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63-506: Following the separation of religion and state in 1905 , the Israelite consistories lost their public-law status. Jewish congregations of France developed Jewish liturgical associations under an umbrella organisation called the Union of Jewish Congregations of France ( Union des Communautés juives de France ). It retained the name of Central Consistory for its executive body. The 12 members of

126-485: A grande école . National rankings are published every year by various magazines. While the rankings slightly vary from year to year, the top grandes écoles have been very stable for decades: Private higher education in France is made possible by the fundamental principle of freedom of education. The Laboulaye Law of 12 July 1875, repealed in 2000, on the freedom of higher education stipulated that "higher education

189-670: A given cohort is admitted to a prépa . CPGEs are usually located within high schools but are a part of tertiary education, which means that to be admitted, each student must have already successfully passed their Baccalauréat (or equivalent). Most CPGE receive applications from hundreds of applicants every year in April and May, and then selects students based on their own criteria. A few mainly private CPGEs, accounting for 10% of CPGEs, also have an interview process and ‘ or expect student participation in local community initiatives. The ratio of CPGE students who fail to enter any grande école

252-435: A master's degree (in 5 years) for about €750–3,500. For other international students, these fees range from 2,770 to 3,770 euros. Students from low-income families can apply for scholarships, paying nominal sums for tuition or textbooks, and can receive a monthly stipend of up to €450 per month. The tuition in public engineering schools is comparable to universities but a little higher (around €700). However, it can reach €7,000

315-479: A more-or-less broad spectrum of areas. A middle-sized French city, such as Grenoble or Nancy , may have 2 or 3 universities (focused on science, sociological studies, engineering, etc.) as well as a number of other establishments specialised in higher education. In Paris and its suburbs, there are currently 11 universities (there were 13 from 1970 to 2017), none of which is specialised in one area or another, plus many smaller institutions that are highly specialised. It

378-759: A reform, the Bologna process , which aims at creating European standards for university studies, most notably a similar time-frame everywhere, with three years devoted to the bachelor's degree (" Licence " in French), two for the Master's degree , and three for the doctorate. French universities have also adopted the ECTS credit system (for example, a licence is worth 180 credits). The traditional curriculum based on end of semester examinations tends to remain in place in some universities. That double standard has added complexity to

441-641: A series of negotiations for "pacification of law" in respect to both civil and canon law to create a harmonious day-to-day working relationship. These negotiations culminated in 1926 when Aristide Briand negotiated the Briand-Ceretti Agreement with the Holy See whereby the state reclaimed a role in the process of choosing diocesan bishops. The leading figures in the creation of the law were Aristide Briand , Émile Combes , Jean Jaurès and Francis de Pressensé . The 1905 French law on

504-410: A single teacher (or two) who teaches the entire curriculum, without specialist teachers. After kindergarten, the young students move on to the école élémentaire (elementary school). In the first 3 years of elementary school, they learn to write, develop their reading skills and get some basics in subjects such as French, mathematics, science and the arts, to name a few. The French word for a teacher at

567-473: A system. It is difficult to change a major during undergraduate studies without losing a semester or even a whole year. Students usually also have few course selection options once they enroll in a particular diploma. There are about 4,000 Master programmes offered in the French university system (listed at trouvermonmaster.gouv.fr ), and 17,000 undergraduate programmes (offered by Parcoursup ). There are also

630-663: A temporary ban on foreign funding for mosques and shut down at least 20 mosques found to be "preaching radical Islamic ideology". These actions are consistent with Title V, Articles 26, 29, and 35 of the law. Education in France Education in France is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions. It is divided into the three stages of primary education ( enseignement primaire ), secondary education ( enseignement secondaire ), and higher education ( enseignement supérieur ). Two year olds do not start primary school, they start preschool. Then, by

693-547: A year and covers most of the medical expenses. Some public schools have other ways of gaining money. Some do not receive funds for class trips and other extra activities and so those schools may ask for a small entrance fee for new students. The public universities in France are named after the major cities near which they are located, followed by a numeral if there are several. Paris, for example, has 13 universities, labelled Paris I to XIII. Some of them are in Paris itself, some in

