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116-409: The site where the convention centre now stands was originally intended for a sports complex to have been dubbed as the "Cebu Mega Dome". A contest was held for its design and the winning entry was the "spinning disc" by Architect Alexus Medalla. The project however was stalled after some members of the provincial board opposed it. In late 2005, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo decided that

232-752: A unicameral legislature . After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, 2008 during the Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on

348-599: A break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila. She then departed for Cebu City for her oath taking, the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon . Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May 2004 elections. In a press conference held on June 10, 2005, Samuel Ong , former deputy director of

464-452: A fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy. Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families. The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking

580-666: A former speaker of the House of Representatives . Macapagal's nomination was particularly boosted by Liberal Party president Eugenio Pérez , who insisted that the party's vice presidential nominee have a clean record of integrity and honesty. While Yulo was defeated by Carlos P. Garcia of the Nacionalista Party , Macapagal was elected vice president in an upset victory, defeating the Nacionalista candidate, José B. Laurel, Jr. , by over eight percentage points. A month after

696-401: A growing business process outsourcing industry. Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former US president Bill Clinton, who cited her "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape. Despite this growth, the poverty rate remained stagnant due to uneven distribution of income. A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of

812-404: A landslide victory. After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III , she headed straight to San Fernando, Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman. Despite being considered the strongest contender for speaker of the House , Arroyo declined to seek the position, hoping instead to take on a role similar to Sonia Gandhi , who

928-676: A law nationalizing the rice and corn industries. He was consistently selected by the Congressional Press Club as one of the Ten Outstanding Congressmen during his tenure. In his second term, he was named most outstanding lawmaker of the 3rd Congress. In the May 1957 general elections , the Liberal Party drafted Congressman Macapagal to run for vice president as the running-mate of José Y. Yulo ,

1044-427: A lawyer for the government. He first won the election in 1949 to the House of Representatives, representing the 1st district in his home province of Pampanga . In 1957, he became vice president under the rule of President Carlos P. Garcia , whom he later defeated in the 1961 election . As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the growth of the Philippine economy. He introduced

1160-871: A master's degree in economics at the Ateneo de Manila University (1978) and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman (1985). From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in several schools, including the University of the Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College. In 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join

1276-610: A member of the House of Representatives , and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970 . He was the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who followed his path as President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. Known as "the poor boy from Lubao," he was a native of Lubao, Pampanga . Macapagal graduated from the University of the Philippines and University of Santo Tomas , both in Manila , after which he worked as

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1392-521: A non-issue and thus dismissed the claim. In July 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal convened a summit meeting in Manila in which a nonpolitical confederation for Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, Maphilindo , was proposed as a realization of José Rizal 's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples, seen as artificially divided by colonial frontiers. Maphilindo was described as a regional association that would approach issues of common concern in

1508-516: A proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898. The change became permanent in 1964 with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166. For having issued his 1962 proclamation, Macapagal is generally credited with having moved the celebration date of the Independence Day holiday. Years later, Macapagal told journalist Stanley Karnow

1624-415: A run for the presidency in the 1998 election , but was persuaded by President Fidel V. Ramos and leaders of the administration party Lakas-NUCD to instead seek the vice-presidency as the running mate of its presidential candidate, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr. Though the latter lost to popular former actor Joseph Estrada , Arroyo won the vice presidency by a large margin, garnering more than twice

1740-476: A socio-economic program anchored on "a return to free and private enterprise", placing economic development in the hands of private entrepreneurs with minimal interference. Twenty days after the inauguration, exchange controls were lifted and the Philippine peso was allowed to float on the free currency exchange market. The currency controls were initially adopted by the administration of Elpidio Quirino as

1856-508: A temporary measure, but continued to be adopted by succeeding administrations. The peso devalued from ₱ 2.64 to the U.S. dollar, and stabilized at ₱3.80 to the dollar, supported by a US$ 300 million stabilization fund from the International Monetary Fund . To achieve the national goal of economic and social progress with prosperity reaching down to the masses, there existed a choice of methods. First, there

