Misplaced Pages

#199800

60-1049: The earliest European record of Cebuanos was by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition . He provided some descriptions of their customs as well as samples of the Cebuano language . Ferdinand Magellan was killed in Cebu during the Battle of Mactan against the forces of Lapulapu . Later early Spanish colonists referred to the Cebuanos (and other Visayans ) as the pintados ("the painted ones"), due to their widespread practice of tattooing to record battle exploits. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic , with many in rural areas synchronizing Catholicism with indigenous Bisayan folk religion. A minority of Cebuanos (specifically those in Mindanao ) are Muslim (due to their contact with

120-496: A fauna that is rather more Australasian than Asian. Malukan biodiversity and its distribution are affected by various tectonic activities; most of the islands are geologically young, being from 1 million to 15 million years old, and have never been attached to the larger landmasses. The Maluku islands differ from other areas in Indonesia; they contain some of the country's smallest islands, coral island reefs scattered through some of

180-612: A matter of debate for many experts. The first recorded word that can be identified with Maluku comes from Nagarakertagama , an Old Javanese eulogy of 1365. Canto 14 stanza 5 mentioned Maloko , which Pigeaud identified with Ternate or Moluccas. A theory holds that Maluku comes from the phrase Moloko Kie Raha or Moloku Kie Raha . In the Ternate language , raha means "four", while kie here means "mountain". Kie raha or "four mountains" refers to Ternate , Tidore , Bacan , and Jailolo (the name Jailolo has been used in

240-681: A sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. The Dutch arrived in 1599 and competed with the Portuguese in the area for trade. The Dutch East India Company in the course of Dutch–Portuguese War allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore in 1605, expelling the Portuguese. A Spanish counterattack from the Philippines restored Iberian rule in parts of North Maluku up to 1663. However,

300-940: A short version or a draft. It was in response to a request, in January 1523, of the Marquis of Mantua that Pigafetta wrote his detailed account of the voyage. An exhibition on Pigafetta opened in 2019 in Madrid at the library of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID). The Italian destroyer Antonio Pigafetta , of the Navigatori class , was named after him in 1931. Antonio Pigafetta wrote at least two books, both of which have survived: Spice Islands The Maluku Islands ( / m ə ˈ l uː k uː , m æ ˈ l uː k uː / mə- LOO -koo, mal- OO - ; Indonesian : Kepulauan Maluku ) or

360-405: A small island to the west of the large island of Halmahera , but has been moved to Sofifi on Halmahera itself. The capital of the remaining part of Maluku province remains at Ambon . Religious and ethnic conflict erupted across the islands in January 1999. The subsequent 18 months were characterized by fighting between local groups of Muslims and Christians against jihadist groups from Java and

420-488: Is 30 °C (86 °F) while the wet's average maximum is 23 °C (73 °F). Northern Maluku has its wet monsoon from December to March in line with the rest of Indonesia. Each island group has its climatic variations, and the larger islands tend to have drier coastal lowlands and their mountainous hinterlands are wetter. Religion in Maluku Islands (December 2023) The population of Maluku Province in 2020

480-555: Is a tradition that as a youth Pigafetta sailed the Mediterranean with the Knights of Rhodes but there is no record of such activity, only the observation that he later became a member of the order. At some point he entered into the service of papal ambassador Francesco Chiericati , an apostolic protonotary and a close associate of Pope Leo X . Like Pigafetta, Chiericati was also from Vicenza. In 1518, Leo X sent Chiericati to

540-581: Is also spoken in Soccsksargen and various parts of Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental , Caraga, Zamboanga Sibugay and Davao Region . Cebuanos in Masbate and Eastern Visayas can also speak Masbateño , one of the Bicol languages and Waray in Masbate, Samar and eastern parts of Leyte. Antonio Pigafetta Antonio Pigafetta ( Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo piɡaˈfetta] ; c.  1491 – c. 1531)

600-557: Is the source for much of what is known about Magellan and Elcano's voyage. Pigafetta was born to a prominent noble family in the city of Vicenza in northeast Italy. Recent archival research indicates that his father was Giovanni Pigafetta and his mother was a noblewoman named Lucia, daughter of Marco Muzan. The couple was married in March 1492, implying that Antonio was born sometime after that date. Details of his education are unknown but he later boasted of having "read many books". There

