach. In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced

1800-523: The chair. The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women. The Daily Telegraph 's style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson ;

1860-603: The changes agreed, the British government lost the right to advise the king in relation to the Irish Free State, it could no longer issue binding instructions to the Irish governor-general. The first two governors-general lived at the Viceregal Lodge (now known as Áras an Uachtaráin , the official residence of the president of Ireland ). The last governor-general resided in a specially leased private residence in Booterstown , County Dublin . The governor-general

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1920-504: The controversial Oath of Allegiance to the Crown, sworn by Irish parliamentarians. However, at the same imperial conference from which the change in the mode of the governor-general's appointment arose, it was agreed that thenceforth the governors-general of dominions such as the Free State would lose the second half of their dual role and no longer be representatives of the British government, with this role being carried out instead by high commissioners . Furthermore, because, under

1980-430: The day before the first day the Dáil meets after the general election in order to be valid, but may be withdrawn at any time up to the close of nominations. If more than one candidate is nominated, the Dáil will vote by secret ballot in order of preference after the candidates' speeches, which may not exceed five minutes, with an absolute majority required for victory. If no candidate wins a majority on first preferences,

2040-457: The deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chair oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business. Non-executive chair is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chair, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated

2100-545: The event. Terms for the office and its holder include chair , chairperson , chairman , chairwoman , convenor , facilitator , moderator , president , and presiding officer . The chair of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker . Chair has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after

2160-428: The first citation for chairman . Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as an example of sexist language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to the widespread use of the generic "Chairperson". In World Schools Style debating , as of 2009, chairperson or chair refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address

2220-449: The first president entered office on 25 June 1938. The new Constitution retained the position of Ceann Comhairle and the practice of automatic re-election. Patrick Hogan retired due to ill health in 1967, and died in 1969 before the following election. Joseph Brennan died in office in 1980. John O'Donoghue resigned the office in 2009 after an expenses scandal . As an ordinary TD he was no longer entitled to be returned automatically at

2280-477: The first session after each general election. The Ceann Comhairle since 10 March 2016 has been Seán Ó Fearghaíl , Fianna Fáil TD . The Leas-Cheann Comhairle since 23 July 2020 has been Catherine Connolly , Independent TD. The Ceann Comhairle is expected to observe strict impartiality. Despite this, a government usually tries to select a member of its own political party for the position, if it has enough deputies to allow that choice. In order to protect

2340-633: The government of the Irish Free State was formally involved. A further effect of the 1926 conference (in particular, of the Balfour Declaration ) was that the monarch also ceased to receive formal advice from the British government in relation to his role in the Irish Free State; such advice thenceforth came officially only from the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (the Cabinet). The Free State constitution did not limit

2400-418: The governor-general to a fixed term of office. But, in 1927, the Irish government decided that no governor-general would serve a term longer than five years. Under the constitution of the Irish Free State, the governor-general was bound to act in accordance with the "law, practice and constitutional usage". His formal duties included the following: Until 1928, the governor-general served an additional role as

2460-406: The group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as

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2520-550: The guest of the French government. In late 1932, de Valera and McNeill clashed when the Governor-General published his private correspondence with de Valera and de Valera sought McNeill's dismissal. King George V , however, acting as peacemaker, persuaded de Valera to withdraw the request on the basis that McNeill was due to finish his term of office within a few weeks. He then persuaded McNeill to bring forward his retirement to 1 November 1932. On McNeill's retirement, de Valera advised

2580-415: The individual with the fewest votes will be eliminated and their votes redistributed in accordance with their next highest preference, under the alternative vote voting system . Eliminations and redistributions will continue until one member receives the requisite absolute majority. Then, the House will vote on a formal motion to appoint the member in question to the position of Ceann Comhairle. The Clerk of

2640-409: The king to appoint the aged Domhnall Ua Buachalla , a former Fianna Fáil TD , to the post. The new governor-general (who almost always styled himself as Seanascal ) was formally advised by the cabinet to withdraw from public life and confine himself to formal functions such as giving royal assent , issuing proclamations, dissolving Dáil Éireann , and appointing, on de Valera's advice, ministers to