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756-406: A year for private engineering schools. Private business schools typically charge up to €12,000 a year for Bachelor programmes and up to €24,000 for Master programmes, while some elite institutions may charge €40,000 and more. Health insurance for students is free until the age of 20 and so only the costs of living and books must be added. After the age of 20, health insurance for students costs €200

819-471: Is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained; a master is awarded once 120 additional credits have been obtained. Licence and master's degrees are offered within specific domaines and carry a specific mention . Spécialités , which are either research-oriented or professionally oriented during the second year of the Master. There are also professional licences whose objective is immediate job integration. It

882-602: Is free", albeit with a few conditions to be met: declaration to the State ;; administrators and professors who have not been convicted ; annual publication of corporate accounts. In France, there are two main categories of private higher education colleges and universities: Since 2018, a public university can integrate not only public faculties, but also private colleges (which have EESPIG accreditation, which means of general interest) as part of an experimental public-private partnership. Voices have been raised in

945-592: Is not uncommon for graduate teaching programmes (master's degrees, the course part of doctorate programmes etc.) to be operated in common by several institutions, allowing the institutions to present a larger variety of courses. In engineering schools and the professional degrees of universities, a large share of the teaching staff is often made up of non-permanent professors; instead, part-time professors are hired to teach one specific subject. Part-time professors are generally hired from neighbouring universities, research institutes or industries. Another original feature of

1008-542: Is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." That definition is used by publications including The Economist . France has its own international school regulator, the AEFE (Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger). Higher education in France is organized in three levels, which correspond to those of other European countries, facilitating international mobility:

1071-494: Is possible to return to school later by continuing education or to validate professional experience (through VAE, Validation des Acquis de l’Expérience ). Higher education in France is divided between grandes écoles and public universities. The grandes écoles admit the graduates of the level Baccalauréat + 2 years of validated study (or sometimes directly after the Baccalauréat ) whereas universities admit all graduates of

1134-556: Is set by the Ministry of National Education and applies to most collèges in France and also to AEFE-dependent institutions. Académies and individual schools have little freedom in the State curriculum. Class sizes vary from school to school, but usually range from 20 to 35 pupils. After primary school, two educational stages follow: Primary and secondary private schools in France are divided into two categories: As of January 2015,

1197-1073: Is standardized throughout the country and is the sole domain of the ministry. In May, schools need time to organize exams (for example, the baccalauréat ). Outside Metropolitan France, the school calendar is set by the local recteur . Major holiday breaks are as follows: Most parents start sending their children to preschool ( maternelle ) when they turn 3. Some even start earlier at age 2 in toute petite section (" TPS "). The first two years of preschool (TPS and petite section " PS ") are introductions to community living; children learn how to become students and are introduced to their first notions of arithmetic, begin to recognize letters, develop oral language, etc. The last two years of preschool, moyenne section and grande section, are more school-like; pupils are introduced to reading , writing and more mathematics. A preschool can be stand-alone (mostly true in towns and cities) or be affiliated to an elementary school (mostly in villages). As in other educational systems, primary school students in France usually have

1260-495: Is the Bulletin officiel de l'éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.) , which lists all current programmes and teaching directives. It is amended multiple times each year. Since 2021, schooling is mandatory and families may only provide teaching outside of a school in exceptional circumstances: In Metropolitan France , the school year runs from early September to early July. The school calendar

1323-611: Is very similar to a Bachelor of Applied Science . France also hosts rare catholic universities recognized by the French Government as "free" private colleges ( Facultés Libres ), the largest one being the Catholic University of Lille , as well branch colleges of foreign universities. They include Baruch College , the University of London Institute in Paris , Parsons Paris School of Art and Design and

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1386-593: The Titre ) by the public vocational training agency France Compétences , under the authority of the French Ministry of Labor. Preparatory classes (in French " classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles " or CPGE), widely known as prépas , are courses whose main goal is to prepare students for enrollment in a grande école . Admission to CPGEs is based on academic performance during the last two years of high school, called Première and Terminale . Only 5% of

1449-472: The American University of Paris . The grandes écoles of France are elite higher-education institutions. They are generally focused on a single subject area (e.g., engineering or business), have a small size (typically between 100 and 300 graduates per year), and are highly selective. They are widely regarded as prestigious, and most of France's scientists and executives have graduated from

