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85-453: The electoral coalition was created to join forces for the 2006 election. As a result of the internal election, the following presidential ticket was chosen: Paniagua had become president of Congress in November 2000 for a few days before becoming the interim President of Peru from November 2000 to July 2001, following the resignation of Alberto Fujimori and his vice-presidents. Andrade

170-524: A Senate and a Chamber of Deputies . This system was interrupted by a number of times by Constitutional Congresses that promulgated new Constitutions that lasted for a couple of years. The Deputies reunited in the Legislative Palace and the Senators went to the former Peruvian Inquisition of Lima until 1930, when Augusto B. Leguía was overthrown by Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He installed

255-471: A party-list proportional representation system, is used to allocate seats in congress. Political parties publish their party list for each region ahead of the election. Candidates do not need to be members of the political party they run for but may run for such party as a guest. Each candidate is assigned a number within the list. The citizenry thus votes for the party of their preference directly. Additionally, voters may write two specific candidates' number on

340-522: A 33,027 Peruvian soles (approximately $ 9,000) personnel allowance. Congressman also receive a one-time extra monthly salary before the beginning of their term, known as an installation expenses allowance. The most important officer is the President of Congress who is fourth in line of presidential succession if both the President and both vice-presidents are incapable of assuming the role. The President of Congress can only serve as interim president as he

425-593: A Constitutional Congress (1931–1933) that promulgated the Constitution of 1933. By order of the president, the Peruvian Aprista Party members that were in Congress were arrested for their revolutionary doctrines against the government. When Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933 by an APRA member, General Óscar R. Benavides took power and closed Congress until 1939, when Manuel Prado Ugarteche

510-482: A check and a balance to the other branches of government: After widespread protests the previous year , the 2021 election saw a surge in support for the new left-wing Free Peru , which also won the presidential election with Pedro Castillo on the same day. However, a coalition of right-wing parties holds the majority of Congress and have been strongly opposed to President Castillo. One bloc of far-right parties comprises about one-third of seats in Congress, with

595-523: A decree that set snap elections for 26 January 2020. The representatives served out the remainder of the original legislative term, which expired in July 2021. On 26 July 2021, the new and current Congress was sworn in, with an alliance led by Popular Action member María del Carmen Alva successfully gaining control of Peru's Congress. On 7 December 2022, the president Pedro Castillo attempted self-coup d'état by unconstitutionally dissolving Congress and

680-487: A number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president. There are 14 presidents that became presidents through a coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by Alberto Fujimori in 1992, who was later imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption. Presidential inaugurations take place in

765-514: A precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru. The Act of Independence was signed in Lima on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government

850-713: A red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such. The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at

935-526: A series of political reforms as a response to the CNM audios scandal during his Independence Day message on 28 July 2018. One of his proposals was the establishment of a bicameral legislature similar to the one that existed in Peru before the 1993 Constitution. A referendum on the bicameralism proposal, as well as three other constitutional amendment proposals, was held on 9 December 2018. The bicameralism proposal

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1020-484: A specific topic as directed by Article 97 of the Constitution. Appearances before investigative committees are compulsory, under the same requirements as judicial proceedings. Investigative committee have the power to access any information necessary, including non-intrusive private information such as tax filings and bank financial statements. Investigative committees final reports are non-binding to judicial bodies. Special committees are set up for ceremonial purposes or for

1105-545: A vote of more than half the legal number of congressmen. It can also remove government official including the President , consent to the entry of foreign troops into the national territory, and authorize the President to leave the country. Congress meets at the Legislative Palace in Lima . The presiding officer is the President of Congress , who is elected by the members thereof (and is therefore traditionally

1190-470: Is a former mayor of Lima from 1996 to 2002. Aguirre is an entrepreneur and a former member of National Unity . Both Andrade and Aguirre also ran for Congress, under candidate numbers 1 and 3 in the Front's list for Lima. The coalition's logo, shows Peru's national colors in the background, in the style of Acción Popular's own logo, but replacing AP's shovel with a "V" similar to a check, as well as serving as

1275-688: Is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength. Most committee work is performed by 24 standing committees. They examine matters within their jurisdiction of the corresponding government departments and ministries. They may also impede bills from reaching the Plenary Assembly. There are two independent committees, the Permanent Assembly and the Parliamentary Ethics Committee. Investigative committee are in charge of investigating

1360-414: Is almost always from the majority party. Its most important responsibility is to control and guide debate in Congress. He also signs, communicates and publishes bills and other decisions made by Congress. He may delegate any of these responsibilities to one of the vice-presidents of Congress. The president serves along three vice-presidents who are collectively known as Mesa Directiva del Congreso , known as

1445-541: Is as follows: I, [ complete name of presidential elect ], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [ start of mandate ] to [ end of mandate ], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce

1530-523: Is chosen and serves under the direction of the Bureau and Executive Council. Standing Committees are in charge of the study and report of routine business of the calendar, especially in the legislative and oversight function. The President of Congress, in coordination with Parliamentary Groups or upon consultation with the Executive Council, proposes the number of Standing Committees. Each party