1972-415: Is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010 . She is the longest-serving president since Ferdinand Marcos . Before her presidency, she was the 10th vice president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 under President Joseph Estrada , becoming the first female vice president. She was also a senator from 1992 to 1998. After her presidency, she

2088-599: Is higher than in the administrations of her three immediate predecessors, Corazon Aquino (3.8%), Fidel Ramos (3.7%), and Joseph Estrada (3.7%). The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%. The economy was one of the few to avoid contraction during the 2008 global financial crisis , faring better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and

2204-537: Is the first president to succeed the presidency as the child of a previous president; her father was Diosdado Macapagal , the country's ninth president from 1961 to 1965. She studied economics at Georgetown University in the United States, where she became friends with her classmate and future U.S. president Bill Clinton . She then became a professor of economics at the Ateneo de Manila University , where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III ,

2320-613: The 1965 election , the Lopezes threw their support behind Macapagal's rival, Ferdinand Marcos , with Fernando Lopez serving Marcos' running mate. The Administration's campaign against corruption was tested by Harry Stonehill , an American expatriate with a $ 50-million business empire in the Philippines. Macapagal's secretary of justice, Jose W. Diokno investigated Stonehill on charges of tax evasion, smuggling, misdeclaration of imports, and corruption of public officials. Diokno's investigation revealed Stonehill's ties to corruption within

2436-610: The 1973 Constitution . The manner in which the charter was ratified and later modified led him to later question its legitimacy. In 1979, he formed the National Union for Liberation as a political party to oppose the Marcos regime. Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, Macapagal took on the role of elder statesman, and was a member of the Philippine Council of State . He also served as honorary chairman of

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2552-528: The 2nd district of Pampanga , making her the second Philippine president – after Jose P. Laurel – to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency. A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the COMELEC for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court. With little serious competition, she was elected to Congress in May 2010 with

2668-818: The Department of Foreign Affairs as the head of its legal division. In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino appointed Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful transfer of the Turtle Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 1949, he was elevated to the position of counselor on legal affairs and treaties, at

2784-498: The Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo. Key members of her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, 2005, Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly. Arroyo did not resign despite

2900-624: The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) claimed to have audio recordings of wiretapped conversations between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). Virgilio Garcillano , a former COMELEC commissioner, would later be identified as the official talking to Arroyo. According to Ong, the recordings allegedly proved that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against Poe. The recordings of Ong became known as

3016-484: The Spanish and American periods); fishponds, saltbeds, and lands primarily planted to citrus , coconuts , cacao , coffee , durian , and other similar permanent trees; landholdings converted to residential , commercial , industrial , or other similar non-agricultural purposes. It was viewed that the 75-hectare retention limit was just too high for the growing population density. Moreover, this law merely allowed

3132-644: The University of the Philippines Manila , then enrolled at Philippine Law School in 1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting himself with a part-time job as an accountant. While in law school, he gained prominence as an orator and debater. However, he was forced to quit schooling after two years due to poor health and a lack of money. Returning to Pampanga, he joined boyhood friend Rogelio de la Rosa in producing and starring in Tagalog operettas patterned after classic Spanish zarzuelas . It

3248-403: The kasama system was prohibited. It formulated a bill of rights that assured agricultural workers the right to self-organization and to a minimum wage . It also created an office that acquired and distributed farmlands and a financing institution for this purpose. The major flaw of this law was, however, that it had several exemptions, such as ort (big capital plantations established during

3364-488: The peasants ' inability to purchase the land. Besides, the government seemed lacking of strong political will, as shown by the Congress' allotment of only one million Philippine pesos for the implementation of this code. At least ₱ 200 million was needed within a year from the enactment and implementation of the code, and ₱300 million in the next three years for the program to be successful. However, by 1972,

3480-597: The presidency of Rodrigo Duterte , the Supreme Court acquitted her by a vote of 11–4. Also, the Supreme Court declared the Department of Justice 's 'hold departure orders' unconstitutional. Arroyo's lawyers stated afterward that she no longer needed her medical paraphernalia. Arroyo is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language and supported the teaching of Spanish in

