65-480: Central Coast Highway is a 50-kilometre (31 mi) highway through the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . It connects Pacific Motorway ( M1 ) at Kariong with Pacific Highway (A43) at Doyalson . The highway was named after the region it goes through, to provide an easily identifiable route for visitors to the region, and is designated route A49. Central Coast Highway commences at
130-668: A "highway" as only a way open for use by motor vehicles, but the California Supreme Court has held that "the definition of 'highway' in the Vehicle Code is used for special purposes of that act" and that canals of the Los Angeles neighborhood of Venice are "highways" that are entitled to be maintained with state highway funds. Large scale highway systems developed in the 20th century as automobile usage increased. The first United States limited-access road
195-557: A City on 1 January 1980. Mann Street, the spine of the Gosford CBD has been the subject of much debate, with urban planners having ambitions to make Gosford a small smart regional city with various plans for a performing arts center, greater choice in cafes and restaurants, new library, high speed rail linkage to Sydney and Newcastle, better pedestrian access from the Gosford Hospital, education and research precinct over
260-802: A five-year period." A 2021 study found that areas that obtained access to a new highway experienced a substantial increase in top-income taxpayers and a decline in low-income taxpayers. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl. Highways are extended linear sources of pollution . Roadway noise increases with operating speed so major highways generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore, considerable noise health effects are expected from highway systems. Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound levels at nearby sensitive receptors . The idea that highway design could be influenced by acoustical engineering considerations first arose about 1973. Air quality issues: Highways may contribute fewer emissions than arterials carrying
325-403: A highway available to vehicles is also available to foot or horse traffic, a highway available to horse traffic is available to cyclists and pedestrians; but there are exceptional cases in which a highway is only available to vehicles, or is subdivided into dedicated parallel sections for different users. A highway can share ground with a private right of way for which full use is not available to
390-438: A highway. Recent examples include toll bridges and tunnels which have the definition of highway imposed upon them (in a legal order applying only to the individual structure) to allow application of most traffic laws to those using them but without causing all of the general obligations or rights of use otherwise applicable to a highway. Limited access highways for vehicles, with their own traffic rules, are called "motorways" in
455-527: A maximum of 44.8 °C (113 °F) on 18 January 2013, to a low of −4.2 °C (24 °F) on 16 July 1970. Average rainfall is 1314.3 mm, much of which falls in the late summer and autumn. Rainfall is less common in late winter and early spring because of the foehn effect , as the city is located on the leeward side of the Great Dividing Range . The reason for the relatively high amount of annual rainfall compared to other places in
520-560: A number of similarly worded definitions such as "a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance" usually accompanied by "at all times"; ownership of the ground is for most purposes irrelevant, thus the term encompasses all such ways from the widest trunk roads in public ownership to the narrowest footpath providing unlimited pedestrian access over private land. A highway might be open to all forms of lawful land traffic (e.g. vehicular, horse, pedestrian) or limited to specific modes of traffic; usually
585-657: A portion of State Highway 10 (Pacific Highway) between Kariong and the Brian McGowan Bridge in Gosford, lengthening the existing gap of Highway 10 through Gosford (removed in November 1996) from Kariong to northern Gosford. The highway today, as Highway 30, still retains this declaration. As part of the original alignment of the former Pacific Highway, it was signed National Route 1 in 1955, and then replaced by State Route 83 in 1979, from Kariong to Gosford . With
650-409: A public highway is also known as " The King's Highway ". The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes but only for the specific matters dealt with in each such piece of legislation. This is typically in the case of bridges, tunnels and other structures whose ownership, mode of use or availability would otherwise exclude them from the general definition of
715-669: A public road is not included in the relevant statistics. The United States has the world's largest network of highways, including both the Interstate Highway System and the United States Numbered Highway System . At least one of these networks is present in every state and they interconnect most major cities. It is also the world's most expensive mega-project, as the entirety of the Interstate Highway System
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#1732776775338780-488: A single intersection and completed in November 2015. As of December 2020, a 3.8-kilometre (2.4 mi) section of the highway between Tumbi Road at Wamberal and Bateau Bay Road at Bateau Bay is proposed to be upgraded to two lanes per direction with a dividing median. Central Coast Highway is entirely contained within the Central Coast Council local government area . Highway A highway
