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48-476: The Cederberg mountains are located near Clanwilliam , approximately 300 km north of Cape Town , South Africa at about 32°30′S 19°0′E  /  32.500°S 19.000°E  / -32.500; 19.000 . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar ( Widdringtonia cedarbergensis ), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art . The Cederberg Wilderness Area

96-604: A donkey cart trail from the summit of Pakhuis Pass to the hamlet. The project, a poverty alleviation project funded by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, includes the creation of backpacking accommodation, herb garden and various other tourism offerings. The Cederberg is also the site of the Senior Scout Adventure , a 12-day event for Scouts run every second year by Scouts South Africa . Clanwilliam, Western Cape John Cradock ,

144-550: A former Rhodes scholar , began conducting experiments with the cultivation of the rooibos plant. Dr Nortier also saw the vast commercial potential the tea held for the region. Dr Nortier cultivated the first plants at Clanwilliam on his farm Eastside and on the farm Klein Kliphuis. Since 2001, Clanwilliam has been the site of the Clanwilliam Arts Festival , run by Cape Town-based Magnet Theatre . During

192-548: A management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often

240-509: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron   1 supports

288-408: Is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain

336-544: Is Mediterranean fynbos in the wetter south and west, changing to semi desert scrub in the north and east. The endangered Clanwilliam cedar ( Widdringtonia wallichii ) of the family Cupressaceae and the snow protea ( Protea cryophila ) of the Proteaceae are endemic to the area, found only in more remote areas high up in the mountains. The area's apex predators are the felids leopard ( Panthera pardus ) and caracal ( Caracal caracal ). Other mammals include

384-573: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund

432-646: Is administered by CapeNature . Cederberg is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English ( Cedarberg ) and Afrikaans ( Sederberg ) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north–south by 20 km east–west. They are bordered on the west by the Sandveld , the north by the Pakhuis Mountains , the east by the Springbok Flats and the south by

480-703: Is limited by the altitude, the dry climate, and the rocky terrain, and few farms exist. Rooibos tea is the area's most famous export, though fruit and tobacco are also harvested on some farms. The Cederberg area includes one winery , the highest in South Africa. Around the Wupperthal area are a number of subsistence farms . Some commercial pine plantations remain around the Algeria forest station. Proteas and other fynbos plants are also grown. A number of farms have become predominantly guest farms catering for

528-513: Is said that the Boer commandos were confronted in the Cederberg by a lone Englishman, who ordered them to surrender. They laughed at him, because he was one and they were many and tried to reason with him, pointing out the hopelessness of his position. He refused to back down and was in the end shot dead. The place where he fell is today called Engelsmanskloof ("Englishman's ravine"). Arable land

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576-584: Is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish

624-405: Is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of

672-557: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae  – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of

720-599: The Kouebokkeveld Mountains and the Skurweberge . The main access road, the N7 , runs to the west of the range. The nearest towns are Citrusdal to the southwest and Clanwilliam to the north. The area is sparsely populated. There are several notable mountains in the range, including Sneeuberg (2026 m) and Tafelberg (1969 m). Tafelberg ( Afrikaans for "Table Mountain") should not be confused with

768-530: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of

816-624: The Namibian border, and on the R364 road , which runs from Lamberts Bay to Calvinia . Clanwilliam is 230 kilometres (140 mi) from Cape Town by road. The Dutch Reform Church has been a scheduled national monument since 1973. The mission there used to run a school where Harold Cressy once taught whilst studying to become the first coloured man to gain a degree in Cape Town. In 1930, District Surgeon and botanist Dr Pieter Le Fras Nortier,

864-498: The Ordovician Period. The summers are very hot and dry, while the winters are wetter and cold with typical annual rainfall in the low-lying areas of less than 700 mm. The higher peaks receive a dusting of snow in winter. Summer days are typically clear and cloudless. Due to the clear skies most of the year, it makes an excellent site for skywatching and has its own amateur observatory . The predominant vegetation

912-704: The Table Mountain in Cape Town . Notable landmarks include the Maltese Cross, Wolfberg Arch and Wolfberg Cracks. The dominating characteristic of the area is sharply defined sandstone rock formations ( Table Mountain Group ), often reddish in colour. This group of rocks contains bands of shale and in recent years a few important fossils have been discovered in these argillaceous layers. The fossils are of primitive fish and date back 450 million years to

960-874: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150   AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from

1008-436: The moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as

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1056-465: The ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of

1104-426: The rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) or "dassie", meerkats ( Suricata suricatta ) and other mongooses ( Herpestidae ), larger antelopes (e.g. bontebok Damaliscus pygargus dorcas and gemsbok Oryx gazella ), the vulnerable Cape mountain zebra ( Equus zebra zebra ), and chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ). There are also many birds, small mammals, reptiles and insects. Other threatened species found in

