70 cm (28 in) minimum
63-480: 65 cm (26 in) minimum 50 kg (110 lb) minimum 40 kg (88 lb) minimum The Central Asian Shepherd Dog , also known as the Alabay , Alabai ( Turkmen : Alabaý , Kazakh : Төбет ) and Turkmen Wolf-Hound (Туркменский волкодав), is a livestock guardian dog breed . Traditionally, the breed was used for guarding sheep and goat herds, as well as to protect and for guard duty. In 1990,
126-456: A Livestock Guardian dog. Some European Union Countries developed special tests for large breeds of dogs aiming to reveal a dog's overall stability, such as The Dog Mentality Assessment test in Sweden . Fight tests are common in countries where the breed is still in aboriginal stage, or in the process of formation. Despite adverse reputation of commercial dog fights, fight tests are aimed to reveal
189-673: A book about the animal and in 2017 presented Russian President Vladimir Putin with Verni, a puppy, as a birthday present. In Turkmenistan, the National Holiday of the Turkmen Alabay was established in 2021. In April 2021, the first beauty contest "Brave Turkmen Alabay of the Year" was held in Turkmenistan on the occasion of the National Holiday of the Turkmen Alabay. The contest is held annually in Turkmenistan as part of
252-643: A different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages: Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the Dissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy in Ashgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and
315-861: A dog's inborn qualities, and training degrees or titles aimed to show what the dog can learn to do. The National Breed Club in Russia developed a temperament test to reveal a dog's willingness and ability to protect the premises, as well as titles in Obedience (such as OKD), and in Protection (such as ZKS or KS) for dogs in most pedigrees from Russia and other countries of that region. There are several other types of tests and training titles, from simple to extremely complicated. Breed Clubs in European countries seldom have requirements, while common dog sports such as Schutzhund or IPO are not perfectly suitable for
378-442: A dog's willingness and ability to fight predators. In countries with highly developed open field sheepherding, major livestock herd losses may be caused by predation from feral dogs and wolf-dog hybrids , and the livestock guardian dogs must be able to protect the sheep from those. The fight tests were established to maintain this important breed trait. The CAO is a versatile, universal breed and fits under different descriptions at
441-619: A draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching
504-570: A gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen Venomous snakes Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom , which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs , although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include
567-461: A limited influence from classical Chagatai . Turkmen has dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as / s / and / z / . The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Bashkir . However, in Bashkir / θ / and / ð / are two independent phonemes, distinct from / s / and / z / , whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are
630-435: A result, they excel in obedience, territory protection, and personal protection, and are very intelligent. As such, they make perfect house dogs. They do not need any complicated training to learn basic house rules, and treat the owner with the same great respect with which their ancestors treated the herder. These dogs were introduced to the worldwide sheep breeding community with great success. Guard dogs must be able to work as
693-506: A surfeit of crosses elsewhere. However, the Central Asian Shepherd Dog population is still stable in general, reproducing some true quality dogs praised for working abilities, regardless of country of origin. Trading bloodlines and purchasing unrelated breeding stock between Russia, other former USSR republics (such as Ukraine , Belarus etc.) and countries where CAO (Central Asian Ovtcharka) still at aboriginal stage
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#1732793760521756-437: A team to protect sheep against predators ; thus excessively aggressive CAOs, as with any other dogs, cannot be members of the pack, and will not pass this simple test for compliance with the breed origination purpose. Central Asian Shepherd dogs can come from working lines, fighting lines, and livestock guardian lines, and behave accordingly, regardless of the country they come from. Simple pedigree research and conversation with
819-602: A time, what is a reason for different Kennel Clubs to classify Central Asians under different dog breed groups . RKF, a FCI-recognized Russian Kennel Club , classifies Central Asians as a working dog breed, reflecting tremendous results in obedience, protection and military-related training. Modern breeding requirements by the leading kennel club in Russia include mandatory temperament tests and training titles, besides show ratings. The UKC fits them together with other Flock Guardians of similar breeds, matching breeds’ natural sheep-guarding abilities, proven by breeders and farmers in
882-430: A truly intramuscular bite, snakebites rarely cause IV envenomation , and IP envenomation is even rarer. Measurements of LD 50 using dry venom mixed with 0.1% bovine serum albumin in saline are more consistent than the results obtained using saline alone. As an example, the venom of the eastern brown snake has a murine LD 50 (SC) of 41 μg/kg when measured in 0.1% bovine serum albumin in saline; when saline alone
945-532: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is subject–object–verb . Written Turkmen today is based on the Teke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, Ýomud , Änewli , Hasarly, Nerezim, Gökleň , Salyr , Saryk, Ärsary and Çowdur . The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in Afghanistan ) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only