1512-468: The Baccalauréat . Higher education in France was reshaped by the student revolts of May 1968 . During the 1960s, French public universities responded to a massive explosion in the number of students (280,000 in 1962–63 to 500,000 in 1967–68) by stuffing approximately one-third of their students into hastily developed campus annexes (roughly equivalent to American satellite campuses ) which lacked decent amenities, resident professors, academic traditions, or

1575-575: The Licence and Licence Professionnelle ( bachelor's degrees ), and the Master's and Doctorat degrees. The Licence and the Master are organized in semesters: 6 for the Licence and 4 for the Master. Those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (Unités d'enseignement or Modules), each worth a defined number of European credits (ECTS). A student accumulates those credits, which are generally transferable between paths. A licence

1638-613: The OECD in 2018 ranked the overall knowledge and skills of French 15-year-olds as 26th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, below the OECD average of 493. The average OECD performance of French 15-year-olds in science and mathematics has declined, with the share of low performers in reading, mathematics and science developing a sharp upward trend. France's share of top performers in mathematics and science has also declined. France's performance in mathematics and science at

1701-528: The Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850–1851, which gave an important role to the clergy. The French curriculum predominantly emphasized the works of French writers of European descent. Ferry and others considered literature the glue of French identity. The ethnic and cultural demographics of the student body did not factor in to the quest to transmit a "common culture" to

1764-663: The anti-clericalism found among much of the French political left at the time. The law angered many Catholics, who had recently begun to rally to the cause of the Republic, supported by Leo XIII 's Inter innumeras sollicitudines 1892 encyclical ( Au Milieu des sollicitudes ) and the Cardinal Lavigerie 's toast in 1890 favour of the Republic. However, the concept of laïcité progressively became almost universally accepted among French citizens , including members of

1827-442: The ministère the largest employer in the country. professors and researchers in France's universities are also employed by the state. At the primary and secondary levels, the curriculum is the same for all French students in any given grade, which includes public, semi-public and subsidised institutions. However, there exist specialised sections and a variety of options that students can choose. The reference for all French educators

1890-587: The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , stating that "No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious ones, as long as the manifestation of such opinions does not interfere with the established Law and Order." The 1871 Paris Commune had proclaimed state secularism on 3 April 1871, but it had been cancelled following the Commune's defeat. After the 16 May 1877 crisis and

1953-561: The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State were independent legal entities having rights and responsibilities in the eyes of the law in all matters appertaining to money and properties formerly owned in France by organized religions: churches and sacred edifices, ecclesiastical property, real and personal; the residences of the bishops and priests; and the seminaries. These laymen associations were also authorized by

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2016-477: The Catholic Church in France, the French government began making serious strides towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church later during the 1920s by both recognizing the social impact of organized religion in France and amending the law itself through new legislation and rendering court decisions that were favorable to organized religion in France. In 1921, the Catholic Church and French state began

2079-551: The Catholic Church who found greater freedom from state interference in cultural matters, now that the government had completely stripped itself of its former Catholic links. The Affaire Des Fiches produced a considerable backlash, after it was discovered that the Combes government worked with Masonic lodges to create a secret surveillance of all army officers to make sure devout Catholics would not be promoted. A few French politicians and communities have more recently questioned

2142-646: The Central Consistory elect the Chief Rabbi of France . In the 21st century, France has the third-largest Jewish congregation after Israel and the United States. This article related to Jewish history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This French history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State The 1905 French law on

2205-606: The Chamber of Deputies voted to sever diplomatic relations with the Holy See following the sanctioning by the Holy See, of two French bishops ( Albert-Léon-Marie Le Nordez and Pierre Joseph Geay) who had declared themselves Republicans and in favour of conciliation with the Republic. The relationship was not reestablished until 1921, after the Senate accepted a proposition brought by Aristide Briand . The 1905 law put an end to

2268-399: The French higher education system is that a large share of the scientific research is carried out by research establishments such as CNRS or INSERM , which are not formally part of the universities. However, in most cases, the research units of those establishments are located inside universities (or other higher education establishments) and jointly operated by the research establishment and

2331-664: The IUTs ( University Technical Institutes ). This is a type of university college , usually in small and medium-sized towns, at satellite campuses of larger universities, that offers post-secondary study programmes designed to provide higher vocational education or the technical skills needed to perform the tasks of a particular and specific job. The degree awarded by IUTs is the Bachelor Universitaire de Technologie , (in English: "Bachelor of Technical Studies") which

