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36-419: The airport has ARFF and structural fire protection provided by Jacksonville Fire/Rescue Station 56. Fire Station 73 (under construction) will be located on the airfield as well and will include ARFF, structural and rescue (ambulance) protection. A back-up, citywide 911 call/training center will also be located at Station 73. Cecil Airport, commonly known as either "Cecil" or "Cecil Commerce Center", also houses

72-522: A motor vehicle collision with three severely injured people could be considered a mass casualty incident. The general public more commonly recognizes events such as building collapses, train and bus collisions , plane crashes , earthquakes and other large-scale emergencies as mass casualty incidents. Events such as the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the September 11 attacks in 2001, and

108-527: A crucial role in the mass casualty incident timeline. A hospital can receive trauma center status by meeting specific criteria established by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and passing a site review. Trauma centers have levels ranging from level 1 to level 4, with each level varying in different responsibilities and resources provided: This is not an exhaustive list of agencies, and many other agencies and groups of people could be involved in

144-434: A disaster. Generally, in the healthcare field, the term "mass casualty event" (MCE) is used when hospital resources are overwhelmed by the number or severity of casualties. During these incidents, hospitals can discharge all fit patients, dedicate more resources to the emergency department, and expand their intensive care unit to accommodate anticipated long-term care needs. While up to 80% of victims will be transported from

180-403: A mass casualty incident. Ideally, once an MCI has been declared, a well-coordinated flow of events will occur, using three separate phases: triage, treatment, and transportation. The first-arriving crew will conduct triage . Pre-hospital emergency triage generally consists of a check for immediate life-threatening concerns, usually lasting no more than one minute per patient. In North America,

216-508: A significant amount of time to deploy (in relation to the length of most incidents), emergency personnel can set up temporary interim-care centers fairly quickly if needed using the personnel and resources they have on-hand. These centers are usually staffed by a combination of doctors, nurses, paramedics/emergency medical technicians, first responders, and social workers (for example, from the Red Cross ), who work to get families reunited after

252-580: A source of clean air, enabling them to work in the presence of smoke or other super-heated gases, such as when making entry into the burning cabin of an aircraft. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) mandates ARFF operations at all U.S. airports that serve scheduled passenger air carriers . These are the only civilian fire protection services that are specifically regulated by any governmental entity. Military bases may have their own ARFF services with specialized duties and training. Airports required to have ARFF services are inspected at least annually by

288-541: A variety of U.S. military aircraft. In 2010, Cecil Airport became the United States' eighth licensed commercial spaceport and the first in Florida authorized to fly space vehicles that take off and land horizontally. The NZC identifier was the airport's previous FAA identifier when it was Naval Air Station Cecil Field , its former name until its closure as a naval air station in 1999. The NZC IATA code

324-569: Is a temporary treatment center which allows for the assessment and treatment of patients until they can either be discharged or transported to a hospital. These are often placed in gymnasiums, schools, arenas, community centers, hotels, and or other locations that can support a field hospital setup. Permanent buildings are preferred to tents as they provide shelter, power, and running water, but many governments maintain complete field hospital setups that can be deployed anywhere within their jurisdiction within 12–24 hours. While full field hospitals require

360-471: Is a type of firefighting that involves the emergency response, mitigation, evacuation, and rescue of passengers and crew of aircraft involved in aviation accidents and incidents . Airports with scheduled passenger flights are obliged to have firefighters and firefighting apparatus on location ready for duty any time aircraft operate. Airports may have regulatory oversight by an arm of their individual national governments or voluntarily under standards of

396-414: Is also possible that lightly injured casualties will be transported first when access to those who are more severely injured will be delayed due to heavy or difficult rescue efforts. The care that is rendered at the scene of an MCI is usually only temporary and is designed to stabilize the casualties until they can receive more definitive care at a hospital or an interim-care center. An interim-care center

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432-399: Is assigned to each FAA Part 139 certificate holder based on a combination of the air carrier aircraft length and the average number of daily departures. If the longest air carrier aircraft at the airport has five or more average daily departures, the matching index is used. If the longest aircraft has less than five average daily departures, the next lower index is used. That index determines