1152-459: The skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to

1200-517: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of

1248-572: The Cape Provincial Administration in August 1964. The arms, designed by Cornelis Pama , were : Or, a fess wavy Azure charged with a bar wavy Argent between in chief an elephant's head caboshed the trunk surmounting the fess proper and in base a trefoil Vert; a bordure embattled Ermine. In layman's terms : a golden shield with a blue wavy stripe across the centre and a narrower white wavy stripe on top of that, in

1296-502: The Cederberg Wilderness Area include the cyprinids Clanwilliam yellowfish ( Labeobarbus capensis , vulnerable), Clanwilliam redfin ( Barbus calidus , vulnerable) and sawfin ( Barbus serra , endangered). In caves and overhangs throughout the area, San rock art can be found, evidence of the earliest human inhabitants. European settlement brought forestry and some agriculture, and led to massive destruction of

1344-707: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such

1392-735: The Governor of the Cape Colony (1811–1814), named the town after his father-in-law, The 1st Earl of Clanwilliam , an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Clanwilliam is situated at an elevation of 100 metres (330 ft), between the western slopes of the Cederberg mountains and the east bank of the Olifants River , which is impounded there by the Clanwilliam Dam . It lies just off the N7 national road , which runs from Cape Town to

1440-528: The Krakadouw and Tafelberg peaks. The Table Mountain Sandstone creates ideal conditions for spectacular routes. There are numerous day and overnight hikes including the popular and spectacular Wolfberg Arch, Wolfberg Cracks and the Maltese Cross. The area is also home to an amateur astronomical observatory, which regularly hosts open evenings for the public. There are various 4x4 routes. A large tract of

1488-486: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within

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1536-571: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information

1584-570: The annual one-week arts festival, workshops in fine arts, dance, music, theatre, and performance are offered to children and youth from Clanwilliam. Clanwilliam is the birthplace of ZP Theart , former lead vocalist, and founding member of the British power metal band DragonForce , and lead vocalist of the American hard rock band, Skid Row . Municipality — The municipal council assumed a coat of arms on 13 February 1964 and registered them with

1632-424: The bottom of the shield three golden Clanwilliam cedar cones on a red triangle. The crest was a bunch of grapes between two elephant trunks, and the motto Fide labora . Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family , including the carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae

1680-509: The first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as

1728-585: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio

1776-534: The inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid

1824-534: The local and international tourist market. As a wilderness area, the primary activity is eco-tourism , including camping , rock climbing and hiking. The main campsite, Algeria, is operated by CapeNature , while others such as Sanddrif, Driehoek, Jamaka and Kromrivier are privately operated and form the Cedarberg Conservancy, a voluntary association of landowners. The Cederberg is renowned for its quality of rock climbing routes particularly around

1872-459: The local cedar trees, with thousands felled for telephone poles , furniture and housing. The European arrival also led to the elimination of the San population. In the north, the old Moravian mission station of Wupperthal still remains, the heart of a small subsistence farming community, and home to a local industry producing veldskoene , traditional soft leather shoes. The Cederberg was possibly

1920-910: The major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and

1968-556: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced

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2016-483: The northern Cederberg is owned by the Moravian Church . The quaint village of Wupperthal forms part of a mission station route that provides visitors with an interesting view of rural life. The village is also a well known centre for hand-made leather shoes and boots. One of the "buite stasies" (directly translated as outer stations) is Heuningvlei, a small picturesque hamlet that is in the process of developing

2064-617: The rural areas outside the town) registered a coat of arms at the Bureau of Heraldry in May 1976. The arms were : Or, on a pale wavy Azure, between two oranges stalked proper, four wavy endorses Argent; a pointe ente Gules charged with a cluster of three cones of the Clanwilliam cedar Or . In layman's terms : a golden shield displaying two oranges on either side of a blue wavy vertical stripe bearing four narrow white wavy lines, at

2112-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like

2160-572: The southernmost battleground of the Second Boer War . A small band of Boer guerrillas penetrated into this area from the Boer republics , hundreds of kilometres to the north, hoping to stir up popular support amongst the local farmers of Dutch descent. In this they failed; the farmers may have had little sympathy for the British but they had a fair notion of who was going to win the war. It

2208-533: The upper half of the shield is an elephant's head with the trunk hanging over the wavy stripes, and at the bottom of the shield is green trefoil, the whole design surrounded by an ermine border with an embattled edge. The crest was an orange tree, and the motto Toujours pret ("always prepared"). Both the motto and the ermine on the shield were derived from the Earl of Clanwilliam's arms. Divisional council — The Clanwilliam divisional council (the local authority for

2256-542: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places

2304-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,

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