3596-437: The 1987 Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term. Arroyo ranked 13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in 1995 , topping the senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes. As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including

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3712-460: The ASEAN Summit, Cebu Governor Gwendolyn Garcia revived the "mega dome" project but with the design revised as a convention centre instead of a sports arena. The external structure would still be that of a "spinning disc". A few weeks afterwards a new design was put forwards and was considered, since it was cheaper and easier to build (granting that it was smaller in size too) and that there

3828-648: The Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act. The 1995 Mining Act, which allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come under fire from left-wing political groups. Arroyo was also openly against the implementation of capital punishment in the country, advocating instead for better criminal rehabilitation during her time as Senator. Arroyo considered

3944-614: The Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda, was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit. Her administration originally set a target to balance the national budget by 2010. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso , making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005–06. The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it one of Asia's better performing currencies for that year,

4060-516: The Cabinet only on the condition that he switch allegiance to the ruling Nationalista Party, but he declined the offer and instead played the role of critic to the administration's policies and performance. This allowed him to capitalize on the increasing unpopularity of the Garcia administration. Assigned to performing only ceremonial duties as vice president, he spent his time making frequent trips to

4176-773: The Committee on Foreign Affairs, and was given several foreign assignments. He was a Philippine delegate to the United Nations General Assembly multiple times, taking part in debates over communist aggression with Andrei Vishinsky and Jacob Malik of the Soviet Union. He also took part in negotiations for the U.S.-R.P. Mutual Defense Treaty , the Laurel–Langley Agreement , and the Japanese Peace Treaty . He authored

4292-526: The EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of 1986 and January 2001. Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada. Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement of the former. On May 1, 2001, they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted when

4408-660: The Five-Year program – formally known as the Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could be seen that it aimed at the following objectives. Free enterprise was restored with decontrol. The Five-Year Economic Program had been prescribed. Land reform abolishing tenancy had been launched. These were essential foundations for economic and social progress for the greatest number. The essential foundations having been laid, attention must then be turned to

4524-697: The Foreign Service Act, which reorganized and strengthened the Philippine foreign service . As a representative, Macapagal authored and sponsored several laws of socio-economic importance, particularly aimed at benefiting rural areas and the poor. Amongst the legislation that Macapagal promoted, was the Minimum Wage Law, Rural Health Law, Rural Bank Law, the Law on Barrio Councils, the Barrio Industrialization Law, and

4640-525: The Macaspacs, who owned large tracts of land in barrio Sta. Maria, Lubao, Pampanga. After receiving his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1936, he was admitted to the bar , topping the 1936 bar examination with a score of 89.95%. He later returned to his alma mater to take up graduate studies and earn a Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1947, and a PhD in economics in 1957. His dissertation had "Imperatives of Economic Development in

4756-556: The October 2013 Bohol earthquake , having suffered major damage, it was further damaged by neglect and the wrath of both Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013, a month after the Bohol earthquake as well as Typhoon Odette (Rai) in 2021. Since then, the ramshackle building has fallen into a state of severe disrepair and has been overtaken by people within who were victims of a fire in nearby barangays Guizo and Mantuyong. Shacks were built within

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4872-673: The Philippines on July 27, 2003. A group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves " Bagong Katipuneros " led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration, believing that the president

4988-424: The Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas. Diosdado Macapagal Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. GCrM , KGCR ( Tagalog: [djosˈdado makapaˈɡal] ; September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was a Filipino lawyer, poet and politician who served as the ninth President of the Philippines , serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth Vice President , serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as

5104-725: The Philippines" as its title. After passing the bar examination, Macapagal was invited to join an American law firm as a practicing attorney, a particular honor for a Filipino at the time. He was assigned as a legal assistant to President Manuel L. Quezon in Malacañang Palace . During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Macapagal continued working in Malacañang Palace as an assistant to President José P. Laurel , while secretly aiding

5220-463: The Senate at that time. Nonetheless, Macapagal was able to achieve steady economic progress, and annual GDP growth averaged at 5.53% for 1962–65. The removal of controls and the restoration of free enterprise was intended to provide only the fundamental setting in which Macapagal could work out economic and social progress. A specific and periodic program for the guidance of both the private sector and