468-482: Is determined based on the severity of the patient's injuries. Usually, the most seriously injured are transported first, with the least serious transported only after all the critical patients have been transported. In an effort to remove as many lightly injured civilians as possible, an incident commander may choose to have those least seriously injured transported to local hospitals or interim-care centers in order to provide more room for emergency personnel to work. It

504-703: Is now allocated to Maria Reiche Neuman Airport serving Nazca, Peru ( IATA : NZC , ICAO : SPZA ). The airport is located on the site of the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field , which opened in 1941 and closed in 1999 following the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decision. Covering a total area of 22,939 acres (92.83 km), it was the largest military base in the Jacksonville area and supported all Atlantic Fleet F/A-18 Hornet strike fighter squadrons and S-3 Viking sea control squadrons. Cecil Airport covers an area of 6,082 acres (24.61 km) and contains four runways and two helipads : For

540-496: The Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 are well-publicized examples of mass casualty incidents. The most common types of MCIs are generally caused by terrorism, mass-transportation accidents, fires or natural disasters. A multiple casualty incident is one in which there are multiple casualties. The key difference from a mass casualty incident is that in a multiple casualty incident the resources available are sufficient to manage

576-552: The International Civil Aviation Organization . Due to the mass casualty potential of an aviation emergency, the speed with which emergency response equipment and personnel arrive at the scene of the emergency is of paramount importance. Their arrival and initial mission to secure the aircraft against all hazards, particularly fire, increases the survivability of the passengers and crew on board. Airport firefighters have advanced training in

612-460: The START system (simple triage and rapid treatment) is the most common and is considered the easiest to use. Using START, the medical responder assigns each patient to one of four color-coded triage levels, based on their breathing, circulation, and mental status. The triage levels are: Triage personnel do not conduct treatment, with the exception of: Generally, a small group of responders, usually

648-433: The 12-month period ending February 5, 2018, the airport had 104,361 aircraft operations, an average of 286 per day: 52% military (53,899), 47% general aviation (49,372), <1% air carrier (744) and <1% air taxi (346). There were 84 aircraft based at this airport: 69 military, 12 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, 1 jet and 1 helicopter. Aircraft rescue and firefighting Aircraft rescue and firefighting ( ARFF )

684-614: The FAA for compliance with FAR, Part 139. Military ARFF operations must meet the mission requirements for their individual branch of the service. In many cases the FAA will perform the investigatory duties after an incident, but in instances where significant injuries or any fatal accident the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) will investigate and the ARFF contingent will assist where needed. An index

720-508: The FSCJ (Florida State College Jacksonville) aviation course hangar and associated training aircraft. Sunrise Aviation, a flight training school and pilot supplies vendor is the flight training provider for FSCJ's aviation program. Facilities operated by major aerospace firms such as Logistic Services International (LSI), Boeing and Flightstar Aircraft Services are also located at Cecil, providing major training, maintenance and overhaul services for

756-405: The application of firefighting foams, dry chemical and clean agents used to extinguish burning aviation fuel in and around an aircraft in order to maintain a path for evacuating passengers to exit the fire hazard area. Further, should fire either be encountered in the cabin or extend there from an external fire, the ARFF responders must work to control/extinguish these fires as well. Primary to

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792-556: The entire process. The demobilization process has to be in place from the beginning, once an area has been mobilized. This is critical, as a mass casualty incident can get out of hand quickly. Having everything planned out step-by-step can alleviate these concerns and help cover for the unexpected. The demobilization process also gives the local community and the corresponding agencies an idea for how long their city and specific areas will be consumed with emergency personnel and essentially blocked off. In many events, such as Hurricane Katrina ,

828-434: The fire to allow for the best possibility of extinguishment, maximum possibility for evacuation and/or until additional resources arrive on the scene. Due to the intense radiant heat generated by burning fuels, firefighters wear protective ensembles that are coated with a silvered material to reflect heat away from their bodies, called a fire proximity suit . They also must wear self-contained breathing apparatus to provide

864-401: The first two or three crews on scene, can complete triage. When responding to a chemical, biological, or radiological incident, the first-arriving crew must establish safety zones prior to entering the scene. Safety zones include: These zones should be clearly identified and with engineer tapes, lights, or cones. All responders and patients must leave the hot zone in designated pathways into