845-464: Is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. Congestion is considered a negative externality by economists. A 2016 study found that for the United States, "a 10% increase in a region's stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over
910-432: Is any public or private road or other public way on land. It includes not just major roads, but also other public roads and rights of way . In the United States, it is also used as an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for motorway , Autobahn , autostrada , autoroute , etc. According to Merriam-Webster , the use of the term predates the 12th century. According to Etymonline , "high"
975-413: Is being popular in many cities to combat most of the social problems caused from highways. In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilometres for public transport or vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) for private transport ). Supply is considered to be a measure of capacity. The price of the good (travel)
1040-514: Is home to: Bus services in Gosford are operated by Busways and Red Bus Services . The Central Coast Highway cuts through Gosford's waterfront area, while its predecessor the Pacific Highway , takes on several names through the CBD itself. Mann Street contains the main public transport links for Gosford, including Gosford railway station , with NSW TrainLink services twice an hour in
1105-467: Is in the sense of "main". In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways (Canada: provincial highways ). Other roads may be designated " county highways " in the US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government (state, provincial, county) that maintains the roadway. In British English , "highway"
1170-597: Is located in the local government area of the Central Coast Council . Gosford, locally nicknamed 'Gossie', is located in the north-eastern part of the Sydney Basin in the traditional Darkinjung Country. The regional city is one of the two shared administrative hubs of the Central Coast Council, along with Wyong . Gosford is the central business district of the Central Coast region and
1235-504: Is measured using the generalised cost of travel, which includes both money and time expenditure. The effect of increases in supply (capacity) are of particular interest in transport economics (see induced demand ), as the potential environmental consequences are significant (see externalities below). In addition to providing benefits to their users, transport networks impose both positive and negative externalities on non-users. The consideration of these externalities—particularly
1300-428: Is primarily a legal term. Everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman . Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's Highway 1
1365-773: Is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways, followed closely by the United States. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes , span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include ferry services, such as US Route 10 , which crosses Lake Michigan . Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses . Later they also accommodated carriages , bicycles and eventually motor cars , facilitated by advancements in road construction . In
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#17327767753381430-478: Is the third largest urban area in the state of New South Wales after Sydney and Newcastle. Gosford has been deemed a vital CBD spine under the NSW Metropolitan Strategy following the merging of City of Gosford Council and Wyong Shire Council in 2016, forming the current Central Coast Council administration. The population of the Gosford area was 169,053 in 2016. Until white settlement ,
1495-767: The A-League . The club has won two titles to date, most recently defeating Melbourne City in the 2023 A-League Men Grand Final . Locally, Gosford is the headquarters of the Central Coast Division Rugby League , which owns the Central Coast League Club in downtown Gosford. The suburb of Gosford has one current club, the St. Edwards Bears, and one junior club, the Gosford Kariong Storm . The Storm were initially
1560-531: The Main Northern railway line to Sydney was completed, requiring a bridge over the Hawkesbury River and a tunnel through the sandstone ridge west of Woy Woy . The introduction of this transport link and then the Pacific Highway in 1930 accelerated the development of the region. Gosford became a town in 1885 and was declared a municipality in 1886. It was then declared a Shire in 1947, and
1625-556: The Northern Eagles . The club, formed as a merger between the previously Gosford-bound North Sydney Bears and the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles , played its allocation of Gosford home matches at the purpose-built Central Coast Stadium . The club licence however reverted to Manly in 2003 and the club was dissolved. The Central Coast Mariners professional football club was formed in 2005 to participate in
1690-419: The 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in highway systems in an effort to spur commerce and bolster national defence. Major highways that connect cities in populous developed and developing countries usually incorporate features intended to enhance the road's capacity, efficiency, and safety to various degrees. Such features include a reduction in the number of locations for user access ,