5336-531: The Senate, including Franklin Drilon , Francis Pangilinan , and Pia Cayetano , condemned the proclamation as it contravenes "the fundamental guarantees of the Constitution, particularly the basic civil liberties enshrined therein." The state of emergency existed for about one week with the purpose of curbing further violence, illegal rallies, and public disturbance throughout the Philippines. The police and

5452-651: The State of the Nation Address by Benigno Aquino III. Doctors performed a five-hour spine surgery on July 29, 2011. Two more surgeries occurred in August 2011, which aggravated her hypoparathyroidism . The House of Representatives, under the leadership of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. , issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order. Arroyo

5568-436: The Supreme Court. On May 4, the high court declared the proclamation constitutional; however, it also ruled it was illegal for the government to implement warrantless arrests and seize private institutions and companies. Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal parliamentary government with

5684-422: The administration due to his support by communist groups. After a campaign that Macapagal described as cordial and free of personal attacks, he won a landslide victory in the 1949 election . He was re-elected in the 1953 election , and served as a representative in the 2nd and 3rd Congress . At the start of the 1950 legislative session, the members of the House of Representatives elected Macapagal as chair of

5800-703: The administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), the latter led by Panfilo Lacson , also withdrew their support for President Estrada. Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers and allies questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court, with Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago among the more outspoken politicians to call for his reinstatement as president. Estrada reiterated that he had not officially resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo

5916-713: The age of 86. Macapagal was also a poet in the Spanish language, though his poetic oeuvre was eclipsed by his political biography. Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 28, 1910, at Barrio San Nicolas 1st in Lubao , Pampanga . He was the third of five children in a poor family. His father was Urbano Romero Macapagal, a poet who wrote in the local Pampangan language , and his mother was Romana Pangan Macapagal, daughter of Atanacio Miguel Pangan (a former cabeza de barangay of Gutad, Floridablanca, Pampanga ) and Lorenza Suing Antiveros. Urbano's mother, Escolástica Romero Macapagal,

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6032-509: The anti-Japanese resistance during the Allied liberation country from the Japanese. After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with one of the largest law firms in the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso . With the establishment of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines in 1946, he rejoined government service when President Manuel Roxas appointed him to

6148-594: The area of the building that was once the parking lot. The facility is owned by the Provincial Government of Cebu. In October 2016, it was announced that the City Government of Mandaue will be acquiring the CICC. The city government will pay the provincial government every year from 2016 until 2019. The four payments will amount to about ₱350 million . Upon the first payment by the city government,

6264-472: The claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur . To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabah's jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice . Sabah sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice (ICJ) as

6380-484: The code had benefited only 4,500 peasants covering 68 estates, at the cost of ₱57 million to the government. Consequently, by the 1970s, the farmers ended up tilling less land, with their share in the farm also being less. They incurred more debts, depending on the landlord, creditors , and palay buyers. Indeed, during the administration of Macapagal, the productivity of the farmers further declined. One of Macapagal's major campaign pledges had been to clean out

6496-469: The conclusion of the 2013 Philippine mid-term elections on May 13, 2013, defeating the ruling Liberal Party 's Vivian Dabu, who was the provincial administrator under former Governor Ed Panlilio . She was re-elected in 2016 for her third consecutive term, running unopposed. In early 2011, Arroyo was diagnosed with cervical spondylosis or cervical radiculopathy . She was rushed to the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig on July 25, 2011, minutes after

6612-563: The convention center will be transferred to the city government. The convention centre features an International Media Center, a large Plenary Hall, an Exhibition Hall and several Meeting Rooms. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 14th President of the Philippines Policies First term Second term Senator of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines Post-Presidency Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo ( Tagalog: [ˈɡloɾja makapaˈɡal ʔaˈɾojo] ; born April 5, 1947 ), often referred to as PGMA or GMA ,

6728-404: The country to free enterprise. During the 20 days available to make a decision on choice between controls and free enterprise, between his inauguration as president and before the opening of Congress , Macapagal's main adviser was Andres Castillo, governor of the Central Bank . Further reform efforts by Macapagal were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and