660-602: Is the subject of two major historical works of natural history by Georg Eberhard Rumphius : the Herbarium Amboinense and the Amboinsche Rariteitkamer . Rainforest covered most of northern and central Maluku, which, on the smaller islands has been replaced by plantations, including the region's endemic cloves and nutmeg . The Tanimbar Islands and other southeastern islands are arid and sparsely vegetated, much like nearby Timor . In 1997

SECTION 10

#1732772377200

720-498: The 1975 Dutch train hostage crisis , the 1977 Dutch train hijacking , and the 1977 Dutch school hostage crisis to bring attention to their plight for an independent Republic of South Maluku. Maluku is one of the first provinces of Indonesia, proclaimed in 1945 and lasting until 1999 when the Maluku Utara and Halmahera Tengah Regencies were split off as a separate province of North Maluku . Its capital used to be Ternate , on

780-432: The Cebuano language . It is the first recorded document concerning the language . Pigafetta was one of the 18 men who made the complete trip, returning to Spain in 1522, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano , out of the approximately 240 who set out three years earlier. These men completed the first circumnavigation of the world while others mutinied and returned in the first year. Pigafetta's surviving journal

840-667: The Manusela National Park , and in 2004, the Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park , were established, for the protection of endangered species. Nocturnal marsupials , such as cuscus and bandicoots , make up the majority of the mammal species and introduced mammals include Malayan civets and feral pigs. Bird species include approximately 100 endemics with the greatest variety on the large islands of Halmahera and Seram. North Maluku has two species of endemic birds of paradise. Uniquely among

900-657: The Moluccas ( / m ə ˈ l ʌ k ə z / mə- LUK -əz ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia . Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone . Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi , west of New Guinea , and north and east of Timor . Lying within Wallacea (mostly east of the biogeographical Weber Line ),

960-692: The "Report on the First Voyage Around the World" ( Italian : Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo ), which was composed in Italian and was distributed to European monarchs in handwritten form before it was eventually published by Italian historian Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1550–59. The account centers on the events in the Mariana Islands and the Philippines , although it included several maps of other areas as well, including

1020-764: The 17th century during the Dutch–Portuguese War , also known as the Spice War. A second influx of immigrants primarily from Java began in the early 20th century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era, which has also caused a lot of controversy as the Transmigrant programs are thought to be a contributing factor to the Maluku Riots . The etymology of the word Maluku is unclear and has been

1080-712: The British. During the French Revolutionary Wars and again in the Napoleonic Wars , British forces captured the islands in 1796–1801 and 1810, respectively, and held them until 1817. In that time they uprooted many of the spice trees for transplantation throughout the British Empire . With the declaration of a single republic of Indonesia in 1950 to replace the federal state, a Republic of South Maluku (Republik Maluku Selatan, RMS)

1140-651: The Dutch monopolized the production and trade of spices through a ruthless policy. This included the genocidal conquest of the nutmeg-producing Banda Islands in 1621, the elimination of the English in Ambon in 1623, and the subordination of Ternate and Tidore in the 1650s. An anticolonial resistance movement led by a Tidore prince, the Nuku Rebellion , engulfed large parts of Maluku and Papua in 1780-1810 and co-opted

1200-498: The French versions of Pigafetta's book, J. Dénucé extensively studied them and published a critical edition. At the end of his book, Pigafetta stated that he had given a copy to Charles V . Pigafetta's close friend, Francesco Chiericati, also stated that he had received a copy and it is thought that the regent of France may have received a copy of the latter. It has been argued that the copy Pigafetta had provided may have been merely

1260-443: The Indonesian military backing them leading to the destruction of thousands of houses, the displacement of approximately 500,000 people, the loss of thousands of lives, and the segregation of Muslims and Christians. The Maluku Islands have a total area of 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi), 90% of which is sea. There are an estimated 1027 islands. The largest two islands, Halmahera and Seram , are sparsely populated, while

SECTION 20

#1732772377200

1320-661: The Maitimu family and village office of Negeri Ema, alongside many potteries. In August 1511 the Portuguese conquered the city-state of Malacca . The most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence were the disruption and reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the introduction of Christianity. One Portuguese diary noted, "It is over thirty years since they became Moors ". Afonso de Albuquerque learned of

1380-477: The Maluku Islands, the Aru Islands have a purely Papuan fauna including kangaroos, cassowaries, and birds of paradise. While many ecological problems affect both small islands and large landmasses, small islands suffer their particular problems. Development pressures on small islands are increasing, although their effects are not always anticipated. Although Indonesia is richly endowed with natural resources,