1755-613: The Central Coast and the Hunter region are key issues for corporate business relocation to the region. Aged and personal care and retail are major employers in Gosford. As an entertainment hub, Mann Street enjoys relatively good public transport links and is one of the Central Coast's most popular spots for pubs and clubs and in close proximity to cultural and sporting events. Yacht and other boat building has been undertaken by East Coast Yachts since 1964 in West Gosford. Gosford
1820-554: The Gosford area. In 1825, Gosford's population reached 100, of whom 50% were convicts. East Gosford was the first centre of settlement. Gosford was named in 1839 after Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford – a friend of the then Governor of New South Wales George Gipps . Acheson's title derives its name from Gosford , a townland (sub-division) of Markethill in County Armagh in Northern Ireland . In 1887,
1885-427: The U.S., many of these effects are from racist planning practices from before the advent of civil rights . This would result in the vast majority of displacement and social effects mostly going to people like African Americans. In recent times, the use of freeway removal or the public policy of urban planning to demolish freeways and create mixed-use urban areas, parks, residential, commercial, or other land uses
1950-671: The UK. Scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s.151 Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (but only "in this act" although other legislation could imitate) simply as a road , that is: The word highway is itself no longer a statutory expression in Scots law but remains in common law. In American law,
2015-613: The area around Gosford was inhabited by the Guringai peoples, who were principally coastal-dwellers, and the Darkinjung people that inhabited the hinterland . Along with the other land around the Hawkesbury River estuary, the Brisbane Water district was explored during the early stages of the settlement of New South Wales . Gosford itself was explored by State Governor Arthur Phillip between 1788 and 1789. The area
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2080-417: The conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, this was replaced with route A49 for the entire length of the declared highway. A 4.4-kilometre (2.7 mi) section of the highway between Carlton Road at Erina and Ocean View Drive at Wamberal was upgraded to two lanes per direction with a dividing median in 2012 and 2013. The intersections with Brisbane Water Drive and Manns Road were combined into
2145-469: The federal government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ). Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Highway"), the first built in the world, connecting Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore , and now parts of the A8 and A9 highways, was devised by Piero Puricelli and
2210-484: The frontage for much of the commercial district. In the centre of Gosford is a shopping and community precinct, including Kibble Park , William Street Mall, Gosford City Library, the Imperial Shopping Centre and a full range of shops, cafes, banks and services. A renewed period of optimism has followed demolition of several derelict buildings and several infrastructure investment projects including
2275-619: The full fibre optic telecommunications rollout of the National Broadband Network in 2012 in the city's CBD as well as the so-called Kibbleplex project, announced in 2013 that plans to house the new regional library, tertiary teaching rooms and associated organisations. Gosford is situated along an identified business growth corridor between Erina, the West Gosford light industrial zone and Somersby . Connectivity of main roads and rail travel times between Sydney ,
2340-431: The general public: for example farm roads which the owner may use for any purpose but for which the general public only has a right of use on foot or horseback. The status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use, while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted (taken into the care and control of a council or other public authority). In England and Wales,
2405-949: The highway terminates at the intersection with Pacific Highway and Wyee Road in Doyalson . The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (MRB). Great Northern Highway was declared (as Main Road No. 9) on 8 August 1928, running from Kariong to Gosford (and continuing south via Peat's Ferry and Hornsby to North Sydney, and northwards via Swansea and Newcastle to Hexham). With
2470-826: The intersection with Wisemans Ferry Road and the southbound ramps of Pacific Motorway at Kariong and heads east in an easterly direction as a four-lane, single-carriageway road widening into a 6-lane, dual-carriageway road through West Gosford , then narrows back to a four-lane, single-carriageway once past the Brian McGowan Bridge in central Gosford , and then follows Dane Drive and Masons Parade through Gosford, York and Victoria and George Streets through East Gosford , The Entrance Road from Erina to The Entrance , Oakland Avenue and Coral Street through The Entrance, Wilfred Barrett Drive from The Entrance North to Noraville , along Budgewoi Road from Noraville to Budgewoi , and finally along Scenic Drive from Budgewoi, where
2535-463: The negative ones—is a part of transport economics. Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide emergency services , increases in land value and agglomeration benefits . Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local air pollution , noise pollution , light pollution , safety hazards , community severance and congestion . The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change