2700-456: The neutrality of the chair, the Constitution of Ireland provides that an incumbent Ceann Comhairle does not seek re-election as a Teachta Dála (Deputy to the Dáil), but rather is deemed automatically to have been re-elected by their constituency at that general election, unless they are retiring. As a consequence, the constituency that an incumbent Ceann Comhairle represents elects one fewer TD in

2760-412: The newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English". The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017. The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in

2820-485: The next general election in 2011 , in which he lost his seat. The Ceann Comhairle was first elected by secret ballot in 2016 . Under the rules for the election of the Ceann Comhairle, introduced during the 31st Dáil, candidates must be nominated by at least seven other members of Dáil Éireann . Each member may nominate only one candidate. Nominations must be submitted to the Clerk of the Dáil by not later than 6 p.m. on

2880-499: The office of Governor-General , the Ceann Comhairle was assigned some of the former office's ceremonial functions, including signing bills into law and convening and dissolving the Dáil. These powers were transferred to the new office of President of Ireland when a new Constitution came into force on 29 December 1937 , being carried out by the Presidential Commission, which included the Ceann Comhairle, until

2940-465: The official ceremonial uniform for someone of their rank. The Irish Free State was officially established on 6 December 1922, under the terms of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty . While Irish political leaders favoured the creation of a republic, 'the Treaty' required, instead, that the new state would be a Dominion within the British Empire under a form of constitutional monarchy . Central to

3000-440: The pay and status as a Minister of State . Chair (officer) In some organizations, the chair is also known as president (or other title). In others, where a board appoints a president (or other title), the two terms are used for distinct positions. The term chairman may be used in a neutral manner, not directly implying the gender of the holder. In meetings or conferences, to "chair" something (chairing) means to lead

3060-506: The performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs , the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days . "Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onward shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of

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3120-399: The pro-Treaty, Cumann na nGaedheal government of W. T. Cosgrave . When it came to choosing the first governor-general, there was speculation about a number of possible candidates, including the famed Irish painter Sir John Lavery and Edward, Prince of Wales . However, the Irish cabinet let it be known that it wished Tim Healy , a former Irish Parliamentary Party MP, to be appointed, and

3180-579: The roles of chair and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chair's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as: Many companies in the US have an executive chair; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion

3240-576: The same as that used by the Crown's representative in other Dominions, i.e. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa . However, the Irish language title was Seanascal , meaning "high steward", which was later used in English . As put regarding what the Anglo-Irish Treaty said first, and what the Constitution of the Irish Free State said thereafter, "On a textual reading of

3300-496: The title of chair, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France. Executive chair is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle , Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner . In particular,

3360-505: The very existence of the governorship-general. With this in mind, de Valera's cabinet decided to boycott and humiliate McNeill at every turn. This policy was followed, for example, during the 1932 Eucharistic Congress , when McNeill was sidelined and, on one occasion, the army's band was withdrawn from a function that he attended. On another occasion, two ministers publicly stormed out of a diplomatic function in Dublin when McNeill arrived as

3420-562: Was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission . In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chair presides over meetings. Such duties at meetings include: While presiding, the chair should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and

3480-416: Was continued under the 1922–1937 Irish Free State , the constitution of which referred to the office-holder as the "Chairman of Dáil Éireann ". The practice of automatically re-electing the Ceann Comhairle in a general election was introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1927. The outgoing Ceann Comhairle is returned at the election for their former party. Following the abolition on 11 December 1936 of

3540-552: Was officially referred to as His Excellency . However, unlike all the other governors-general within the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s, none of the governors-general of the Irish Free State were ever sworn in as members of the Imperial Privy Council . Uniquely among all the governors-general in the British Empire at that time, none of the governors-general of the Irish Free State ever publicly wore

3600-415: Was signed by the Governor-General on the 11th December, 1936. It may be of interest to recall that that was his death warrant: he ceased, the minute he signed that, to be Governor-General. Also it might be of interest—it is of no interest now, except to constitutional lawyers—to consider how it was that the representative of the King who had abdicated the previous day was able to give the assent of that King to

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