1008-515: Is "on bir" ( lit. ' ten-one ' ). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is iki müň on ýedi (two-thousand-ten-seven). The following is Magtymguly 's Türkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's Turkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while
1071-518: Is 0.24 mg/kg and 0.155 mg/kg. Studies on mice and human cardiac cell culture show that venom of the inland taipan is the most toxic among all snakes. The toxicity of snake venom, based on laboratory tests conducted on mice, is sometimes used to gauge the extent of danger to humans, but this is not enough. Many venomous snakes are specialized predators whose venom may be adapted specifically to incapacitate their preferred prey. A number of other factors are also critical in determining
1134-735: Is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia . It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.5 million people in northwestern Afghanistan , where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia . Turkmen
1197-783: Is a common practice nowadays. This breed comprises numerous breed types. They differ in size, color, head types, and hair types. Central Asians tend to form a social group, consisting of different members bearing different duties; thus puppies with different working qualities are normally born in the same litter. These breed features, as well as different traditional names for the breed, give grounds for complications with breed standard. Most important, purebred Central Asians have unique breed characteristics. Breed-specific dog anatomy includes exclusive features, such as very noticeable extremely flexible joints , false ribs , specific head set, and very strong neck with massive dewlap . Expressive, almost human eyes, revealing inimitable intelligence, finish
1260-488: Is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Gagauz , Qashqai , and Turkish , sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm,
1323-529: Is considered a symbol of pride and national heritage in Turkmenistan, where a gold statue of the animal was unveiled in 2020. Some serve as livestock guardians, some protect their owners, and some are used for dog fighting , which is a national tradition in many countries of that region. This breed bears a strong genetic similarity to other aboriginal breeds of Livestock Guardian dogs from that region such as Georgian Shepherd (Nagazi), Kangal dog , and Akbash . Russian biologists and scientists have studied
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#17327937605211386-506: Is low set, short, with dewlap . The body is fairly broad, proportionate, muscles rather flat. The ribcage appears very long because of developed false ribs . The legs are straight, with heavy boning and moderate yet defined angulation. Leg bones must be in proportion, and shall never give the impression that any bone is short. The rump is broad. The typical gait is a gallop ; however CAO can trot for hours without wearing themselves out. The Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov wrote
1449-421: Is short or moderately long with a heavy undercoat. Its ears are, in practice, cropped very short, and the tail is docked moderately long (except for dogs from countries where cosmetic surgeries for dogs are illegal). Most common colors are black/white; fawn of different shades, from almost white to deep red; brindle . Some have a black mask . The head is very solid, without pronounced stop or sculls. The neck
1512-753: Is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds
1575-519: Is used, the value is 53 μg/kg . Belcher's sea snake , which sometimes is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake , has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to the first edition of Ernst and Zug's book, Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book , published in 1996. Prominent venom expert Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry has clarified the error: "The hook nosed myth
1638-675: Is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of obalar is obalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case of itler "dogs" is itlerden "from the dogs". Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. Turkmen literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Old Oghuz Turkic and Turkmen languages. Turkmens are direct descendants of
1701-691: The Book of Dede Korkut , Zöhre Tahyr, Gorogly , Layla and Majnun , Yusuf Zulaikha and others. There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the poetry of Magtymguly Pyragy , who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature. Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are Döwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, Abdylla Şabende , Şeýdaýy , Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy. Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11)
1764-535: The Ersary variety. The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early Oghuz Turks , including phonemic vowel length . Iraqi and Syrian "Turkmen" speak dialects that form a continuum between Turkish and Azerbaijani , in both cases heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian . These varieties are not Turkmen in
1827-635: The Mejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet. Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed as oba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); alýaryn "I am taking" as al "take", -ýar (present continuous tense), -yn (1st person singular). Another characteristic of Turkmen
1890-790: The Oghuz Turks , who were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family . The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks. Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and Persian (by Seljuks in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of Azerbaijan and Turkey . These works include, but are not limited to