1440-601: The Moluccas have been considered a geographical and cultural intersection of Asia and Oceania . The islands were known as the Spice Islands because of the nutmeg , mace , and cloves that were exclusively found there, the presence of which sparked European colonial interests in the 16th century. The Maluku Islands formed a single province from Indonesian independence until 1999, when they were split into two provinces. A new province, North Maluku , incorporates

1500-527: The Moro people), or in mixed Chinese-Cebuano families, incorporate Catholic beliefs with aspects of Buddhism or Taoism . A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to South Asian (Indian) descent, dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism. Meanwhile, according to Spanish era tribute-censuses, Spanish-Filipinos compose 2.17% of the Cebuano people's population. Among

1560-468: The approval of the papal ambassador and King Charles, Pigafetta was provided with letters of introduction before he set out for Seville in May 1519. Magellan accepted his application to join the expedition and hired him for a modest monthly salary of 1,000 maravedís . He was enrolled under the name Antonio Lombardo and his position was described as one of the "servants of the captain and supernumeraries". When

1620-486: The area between Morotai and Sula , with the arc of islands from Buru and Seram to Wetar remaining within the existing Maluku Province . North Maluku is predominantly Muslim, and its capital is Sofifi on Halmahera island. Maluku province has a larger Christian population, and its capital is Ambon . Though originally Melanesian , many island populations especially in the Banda Islands , were massacred in

1680-466: The deepest seas in the world, and no large islands such as Java or Sumatra . Flora and fauna immigration between islands is thus restricted, leading to a high rate of endemic biota evolving. The ecology of the Maluku Islands has fascinated naturalists for centuries; Alfred Wallace 's book, The Malay Archipelago , was the first significant study of the area's natural history and remains an important resource for studying Indonesian biodiversity. Maluku

1740-462: The expedition set sail in August 1519, Pigafetta was assigned to the flagship Trinidad where he served Magellan and became his great admirer. Pigafetta did not appear to have any specific role except to keep a daily record of his observations, a task that he undertook with great diligence. He recorded extensive information concerning the geography, climate, and natural history of the places visited by

1800-406: The expedition. He was especially interested in the native inhabitants encountered along the way and took meticulous notes on their appearance, social customs and languages. In contrast to the accuracy of his personal observations, he had a tendency to accept even the most outrageous tales told to him about the lands they visited. Pigafetta was wounded on Mactan in the Philippines , where Magellan

1860-557: The first edition, given that the original text was lost, though it is believed that it might have been written in the author's Venetian dialect, mixed with Spanish and Italian. The remaining sources of his voyage were extensively studied by Italian archivist Andrea da Mosto , who wrote a critical study of Pigafetta's book in 1898 ( Il primo viaggio intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta e le sue regole sull'arte del navigare ) and whose conclusions were later confirmed by J. Dénucé. Today, three printed books and four manuscripts survive. One of

Cebuano people - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-420: The first known use of the word "Pacific Ocean" ( Oceano Pacifico ) on a map. The original document was not preserved. However, it was not through Pigafetta's writings that Europeans first learned of the circumnavigation of the globe. Rather, it was through an account written by a Flanders -based writer Maximilianus Transylvanus , which was published in 1523. Transylvanus had been instructed to interview some of

1980-464: The head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Both Serrão and Ferdinand Magellan , however, perished before they could meet one another. The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in

2040-578: The hinterlands and more isolated islands. Archaeological evidence here relies largely on the occurrence of pigs' teeth, as evidence of pork eating or abstinence therefrom. Remnants of Majapahit expeditions were also found in oral as well as archaeological sites. A story from Letvuan on Kai Kecil island, tells of a Balinese envoy of Gajah Mada by the name of Kasdev, his wife Dit Ratngil, and eight of their children. Archaeological sites of ancient tombs found in Sorbay Bay south of Letvuan seemed to support

2100-604: The interior people of the islands Seram and Buru . Later added to this Austronesian-Melanesian mix were some Indian and Arab strain. More recent arrivals include Bugis trader settlers from Sulawesi and Javanese transmigrants . Over 130 languages were once spoken across the islands; however, many have now switched to the creoles of Ternate and Ambonese , the lingua franca of northern and southern Maluku, respectively. The Maluku Islands are divided into two provinces : Maluku and North Maluku . Cloves and nutmeg are still cultivated, as are cocoa, coffee and fruit. Fishing