2600-513: The network. In South Korea , in February 1995 a bus lane (essentially an HOV -9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends. In Hong Kong , some highways are set up with bus lanes to solve
2665-401: The northern end of Brisbane Water on the Central Coast in the state of New South Wales , Australia. The Gosford Waterfront is known for its boating and scenic views on the shores of Brisbane Water. Gosford is the main commercial hub and gateway of the Central Coast. It is situated approximately 77 km (48 mi) north of Sydney and 86 km (53 mi) south of Newcastle . Gosford
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2730-432: The number of intersections. They can also reduce the use of public transport , indirectly leading to greater pollution. High-occupancy vehicle lanes are being added to some newer/reconstructed highways in the United States and other countries around the world to encourage carpooling and mass transit. These lanes help reduce the number of cars on the highway and thus reduces pollution and traffic congestion by promoting
2795-520: The off-peak to Sydney Central and Newcastle Interchange , with more frequent services in the morning and evening peaks. All major digital-only television channels are available in Gosford. The networks and the channels they broadcast are listed as follows: Of the three main commercial networks: Radio stations that broadcast to the city are: Gosford formerly had a professional team in the National Rugby League from 2000 until 2002,
2860-514: The passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, this was amended to State Highway 9 on 8 April 1929. On 26 May 1931, it was re-declared as part of State Highway 10 and renamed Pacific Highway . Main Road 335 was declared from Long Jetty to The Entrance (and continuing west via Tumbi Umbi to Tuggerah), and Main Road 336
2925-659: The planning stage, this extra traffic may lead to the new road becoming congested sooner than would otherwise be anticipated by considering increases in vehicle ownership. More roads allow drivers to use their cars when otherwise alternatives may have been sought, or the journey may not have been made, which can mean that a new road brings only short-term mitigation of traffic congestion. Where highways are created through existing communities, there can be reduced community cohesion and more difficult local access. Consequently, property values have decreased in many cutoff neighborhoods, leading to decreased housing quality over time. Mostly in
2990-600: The railway lines to Mann Street and a new Central Coast University promised at State and Federal elections. As of the 2021 census , there were 4,873 people in Gosford CBD. 58.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were India 5.0%, and Nepal 4.1%. 64.0% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Nepali at 3.8% and Mandarin at 3.3%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 40.1% and Catholic 15.8%. The Gosford Statistical Area, which incorporates
3055-426: The roads around the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths. For reasons of clear data collection, only harm involving a road vehicle is included. A person tripping with fatal consequences or dying for some unrelated reason on
3120-534: The safety performance of roads and streets, and methods used to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions . It includes the design, construction and regulation of the roads , the vehicles used on them and the training of drivers and other road-users. A report published by the World Health Organization in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on
3185-634: The same vehicle volumes. This is because high, constant-speed operation creates an emissions reduction compared to vehicular flows with stops and starts. However, concentrations of air pollutants near highways may be higher due to increased traffic volumes. Therefore, the risk of exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants from a highway may be considerable, and further magnified when highways have traffic congestion . New highways can also cause habitat fragmentation , encourage urban sprawl and allow human intrusion into previously untouched areas, as well as (counterintuitively) increasing congestion, by increasing
3250-645: The traffic congestion. Traffic congestion was a principal problem in major roads and highways in the Philippines , especially in Metro Manila and other major cities. The government decided to set up some bus lanes in Metro Manila like in the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue . The following is a list of highways by country in alphabetical order. Gosford Gosford is a waterfront city at
3315-488: The use of dual carriageways with two or more lanes on each carriageway, and grade-separated junctions with other roads and modes of transport. These features are typically present on highways built as motorways ( freeways ). The general legal definition deals with right of use, not the form of construction; this is distinct from e.g. the popular use of the word in the US. A highway is defined in English common law by
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#17327767753383380-445: The use of carpooling in order to be able to use these lanes. However, they tend to require dedicated lanes on a highway, which makes them difficult to construct in dense urban areas where they are the most effective. To address habitat fragmentation, wildlife crossings have become increasingly popular in many countries. Wildlife crossings allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers like highways. Road traffic safety describes