900-402: The hazard mitigation and safe evacuation of ambulatory passengers is the need to perform rescue operations . Passengers unable to extricate themselves must be removed from the aircraft and provided medical care. This process is extremely labor-intensive, requiring both firefighters and support personnel. Due to the nature of a mass casualty incident , rescue workers employ triage to classify

936-742: The incident scene to safer treatment areas located nearby. These treatment areas must always be within walking distance, and will be staffed by appropriate numbers of properly certified medical personnel and support people. The litter bearers do not have to be advanced medical personnel; their role is to simply place casualties onto carrying devices and transport them to the appropriate treatment area. Casualties should be transported in order of treatment priority: red-tagged patients first, followed by yellow-tagged, then green-tagged, and finally black-tagged. Each colored triage category will have its own treatment area. Treatment areas are often defined by colored tarpaulins , flagging tape, signs, or tents. Upon arrival in

972-423: The incident, in an existing building or pitched tent. The final stage in the pre-hospital management of a mass casualty incident is the transport of casualties to hospitals for more definitive care. If the number of ambulances available is inadequate, other vehicles may transport patients, such as police cars , firetrucks , air ambulances , transit buses, or personal vehicles. As with treatment, transport priority

1008-1011: The incident. In the United States , the Incident Command System is known as the National Incident Management System (NIMS). According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency , "NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents." After the proper agencies have arrived, a more detailed assessment of the scene will be performed using the M.E.T.H.A.N.E method , which summarizes information necessary for responders: There are multiple agencies involved in most mass casualty incidents, which means there are many individuals that require training for these specific situations. The most common types of agencies and responders are listed below. Trauma centers play

1044-411: The information that is provided by emergency units. A formal declaration of an MCI is usually made by an officer or chief of the agency in charge. Initially, the senior paramedic at the scene will be in charge of the incident, but as additional resources arrive, a senior officer or chief will take command, usually using an incident command system structure to form a unified command to run all aspects of

1080-418: The needs of the victims. The issue of resource availability is therefore critical to the understanding of these concepts. One crosses over from a multiple to a mass casualty incident when resources are exceeded and the systems are overwhelmed. A mass casualty incident will usually be declared by the first arriving unit at the scene of the incident, and less usually by an emergency call dispatcher, depending on

1116-401: The required number of ARFF vehicles and required amount of extinguishing agents. Mass casualty incident A mass casualty incident (often shortened to MCI ) describes an incident in which emergency medical services resources, such as personnel and equipment, are overwhelmed by the number and severity of casualties . For example, an incident where a two-person crew is responding to

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1152-404: The scene to hospitals, others who are less injured might walk themselves to these facilities and increase the load at the closest facility to the incident. MCEs can include epidemics , chemical emergencies, mass shootings , and natural disasters like weather. The final product of an MCI that happens to link up with the M.E.T.H.A.N.E. method is the act of demobilization which is crucial to

1188-484: The treatment area, the casualties are re-assessed and they are treated with the goal of stabilizing them until they can be transported to hospitals; transported to the morgue or medical examiner's office; or released. Some mass casualty incidents require an onsite morgue to await transfer of bodies to a permanent morgue, when they must be removed to access injured victims or to keep them out of public sight and prevent heightening emotions further. They are usually far aside

1224-487: The victims and direct their efforts where they can maximize survival. Subsequent to the emergency being declared under control, the ARFF function reverts to one of protecting the scene, eliminating any peripheral or slowly evolving hazards and assisting to preserve the scene for investigators. In 2016, an Emirati fire fighter died from burns when trying to fight the fire in the Emirates Flight 521 crash. The man

1260-407: The warm zone where they will be decontaminated. A designated officer should be posted at the hot zone and warm zone to make sure all contaminated personal are treated and decontaminated before entering the cold zone. Once casualties have been triaged, they can be moved to appropriate treatment areas. Unless a patient is green-tagged and ambulatory, litter bearers will have to transport patients from

1296-532: Was the only fatality. Due to the rarity of aircraft fires, firefighters often have other usual duties such as luggage loaders or security guards, which they have to abandon at fire alarms. Specialized fire apparatus are required for the ARFF function, the design of which is predicated on many factors but primarily: speed, water-carrying capacity, off-road performance, and agent discharge rates. Since an accident could occur anywhere on or off airport property, sufficient water and other agents must be carried to contain

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