2394-548: The International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed France as having 105 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms: "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English

2457-557: The Separation of the Churches and State ( French : Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État ) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905. Enacted during the Third Republic , it established state secularism in France . France was then governed by the Bloc des gauches (Left Coalition) led by Émile Combes . The law was based on three principles:

2520-452: The Separation of the Churches and the State declared that cathedrals remained the property of the state and smaller churches that of the local municipal government. Those public authorities had to hand over the buildings to religious organizations ( associations culturelles ) representing associations formed of laymen, instead of putting them directly back under the supervision of the church hierarchies. These laymen associations created under

2583-491: The age of six, a child in France starts primary school and soon moves onto higher and higher grade levels until they graduate. In French higher education, the following degrees are recognized by the Bologna Process (EU recognition): Licence and Licence Professionnelle (bachelor's degrees), and the comparably named Master and Doctorat degrees. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by

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2646-559: The compositions of this time. Because much 19th century church music required professional forces no longer available, much of it was forgotten. Alsace-Lorraine is still governed by the 1801 Concordat which recognises four religions, but not secularism. When the 1905 legislation superseded the Concordat elsewhere in France, Alsace-Lorraine was part of the German Empire ; thus, the 1905 law has never applied there. Similarly,

2709-418: The control of religious communities and, notably, limited their influence on education. In 1903, while former Catholic seminarian Émile Combes was minister, a commission was selected to draft a bill that would establish a comprehensive separation between the state and the churches. Its president was the former Protestant pastor Ferdinand Buisson , and its minute writer, Aristide Briand . On 30 July 1904,

2772-501: The course of one century made possible "the integration of children of Italians, Poles, Africans and Portuguese". All educational programmes in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education and Youth (officially called Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Jeunesse ). The head of the ministry is the Minister of National Education . All teachers in public primary and secondary schools are state civil servants, making

2835-439: The dignity of university status. With so many students ripe for radicalization after being forced to study in such miserable conditions, change was necessary and inevitable. Rather than expand already-overwhelmed parent campuses, it was decided to split off the annexes as new universities. As a result, French higher education, compared with other countries, is small in size with a multiplicity of establishments, each specialised in

2898-477: The end of the 19th century. Jules Ferry , the Minister of Public Instruction in 1881, is widely credited for creating the modern school ( l'école républicaine ) by requiring all children between the ages of 6 and 12, both boys and girls, to attend. He also made public instruction mandatory, free of charge , and secular ( laïque ). With those laws, known as French Lubbers, Jules Ferry laws , and several others,

2961-503: The extent that the church would like. With the exception of the historically anomalous Alsace-Lorraine, followers of Islam and other religions more recently implanted in France instead have to build and maintain religious facilities at their own expense. This was one of the controversial arguments used by Nicolas Sarkozy , when he was Minister of Interior , in favour of funding other cultural centers than those of Catholicism, Protestantism and Judaism. In 2016, President Hollande proposed

3024-546: The government funding of religious groups by France and its political subdivisions (The state had previously agreed to such funding in the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 as compensation for the Revolution's confiscation of church properties.). At the same time, it declared that all religious buildings were property of the state and local governments and made available for free to the church. Other articles of

3087-457: The law has never been applied in the overseas Department of French Guiana as it was a colony in 1905. Pope Pius X condemned the law in the February 1906 encyclical Vehementer Nos as a unilateral break of the 1801 Concordat ; it later condemned it again in his August 1906 encyclical Gravissimo officii munere , declaring it a "nefarious law" and calling French Catholics to "defend

3150-506: The law included the prohibition of affixing religious signs on public buildings, and laying down that the Republic no longer names French archbishops or bishops. Secularization had a profound impact on church music. Government funding had provided a steady revenue source for funding professional musicians and installing large complex organs. Overnight, many choirs were disbanded and organists were forced to earn side income from teaching. A profound break in sacred music complexity can be found in

3213-407: The law to act as administrators of church property, regulate and collect the alms and the legacies destined for religious worship. The resources furnished by Catholic liberality for the maintenance of Catholic schools, and the working of various charitable associations connected with religion, were also transferred to lay associations. Implementation of the law was controversial, due in some part to