6844-471: The country's education system during her presidency. Arroyo was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5, 1947, in San Juan , Rizal , Philippines, to lawyer Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina Guico Macaraeg Macapagal . She is the sister of Diosdado "Boboy" Macapagal Jr. She has two older siblings from her father's first marriage with Purita de la Rosa, the sister of Rogelio de la Rosa , Arturo Macapagal and Cielo Macapagal Salgado. She

6960-421: The country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party . He is also known for shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day President Emilio Aguinaldo unilaterally declared

7076-415: The countryside to acquaint himself with voters and to promote the image of the Liberal Party. As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. In the 1961 presidential election , Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings. He defeated

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7192-463: The death sentences of over 1,200 prisoners. On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was arrested and held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on charges of electoral sabotage but released on bail in July 2012. These charges were later dropped for lack of evidence. She was rearrested in October 2012 on charges of misuse of $ 8.8 million in state lottery funds. She was given hospital arrest due to life-threatening health conditions. During

7308-441: The election – thereby increasing the LP's Senate seats from eight to ten. Towards the end of his term, Macapagal decided to seek re-election to continue seeking reforms which he claimed were stifled by a "dominant and uncooperative opposition" in Congress. With Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a fellow member of the Liberal Party, unable to win his party's nomination due to Macapagal's re-election bid, Marcos switched allegiance to

7424-407: The election, he was chosen as the president of the Liberal Party. As the first ever Philippine vice president to be elected from a rival party of the president, Macapagal served out his four-year vice presidential term as a leader of the opposition . The ruling party refused to give him a Cabinet position in the Garcia administration, which was a break from tradition. He was offered a position in

7540-442: The equally difficult task of building the main edifice by implementing the economic program. Although the success of Macapagal's Socio-Economic Program in free enterprise inherently depended on the private sector, it would be helpful and necessary for the government to render active assistance in its implementation by the citizens. Such role of the government in free enterprise , in the view of Macapagal, required it (1) to provide

7656-408: The government as assistant secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry . She was promoted to undersecretary two years later. In her concurrent position as executive director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s. Arroyo entered politics in the 1992 election , running for senator . At the first general election under

7772-448: The government corruption that had proliferated under former President Garcia. The administration also openly feuded with Filipino businessmen Fernando Lopez and Eugenio Lopez , brothers who had controlling interests in several large businesses. The administration alluded to the brothers as "Filipino Stonehills who build and maintain business empires through political power, including the corruption of politicians and other officials". In

7888-405: The government was an essential instrument to attain the economic and social development that constituted the goal of his labors. Such a program for his administration was formulated under his authority and direction by a group of able and reputable economic and business leaders the most active and effective of which was Sixto Roxas III. From an examination of the planned targets and requirements of

8004-410: The government. Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October 2000, distancing herself from Estrada, who was accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson , Governor of Ilocos Sur . She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada, but eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation. The last quarter of 2000 up to the first week of January 2001

8120-431: The government. Before independence there was free enterprise in the Philippines under Presidents Manuel Quezon , Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas . In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino deviated from free enterprise launching as a temporary emergency measure the system of exchange and import controls. The controls system was carried on by President Magsaysay and Garcia. The first fundamental decision Macapagal had to make

8236-467: The government. Macapagal, however, prevented Diokno from prosecuting Stonehill by deporting the American instead, then dismissing Diokno from the cabinet. Diokno questioned Macapagal's actions, saying, "How can the government now prosecute the corrupted when it has allowed the corrupter to go?" Diokno later served as a senator. Macapagal appealed to nationalist sentiments by shifting the commemoration of Philippine independence day. On May 12, 1962, he signed

8352-405: The incumbent president with a 55% to 45% margin. His inauguration as the president of the Philippines took place on December 30, 1961. The chief justice of the Supreme Court administered the oath of office. The Bible that Macapagal used was later used by his daughter Gloria when she took her oath as Vice President in 1998 and as President in 2004. In his inaugural address, Macapagal promised