1953-473: The families Elapidae , Viperidae , Atractaspididae , and some of the Colubridae . The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD 50 , while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and
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2016-552: The Alabay holiday celebrated on the last Sunday of April. The office of the International Association "Turkmen Alabay" is located in Ashgabat . To foster the advancement of dog breeding in Turkmenistan and promote international recognition of accomplishments in this field, the "Turkmen Alabay" Association publishes the magazine titled "Türkmeniň nusgalyk alabaýy" ("Exemplary Turkmen Alabay"). Alabay dogs were
2079-823: The Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over
2142-628: The Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the Turkmenistan border. Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran. The standardized form of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the Teke dialect, while Iranian Turkmen use mostly the Yomud dialect, and Afghan Turkmen use
2205-817: The State Agroindustrial Committee of Turkmenistan approved the standard of the Turkmen Wolf-Hound dog breed. The ancestor of the Central Asian shepherd originated in a geographical area between the Ural , Caspian Sea , Asia Minor , and the Northwest border of China . Aboriginal Central Asians as well as mixes still can be found in its countries of origin, such as, Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Afghanistan , Uzbekistan and surrounding countries. It
2268-534: The Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries. During this period, the Arabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a rich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the literacy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing
2331-687: The Turkmen SSR. At the end of the 1930s, the process of the Cyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in Ashgabat and the Ashgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up
2394-607: The Turkmen language. During the first years after the establishment of the Soviet power , the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the USSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with diacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language. The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script. In January 1925, on
2457-590: The U.S.. The FCI classifies them as Molossoid dogs, sometimes described in different languages as Molossus- or Molosser -type dogs, likewise, reflecting the match by confirmation and common ancestry between the CAO and related breeds. The dog is banned in Denmark . Turkmen language Turkmen ( türkmençe , түркменче , تۆرکمنچه , [tʏɾkmøntʃø] or türkmen dili , түркмен дили , تۆرکمن ديلی , [tʏɾkmøn dɪlɪ] )
2520-409: The ability to produce venom (but may still have lingering venom pseudogenes ), or actually do produce venom in small quantities, likely sufficient to help capture small prey but causing no harm to humans when bitten. There is not a single or special taxonomic group for venomous snakes. Venom is known in several families. This has been interpreted to mean venom in snakes originated more than once as
2583-497: The bloodstream or tissue of the target. Evidence has recently been presented for the Toxicofera hypothesis, that venom was present (in small amounts) in the ancestors of all snakes (as well as several lizard families) as "toxic saliva" and evolved to extremes in those snake families normally classified as venomous by parallel evolution . The Toxicofera hypothesis further implies that "nonvenomous" snake lineages have either lost
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2646-438: The breeder will reveal what basic instincts one can expect from the dog. Central Asians from pure show lines are very rare, because most registries require working tests prior to breeding. This breed presents a robust dog of greater than average size with great strength and power. They are independent, curious and alert, yet imperturbable. The dog is as long as it is tall at the withers, or slightly longer than its height. The hair
2709-610: The desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts
2772-430: The dog comes from lines used for fighting. One can always expect a high level of aggression toward other dogs from CAOs with a dog fighting background. It is always important to distinguish whether a dog will display aggression only toward strange, unfriendly dogs entering their territory, while establishing and maintaining the usual social relationships with other animals on the premises; or will attack regardless of whether
2835-478: The four delivery sites is used for the injection: subcutis (SC), vein (IV), muscle or peritoneum (IP). Smaller murine LD 50 values indicate venoms that are more toxic, and there have been numerous studies on snake venom with a variability of potency estimates. SC LD 50 is considered the most applicable to actual bites as only vipers with large fangs (such as large specimens from the genera Bitis , Bothrops , Crotalus , or Daboia ) are capable of
2898-522: The last one is the English translation. Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. Between
2961-587: The local dog population since the 18th century. After the Communist revolution , the Soviet government focused on working dog breeds for the Red Army, and imported the best breed representatives to Russia as per military dogs' and guard dogs' requirements. Over the decades, this practice harmed the local population. The introduction of new breeds to the region led to crossbreeding. Eventually, purebred dogs only remained with herders, breed enthusiasts and farms, with
3024-449: The location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world. The evolutionary history of venomous snakes can be traced back to as far as 28 million years ago. Snake venom is modified saliva used for prey immobilization and self-defense and is usually delivered through highly specialized teeth, hollow fangs, directly into