3445-837: The usual principle that a road available to vehicular traffic was also available to horse or pedestrian traffic as is usually the only practical change when non-motorways are reclassified as special roads . The first section of motorway in the UK opened in 1958 (part of the M6 motorway) and then in 1959 the first section of the M1 motorway . Often reducing travel times relative to city or town streets, highways with limited access and grade separation can create increased opportunities for people to travel for business, trade or pleasure and also provide trade routes for goods. Highways can reduce commute and other travel time but additional road capacity can also release latent traffic demand . If not accurately predicted at
3510-507: The vicinity is the shape and orientation of the coastline which makes Gosford (and the Central Coast region in general) slightly more prone to rain from southerly winds. Gosford proper is located in a valley with President's Hill on the city's western border, Rumbalara Reserve on its eastern border, and Brisbane Water to the city's south. Mann Street, Gosford's main street and part of the Pacific Highway, runs north–south and contains
3575-594: The whole of Gosford's city and suburbs, includes Avoca Beach , Erina , Ettalong Beach , Kariong , Kincumber , Narara , Terrigal , Woy Woy , and Wyoming , and at the 2021 census had a population of 178,427. Gosford has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa) with warm summers and mild winters. In summer, temperatures average about 27–28 °C in the day with high humidity and about 17–18 °C at night. Winters are mild with cool overnight temperatures and mild to occasionally warm daytime temperatures with lower humidity. Records range from
3640-456: The word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether a "road, street, and parkway"; however, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic. Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. California Vehicle Code, Sections 360, 590, define
3705-576: Was constructed on Long Island, New York, and known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway. It was completed in 1911. It included many modern features, including banked turns , guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac . Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by
3770-477: Was declared as Highway 30 on 9 August 2006, from the Gosford Interchange with Pacific Motorway at Kariong via Gosford, Erina, Bateau Bay, The Entrance and Noraville to the intersection with Pacific Highway at Doyalson, subsuming Main Road 336; the eastern end of Main Roads 335 and 509 were truncated to meet Central Coast Highway at Long Jetty and Noraville respectively. This declaration also subsumed
3835-487: Was declared from the intersection with Main Road 335 at Long Jetty to the intersection with Pacific Highway at Gosford, on the same day, 26 April 1933. Main Road 509 was declared from Wyee to the intersection with Pacific Highway in Doyalson on 27 September 1939, but was later extended past Doyalson via Budgewoi to Noraville (and continuing west to the intersection with Pacific Highway at Kanwal) on 4 April 1951; Main Road 335
3900-400: Was difficult to access and settlement began around 1823. By the late 19th century the agriculture in the region was diversifying, with market gardens and citrus orchards occupying the rich soil left after the timber harvest. As late as 1850, the road between Hawkesbury (near Pittwater) and Brisbane Water was a cart wheel track. Typical of early Colonial settlement, convicts lived and worked in
3965-483: Was estimated to cost $ 27 billion in 1955 (equivalent to $ 240 billion in 2023 ). China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about 3,573,000 kilometres (2,220,000 mi). China's expressway network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) at the end of 2011. In 2008 alone, 6,433 kilometres (3,997 mi) expressways were added to
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#17327767753384030-604: Was extended north, from The Entrance via The Entrance North to the intersection with Main Road 509 in Noraville, on 22 February 1967, shortly before construction on the replacement The Entrance Bridge commenced. The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Central Coast Highway
4095-566: Was inaugurated in 1924. This highway, called autostrada , contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the Bonn-Cologne Autobahn began in 1929 and
4160-626: Was opened in 1932 by Konrad Adenauer , then the mayor of Cologne . Soon the Autobahn was the first limited-access, high-speed road network in the world, with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935. In the US, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act) enacted a fund to create an extensive highway system. In 1922, the first blueprint for a national highway system (the Pershing Map )
4225-576: Was published. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 allocated $ 25 billion for the construction of the 66,000-kilometre-long (41,000 mi) Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period. In Great Britain , the Special Roads Act 1949 provided the legislative basis for roads for restricted classes of vehicles and non-standard or no speed limits applied (later mostly termed motorways but now with speed limits not exceeding 70 mph); in terms of general road law this legislation overturned
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