8468-633: The independence of the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965 and was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos . Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the 1970 constitutional convention that would later draft what became the 1973 Constitution , though the manner in which the charter was ratified and modified led him to later question its legitimacy. He died of heart failure, pneumonia , and renal complications, in 1997, at

8584-626: The initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor. As predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised. On June 23, 2004, Congress proclaimed Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively. On June 30, 2004, in

8700-423: The intention of distributing them in small lots to the landless tenants on easy term of payment. It is a major development in history of land reform in the Philippines , In comparison with the previous agrarian legislation, the law lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares, whether owned by individuals or corporations. It removed the term "contiguous" and established the leasehold system. The share- tenancy or

8816-534: The issue of bribery. Paguia's complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from Malacañang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice. On February 24, 2006, a plot to take over the government was uncovered by authorities, allegedly headed by Gen. Danilo Lim and other rightist military adventurists. General Lim and some of his men were arrested. To face

8932-526: The lassitude …... of the Saigon government. In part ... the South Vietnam leaders were preoccupied with political jockeying. ... In addition, Saigon appeared to believe that the program was a public relations campaign directed at the American people." The senatorial election was held on November 12, 1963. Macapagal's Liberal Party (LP) won four out of the eight seats up for grabs during

9048-502: The masses. He savored calling himself the "Poor boy from Lubao". Ironically, he had little popularity among the masses. This could be attributed to an absence any charismatic appeal owing to his stiff personality. But despite this, Macapagal had certain achievements. Foremost of these was the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (Republic Act No. 3844) which provided for the purchase of private farmlands with

9164-414: The military dispersed demonstrators and protesters, especially those along EDSA. Aside from General Lim, prominent personalities were also arrested in connection with their alleged participation in the attempt to overthrow the government. Presidential Proclamation 1017 was lifted on March 3, 2006, but members of the opposition, private lawyers, and concerned citizens challenged its constitutionality before

9280-480: The net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo. She began her presidency in the first quarter of 2001 with a net satisfaction rating of +24. Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of 2003, making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in 2004, in time for

9396-402: The position of SB 2294; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs." Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the Philippine economy the focus of her presidency. Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the Arroyo administration, expanding every quarter of her presidency. This

9512-437: The presidency in 2004. She emphasized that she would devote her remaining months in office to serving the people and improving the economy of the Philippines. In October 2003, Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she will run in the May 2004 presidential elections and seek a direct mandate from the people. She explained, "There is a higher cause — to change society...in a way that flourishes our future". With her decision,

9628-440: The presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term. However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of 2004, and has remained negative since, dipping as low as −38 in the second quarter of 2008. Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of 2009 was −32. In November 2009, Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing

9744-427: The pressures coming from various sectors of society. The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in 2005; attempts to impeach Arroyo failed later that year. Another impeachment case was filed against Arroyo in 2006 but was also defeated at the House of Representatives . In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with

9860-411: The protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested. The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency. The Oakwood mutiny occurred in

9976-481: The province would host the 12th ASEAN Summit and 2nd East Asia Summit in December 2006, which was later moved to January 12–15, 2007, due to Typhoon Utor . The Philippines was supposed to host the twin summits in December 2007 but Myanmar, the original host for 2006, backed out. Since the province lacked a stand-alone convention centre with complete facilities for a large and prestigious international gathering like

10092-466: The quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects. It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in the number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards. On January 7, 2010, senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted

10208-544: The real reason for the change: "When I was in the diplomatic corps, I noticed that nobody came to our receptions on the Fourth of July , but went to the American Embassy instead. So, to compete, I decided we needed a different holiday." On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, the territory of eastern North Borneo (now Sabah ), and the full sovereignty, title and dominion over

10324-502: The rival Nacionalista Party to oppose Macapagal. Among the issues raised against the incumbent administration were graft and corruption, rise in consumer goods, and persisting peace and order issues. Macapagal was defeated by Marcos in the November 1965 polls . Macapagal announced his retirement from politics following his 1965 loss to Marcos. In 1971, he was elected president of the constitutional convention that drafted what became