3087-507: The mascot of the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . The image of the Alabay is drawn on the state medals "People's Dog Breeder of Turkmenistan" and "Honored Dog Breeder of Turkmenistan". In November 2020, a 15-meter Alabay monument was opened in Ashgabat . The Central Asian is a working breed of dog, and different breed fanciers organizations issue sets or rules and recommendations important to preserve dogs’ abilities to perform certain duties. This includes special tests to determine
3150-619: The new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , in January 1993, a meeting was held at the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993,
3213-645: The other dog is a member of the same social group. Promiscuity in aggression toward strangers and friends is highly atypical for the breed. Central Asians are still in demand as livestock guardians, though not nearly as much as they used to be. These dogs, to differing degrees, are protective against human intruders; they are very territorial, safe with children; they love and respect elderly people, protect all small animals from predators, and are very gentle with family members. Dogs for personal protection or working dogs originated from livestock guardian dogs, selectively bred by Russian breed experts for working abilities. As
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#17327937605213276-751: The pages of the republican newspaper Türkmenistan , the question of switching to a new, Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in Baku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the Turkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of
3339-431: The portrait. For working qualities, modern Central Asians have been bred into different directions, depending on the demand for specific abilities. Traditional dog fighting had always been a national tradition in places of original habitat, but they had never been cruel and destructive as pitbull-type fights. All herders from the same area annually met together, and fought their strongest sheep guardian male dogs to pick
3402-444: The potential hazard of any given venomous snake to humans, including their distribution and behavior. For example, while the inland taipan is regarded as the world's most venomous snake based on LD 50 tests on mice, it is a shy species and rarely strikes, and has not caused any known human fatalities. On the other hand, India's Big Four ( Indian cobra , common krait , Russell's viper, and saw-scaled viper), while less venomous than
3465-440: The principle of "One Nation, Two States". Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close semantics . Here are some words from
3528-550: The result of convergent evolution . Around a quarter of all snake species are identified as being venomous. Venomous snakes are often said to be poisonous , but poison and venom are not the same thing. Poisons must be ingested, inhaled or absorbed, while venom must be injected into the body by mechanical means. While unusual, there are a few species of snake that are actually poisonous. Keelback snakes are both venomous and poisonous – their poisons are stored in nuchal glands and are acquired by sequestering toxins from poisonous toads
3591-583: The scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. He
3654-526: The sense of this article. Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the Turkic family of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic , with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan. Turkmen has vowel harmony ,
3717-422: The snakes eat. Similarly, certain garter snakes from Oregon can retain toxins in their livers from ingesting rough-skinned newts . Venom toxicities are compared by looking at the median lethal dose (usually using rodents as test animals and termed the murine LD 50 ), which is the dose of venom per unit body mass that kills half of the test animals that receive it. The result obtained depends on which of
3780-751: The two main realizations of the common Turkic / s / and / z / . In other words, there are no / s / and / z / phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has / s / , / z / , / θ / and / ð / . The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as "mən" in Azerbaijani , whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: "bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından" . In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: "munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan" . Here are some words with
3843-809: The winner. It was about dominance rather than destroying their own kind. Most dogs evaluated each other when met at the field and the weaker or more submissive dog left, taking the loss. Dogs seldom injured each other, inflicting mostly minor scratches within a short period of time. Only true leaders actually had to determine the strongest dog via a real fight; but this was minor, compared to their everyday duties, facing predators and venomous snakes . Modern commercial dog fights often differ from traditional as much as livestock guardian dogs differ from fighting dogs. There are different rules, and different breeds involved. Most Central Asians used for modern commercial fights come from fighting lines. The majority of breeders are aware of their dogs' backgrounds, and will tell whether
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#17327937605213906-472: Was due to a fundamental error in a book called Snakes in Question . In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g., subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs. intravenous vs. intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, it's apples and rocks." Belcher's sea snake's actual LD 50 (IM)
3969-441: Was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914. The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate Arabic sounds that were not in
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