2160-927: The island's notable festivities are the Sinulog festival, which is a mixture of Christian and native cultural elements, celebrated annually every third week of January. The Cebuano language is spoken by more than twenty million people in the Philippines and is the most widely spoken of the Visayan languages . Most speakers of Cebuano are found in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, southeastern Masbate, Biliran , Western and Southern Leyte, eastern Negros and most of Mindanao except Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Like with other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, Tagalog ( Filipino ) and English are also spoken by Cebuanos as second languages. Despite being one of

2220-897: The largest ethnic groups, Cebuanos outside their homeland tend to fluently learn the languages native in areas where they settled and assimilated, along with their native language. Hiligaynon is spoken and understood by the Cebuanos living in Negros Occidental and Soccsksargen . They often speak a mixture of Cebuano and Hiligaynon in Sagay and neighboring municipalities of Negros Occidental facing Iloilo and Cebu and municipalities bordering Negros Oriental , Bukidnon and Davao del Sur . Cebuano residents in Zamboanga City and Caraga Region are fluent in Zamboanga Chavacano , Butuanon and Surigaonon respectively, with

2280-490: The last 500 years and earthquakes are common. The geology of the Maluku Islands shares much similar history, characteristics, and processes with the neighbouring Nusa Tenggara region. There is a long history of geological study of these regions since Indonesian colonial times ; however, the geological formation and progression are not fully understood, and theories of the island's geological evolution have changed extensively in recent decades. The Maluku Islands comprise some of

2340-545: The most developed, Ambon and Ternate , are small. The majority of the islands are forested and mountainous. The Tanimbar Islands are dry and hilly, while the Aru Islands are flat and swampy. Mount Binaiya (3,027 m; 9,931 ft) on Seram is the highest mountain. Several islands, such as Ternate (1,721 m; 5,646 ft) and the TNS islands, are volcanoes emerging from the sea with villages sited around their coasts. There have been over 70 serious volcanic eruptions in

2400-740: The most geologically complex and active regions in the world, resulting from their position at the meeting point of four geological plates and two continental blocks. Biogeographically , all of the islands apart from the Aru group lie in Wallacea , the region between the Sunda Shelf (part of the Asia block), and the Arafura Shelf (part of the Australian block). More specifically, they lie between Weber's Line and Lydekker's Line and thus have

2460-496: The name of Kapitan Ading Adang Anaan Tanahatuila. The meeting was facilitated by Malessy Soa Lisa Maitimu; however, it failed to reach an agreement. As Sutarmi failed, she decided to stay in exile while her retinues settled and married locals of Ema, and her spear bearer settled on the coast but was killed later by Gunung Maut troops. Archaeological finds relating to this expedition include a water source with Sun symbols with nine rays, and heirlooms of spears and Totobuang kept by

Cebuano people - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-496: The newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize or disrupt this trade. Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as

2580-793: The original version of Pigafetta's manuscript was in French or Italian, though it was probably in Italian. The most complete manuscript, and the one that is supposed to be more closely related to the original manuscript, is the one found by Carlo Amoretti inside the Biblioteca Ambrosiana , Milan and published in 1800 ( Primo viaggio intorno al globo terraqueo, ossia ragguaglio della navigazione alle Indie Orientali per la via d'Occidente fatta dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta patrizio vicentino, sulla squadra del capitano Magaglianes negli anni 1519-1522 ). Unfortunately, Amoretti, in his printed edition, modified many words and sentences whose meaning

2640-588: The past to refer to Halmahera island), all of which have their kolano (a local title for kings rooted in Panji tales ). It is unclear what the meaning of Moloko or Moloku is. One possible meaning is in Ternate language , it meant "to hold or grasp", in which case Moloko Kie Raha could be understood to mean " Confederation of the Four Mountains ". Another possibility is that the word originates from

2700-471: The region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic, and anti-European state; the Portuguese-Ternate wars raged throughout the reigns of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat (r. 1583–1606). Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to contemporary times, which has contributed to

2760-453: The resources of the small islands of Maluku are limited and specialised; furthermore, human resources, in particular, are limited. General observations about small islands that can be applied to the Maluku Islands include: Central and southern Maluku Islands experience the dry monsoon between October and March and the wet monsoon from May to August, which is the reverse of the rest of Indonesia. The dry monsoon's average maximum temperature

2820-484: The route to the Banda Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu , Simão Afonso Bisigudo, and Francisco Serrão . On the return trip, Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu island (northern Ambon ) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and