10440-571: The social overhead like roads, airfields and ports that directly or proximately promote economic growth, (2) to adopt fiscal and monetary policies salutary to investments, and most importantly (3) to serve as an entrepreneur or promote of basic and key private industries, particularly those that require capital too large for businessmen to put up by themselves. Among the enterprises he selected for active government promotion were integrated steel , fertilizer , pulp , meat canning and tourism. Like Ramon Magsaysay , President Diosdado Macapagal came from

10556-584: The spirit of consensus. However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the Federation of Malaysia . Manila had its own claim to Sabah (formerly British North Borneo ), and Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist plot. The plan failed when Sukarno adopted his plan of " konfrontasi " with Malaysia. The Konfrontasi, or Confrontation basically aimed at preventing Malaysia from attaining independence. The idea

10672-479: The streets in masses to continue the clamor for President Estrada's resignation. From January 17 to 20, 2001, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution . The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known as EDSA II . Officials of

10788-555: The territory were ceded by heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu , Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the Philippines. The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to pursue their claim in international courts. The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah in 1963. It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have placed

10904-472: The threat posed by enemies of the state, Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017 and used it as basis in declaring a state of emergency throughout the Philippines. According to Arroyo, this declaration was done to quell the military rebellion, stop lawless violence, and promote peace and stability. Presidential Proclamation 1017 also empowered the government to enforce warrantless arrests and take over strategic private utilities companies. Several members of

11020-480: The time the fourth-highest post in the Philippine Foreign Office. On the urging of local political leaders of Pampanga province, President Quirino recalled Macapagal from his position in Washington to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 1st district of Pampanga . The district's incumbent, Representative Amado Yuzon , was a friend of Macapagal, but was opposed by

11136-429: The transfer of the landlordism from one area to another. This was because landlords were paid in bonds, which he could use to purchase agricultural lands. Likewise, the farmer was free to choose to be excluded from the leasehold arrangements if he volunteered to give up the landholdings to the landlord. Within two years after the law was implemented, no land was being purchased under its term and conditions caused by

11252-419: The votes of her closest opponent, Estrada's running mate Senator Edgardo Angara . Arroyo began her term as vice president on June 30, 1998, becoming the first female to hold the post. She was appointed by Estrada to a concurrent position in the cabinet as secretary of social welfare and development . As vice president, she was noted by political observers to continuously take a neutral stance on issues facing

11368-488: Was a classmate of future United States president Bill Clinton . She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College San Lorenzo graduating magna cum laude in 1968. In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental . They have three children: including Juan Miguel (born 1969), and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria (born 1974). She received

11484-548: Was a midwife and schoolteacher who taught catechism . Diosdado is a distant descendant of Don Juan Macapagal , a prince of Tondo , who was a great-grandson of the last reigning lakan of Tondo, Lakan Dula . He is also related to well-to-do Licad family through his mother Romana, who was a second cousin of María Vitug Licad, grandmother of renowned pianist, Cecile Licad . Romana's own grandmother, Genoveva Miguel Pangan, and María's grandmother, Celestina Miguel Macaspac, were sisters. Their mother, María Concepción Lingad Miguel,

11600-429: Was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Joseph Estrada . With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to

11716-543: Was a time constraint that the Cebu Provincial Government had to stick to. Construction for the substructure began in April 2006 and work on the superstructure itself, which was largely made up of structural steel, glass and aluminum cladding, began three months after. The centre was finished four months later in late November and was officially inaugurated on January 6, 2007. The building was closed since

11832-573: Was arrested on November 18, 2011, after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the COMELEC. The arrest warrant was served at the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig where Arroyo had been confined. Days earlier, the Supreme Court had issued a resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from

11948-429: Was blocked by the opposition led by Senate President Ferdinand Marcos who deserted Macapagal's Liberal Party and defected to the Nacionalista Party . The U.S. government 's active interest in bringing other nations into the war had been part of U.S. policy discussions as early as 1961. President Lyndon Johnson first publicly appealed for other countries to come to the aid of South Vietnam on April 23, 1964–in what