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3276-538: The law, arguing that, despite its explicit stance for state secularism , it de facto favors traditional French religions, in particular the Catholic Church , at the expense of more recently established religions, such as Islam . Indeed, most Catholic churches in the country were built well before the enactment of the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, and thus are maintained at full public expense, although not always on time and to

3339-547: The middle school level was ranked 23 in the 1995 Trends in International Math and Science Study . In 2019, France ranked 21 in the TIMSS Science general ranking. Napoleon began the French university and secondary educational systems. Guizot started the elementary system. Intense battles took place over whether the Catholic Church should play a dominant role. The modern era of French education begins at

3402-558: The neutrality of the state, the freedom of religious exercise , and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of laïcité (secularism). It is however not applicable in Alsace and Moselle , which were part of Germany when it was enacted. Prior to the French Revolution of 1789 — since the days of the conversion of Clovis I to Christianity in 508 AD — Catholicism had been

3465-637: The primary school level is professeur or professeure des écoles (previously called instituteur , or its feminine form institutrice ). Children stay in elementary school for 5 years until they are 10–11 years-old. The grades are named: CP ( cours préparatoire ), CE1 ( cours élémentaire 1 ), CE2 ( cours élémentaire 2 ), CM1 ( cours moyen 1 ) and CM2 ( cours moyen 2 ). The compulsory middle and high school subjects cover French language and literature, history and geography, foreign languages, arts and crafts, musical education, civics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural sciences, technology, and PE. The curriculum

3528-638: The religion of your Fatherland". A third condemnation came in January 1907 through the encyclical Une fois encore . In 1908, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary ruled that all Deputies and Senators who had voted in favour of the law were latae sententiae excommunicated . Although the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State initially was a particularly "painful and traumatic event" for

3591-517: The state religion of France, and closely identified with the Ancien Régime . However, the revolution led to various policy changes , including a brief separation of church and state in 1795, ended by Napoleon 's re-establishment of the Catholic Church as the state religion with the Concordat of 1801 . An important document in the evolution toward religious liberty was Article Ten of

3654-436: The students. Like literature, history education is seen as critical to shaping the identity of young people and the integration of immigrants to French identity. Ferry's views continue to exert influence today. Ministry reports have confirmed that the rule of schools in promoting "common culture" is only made more critical by the rising levels of student diversity. According to the ministry, history education in France has, over

3717-721: The substitution of lay women for nuns in hospitals. Thereafter, the Third Republic established secular education with the Jules Ferry laws in 1881–1882, which were a significant part of the firm establishment of the Republican regime in France, with religious instruction in all schools forbidden. In 1886, another law ensured secularisation of the teaching staff of the National Education . Other moves towards secularism included: The 1901 Law of Associations, which guaranteed freedom of association, also enabled

3780-515: The suburbs. In addition, most of the universities have taken a more informal name that is usually that of a famous person or a particular place. Sometimes, it is also a way to honor a famous alumnus, for example the science university in Strasbourg is known as "Université Louis-Pasteur " while its official name is "Université Strasbourg I" (however, since 2009, the three universities of Strasbourg have been merged). The French system has undergone

3843-518: The teaching community, fearing the privatization of French public higher education and tuition fee increases. In France, private colleges and universities cannot award national Bachelor's ( Licence ) and Master's degrees. They can, however, either: set up co-diploma partnerships with public universities to deliver their national diplomas, or have their own diplomas accredited by the French Ministry of Higher Education (the accredited diploma , or " Diplôme Visé "), or have their programs certified (with

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3906-472: The university. In 2021, 1.65 million students are enrolled in French higher education institutions (61% in licence, 35% in master, 4% in doctorat). Higher education is mostly funded by the State which leads to very low tuition fees. For citizens of the EU, EEA, Switzerland or Quebec, the annual fees range from 170 to 380 euros per year depending on the level ( licence, master, doctorat ). One can therefore get

3969-477: The victory of the Republicans at the following elections, various draft laws requesting the suppression of the Concordat of 1801 were deposed, starting with the 31 July 1879 proposition of Charles Boysset. Beginning in 1879, the French state began a gradual national secularization program starting with the removal of priests from the administrative committees of hospitals and boards of charity, and in 1880 with

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