2880-585: The royal court in Spain to serve as ambassador. Pigafetta accompanied the ambassador's retinue, first to Zaragoza for two months and then to Barcelona. While in Spain, Pigafetta heard of Magellan's planned expedition to find a western route to the Spice Islands. The adventure appealed to him and he convinced Chiericati that his participation on this historic voyage would be advantageous for the Vatican. With

2940-476: The story as well as some cultural practices of Kei of Balinese origin. Other archaeological finds in Kei islands include Shiva statue from Kei Besar island. Another oral story was of 14th century Majapahit expedition to Negeri Ema, Ambon Island , by an envoy named Nyi Mas Kenang Eko Sutarmi alongside 22 of her retinues, and a spear bearer trying to form an alliance and trading relationship with Negeri Ema's leader by

3000-457: The survivors of the voyage when Magellan's surviving ship, Victoria , returned to Spain in September 1522 under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano. After Magellan and Elcano's voyage, Pigafetta utilized the connections he had made prior to the voyage with the Knights of Rhodes to achieve membership in the order. Antonio Pigafetta also wrote a book, in which a detailed account of the voyage

3060-586: The three books is in French, while the remaining two are in the Italian language. Of the four manuscripts, three are in French (two stored in the Bibliothèque nationale de France and one in Cheltenham ), and one in Italian. From a philological point of view, the French editions seem to derive from an Italian original version, while the remaining Italian editions seem to derive from a French original version. Because of this, it remains quite unclear whether

SECTION 50

#1732772377200

3120-506: The two latter are related to Cebuano. They have also varying fluencies in various Lumad languages, the Danao languages , Tausug (linguistically related to Cebuano), Yakan , and Sama , in which these languages are native to the areas where Cebuanos also inhabit, coexist with and even assimilated to the natives, and to the lesser extent, Ilocano (a language originated in Ilocandia ), which

3180-525: The word maloko , which is a combination of the particle ma- and the root loko in North Halmahera languages means the variety of words relating to the location of mountains, in which case "Maloko Kie Raha" in the phrase "Ternate se Tidore, Moti se Mara Maloko Kie Raha " means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara the place of the four mountains " or with the shifting of pronunciation of loko towards luku , means "Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Mara

3240-448: The world of the four mountains ". Australo-Melanesians were the first people to inhabit the islands at least 40,000 years ago, and then a later migration of Austronesian speakers around 2000 BC. Other archaeological finds showed possible Arab merchants began to arrive in the fourteenth century, bringing Islam . The conversion to Islam occurred in many islands, especially in the centres of trade, while aboriginal animism persisted in

3300-475: Was 1,848,923 and that of North Maluku Province was 1,282,937. Hence the total population of the Maluku Islands as a region in 2020 was 3,131,860. A long history of trade and seafaring has resulted in a high degree of mixed ancestry in Malukans. Austronesian peoples added to the native Melanesian population around 2000 BCE. Melanesian features are strongest in the islands of Kei and Aru and amongst

3360-548: Was a Venetian scholar and explorer. In 1519, he joined the Spanish expedition to the Spice Islands led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan , the world's first circumnavigation , and is best known for being the chronicler of the voyage. During the expedition, he served as Magellan's assistant until Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands , and kept an accurate journal, which later assisted him in translating

3420-686: Was declared and attempted to secede, led by Chris Soumokil (former Supreme Prosecutor of the Eastern Indonesia state) and supported by the Moluccan members of the Netherlands KNIL special troops. This movement was defeated by the Indonesian army and by special agreement with the Netherlands the Moluccan troops were ordered to move to the Netherlands. . Decades later, descendants of these Moluccan KNIL soldiers participated in

3480-403: Was given. Although the text is written in semi-chronological order, it does not read as a linear history of the voyage. Rather, it is a collection of descriptions, events, translations of foreign languages, thoughts, and illustrations. The resulting work is therefore described as being unusually personal for the times. It is unclear when it was first published and what language had been used in

3540-404: Was killed in the Battle of Mactan in April 1521. Nevertheless, he recovered and was among the 18 who accompanied Juan Sebastián Elcano on board the Victoria on the return voyage to Spain. Upon reaching port in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the modern Province of Cadiz in September 1522, three years after his departure, Pigafetta returned to the Republic of Venice. He related his experiences in

3600-400: Was uncertain (the original manuscript contained many words in Veneto dialect and some Spanish words). The modified version published by Amoretti was then translated into other languages carrying into them Amoretti's edits. Andrea da Mosto critically analyzed the original version stored in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana and published this rigorous version of Pigafetta's book in 1894. Regarding

#199800