12064-462: Was called the "More Flags" program. Chester Cooper, former director of Asian affairs for the White House, explained why the impetus came from the United States instead of from the Republic of South Vietnam: "The 'More Flags' campaign ... required the application of considerable pressure for Washington to elicit any meaningful commitments. One of the more exasperating aspects of the search…was

12180-455: Was during this period that he married his friend's sister, Purita de la Rosa, in 1938. He had two children with de la Rosa, Cielo and Arturo. Macapagal raised enough money to continue his studies at the University of Santo Tomas . He also gained the assistance of philanthropist Don Honorio Ventura, the secretary of the interior at the time, who financed his education. He also received financial support from his mother's relatives, notably from

12296-419: Was elected as the representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in 2010 and continues to serve in this role. She also served as the speaker of the House from 2018 to 2019, and as deputy speaker from 2016 to 2017 and 2022 to 2023. Alongside former president Sergio Osmeña , she is one of only two Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices: vice president, president, and house speaker. Arroyo

12412-454: Was going to declare martial law . Article VII Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution explicitly states that the president of the Philippines can only serve for one term. However, the same provision also implicitly states that a president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency. Although Arroyo fell under this category, she initially announced on December 29, 2002, that she would not seek

12528-515: Was influential as merely the head of her party. On her first day as a lawmaker, Arroyo and her son Dato filed a resolution calling for Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose amendments to the existing constitution. While still confined in the Veterans Memorial Medical Center for hospital arrest, Arroyo successfully earned a second term as congresswoman for Pampanga's second congressional district at

12644-737: Was inspired onto President Sukarno by the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), or literally the Indonesian Communist Party . The party convinced President Sukarno that the formation of Malaysia is a form of neo-colonization and would affect tranquility in Indonesia. The subsequent development of ASEAN almost certainly excludes any possibility of the project ever being revived. Before the end of his term in 1965, President Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to South Vietnam . However this proposal

12760-501: Was just serving in an acting capacity. The high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him. In the last week of April 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada , for plunder charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at

12876-402: Was one of her students. She entered government in 1987 as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry under President Corazon Aquino , Benigno's mother. After Estrada was accused of corruption, Arroyo resigned from her cabinet position as secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and joined the opposition against the president. Estrada

12992-512: Was ousted by the Second EDSA Revolution in 2001, and Arroyo was sworn in as president by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. on January 20. The Oakwood mutiny occurred in 2003 during her administration. She was elected to a full six-year term in the controversial 2004 presidential election and was sworn in on June 30, 2004. A long-time opponent of the death penalty, she abolished capital punishment in 2006 after commuting

13108-597: Was raised mostly in Lubao , Pampanga and during summer vacations, she lived with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City . She moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila when her father became president. A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro . She attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University 's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. where she

13224-539: Was the choice between the democratic and dictatorial systems, the latter prevailing in communist countries. On this, the choice was easy as Filipinos had long been committed to the democratic method. With the democratic mechanism, however, the next choice was between free enterprise and the continuing of the controls system. Macapagal stated the essence of free enterprise in layman parlance in declaring before Congress on January 22, 1962, that "the task of economic development belongs principally to private enterprise and not to

13340-595: Was the daughter of José Pingul Lingad and Gregoria Malit Bartolo. Diosdado's family earned extra income by raising pigs and accommodating boarders in their home. Due to his roots in poverty, Macapagal would later become affectionately known as the "Poor Boy from Lubao". Diosdado was also a reputed poet in the Spanish language although his poetic work was eclipsed by his political career. Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools, graduating valedictorian from Lubao Elementary School, and salutatorian at Pampanga High School . He finished his pre-law course at

13456-422: Was whether to continue the system of exchange controls of Quirino, Magsaysay and Garcia or to return to the free enterprise of Quezon, Osmena and Roxas. It had been his view since he was a congressman for eight years that the suitable economic system for Filipinos was free enterprise. So on January 21, 1962, after working for 20 straight hours he signed a Central Bank decree abolishing exchange controls and returning

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