1615-485: Is directly proportional to the number of seats each party holds in Congress. The council has administrative and legislative responsibilities. Similar to the United States House Committee on Rules , it sets the calendar for the Plenary Assembly and fixes floor time for debating calendar items. Each political party in Congress chooses a Spokesperson who acts as the party leader and is a member of

1700-413: Is elected to a term of five years without immediate re-election. A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was Pedro Castillo, who was elected for a term from 2021 to 2026. His Vice President, Dina Boluarte, a former civil servant , succeeded him as president following his impeachment after a failed coup attempt . There have also been

1785-666: Is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the Congress of the Republic and the Council of Ministers to enact reform, and be an administrator of the state, enforcing the Constitution of 1993 which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the Palacio de Gobierno , located in the historic center of Lima . The building has been used and occupied by

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1870-497: Is established by Chapter I of Title IV of the Constitution of Peru . Congress is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts allocated to each region , as well as two special districts, Lima Province and Peruvian citizens living abroad, on a basis of population as measured by the Peruvian Census in multi-member districts. The number of voting representatives is fixed by the Constitution at 130. Pursuant to

1955-544: Is in charge of enforcing the code and punishing violators. Discipline consist of (a) private, written admonishments; (b) public admonishments through a Congressional resolution; (c) suspension from three to 120 days from their legislative functions. Any congressmen may lose their parliamentary immunity if authorized by Congress. The process is started by the Criminal Sector of the Supreme Court who presents

2040-476: Is in charge of enforcing the code and punishing violators. Discipline consists of (a) private, written admonishments; (b) public admonishments through a Congressional resolution; (c) suspension from 3 to 120 days from their legislative functions. Article 102 of the Peruvian Constitution delineated ten specific functions of Congress which deal with both its legislative power as well as its role as

2125-411: Is in session similar to what an upper-chamber would. It has the responsibility of appointing high-ranking government officers and commencing the removal process of them as well as the heads of the two other branches of government. The Plenary Assembly may assign this committee special responsibilities excluding constitutional reform measures, approval of international treaties, organic acts, the budget, and

2210-488: Is required to call new elections if all three executive officers are not incapable of serving. This has happened once since the adoption of the current constitution when Valentín Paniagua became the interim president after the fall of the Alberto Fujimori regime in 2000. The President of Congress is elected for a one-year term by the rest of Congress. Re-election is possible but uncommon. The President of Congress

2295-530: Is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday . The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through impeachment . Under Article 113 of the Constitution of 1993 , the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of

2380-520: Is then communicated back to the Supreme Court. Every congressman receives a monthly salary of 15,600 Peruvian soles (approximately US$ 4,000). They further receive 7,617 Peruvian soles (approximately $ 2,100) for congressional function expenses and 2,530 Peruvian soles (approximately $ 700) for congressional representation week expenses to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. Each congressman further receives

2465-422: The 2017 Census , the largest delegation is that of Lima Province , with 36 representatives. Congress is charged with the responsibility to pass laws and legislative resolutions, as well as to interpret, amend, or repeal existing laws. Congress also ratifies international treaties, approves the national budget, and authorizes loans on behalf of the country. It may also override presidential observations to bills by

2550-493: The Armed Forces and National Police of Peru . The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president the highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru , the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature. The president

2635-583: The Congress of the Republic of Peru in the capital city of Lima . Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru. Foreign dignitaries have often assisted

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2720-530: The Constitution of Peru , the President of Peru can be removed by Congress without cause , effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch. Following a ruling in February 2023 by the Constitutional Court of Peru , the body tasked with interpreting the Constitution of Peru and whose members are directly chosen by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body

2805-590: The National Solidarity Alliance of ex-Lima Mayor Luis Castañeda . AP - PDSP - TPP Congress of the Republic of Peru 12°02′53″S 77°01′30″W  /  12.04806°S 77.02500°W  / -12.04806; -77.02500 The Congress of the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : Congreso de la República ) is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru . Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in

2890-626: The Viceroyalty of Peru . In 1532, the Spanish conquerors arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The Governorate of the New Toledo ( Diego de Almagro ) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the city of Cusco , the current historical capital of Peru . The Governorate of

2975-563: The central Andes was the Wari civilization , whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century , the Inca civilization developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the Sapa Inca at its head. The modern Peruvian state is the heir of

3060-514: The 2020 election, Purple Party , We Are Peru and Podemos Perú also all lost seats, while the Ethnocacerist Union for Peru , leftist Broad Front and Agrarian Agricultural People's Front all failed to win any seats. Contigo , the successor to former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 's Peruvians for Change party, also failed to win a seat and continued its downwards trend of the previous election, receiving only around 0.05% of

3145-536: The Board of Spokespersons alongside the members of the Bureau. The Board of Spokespersons main role deals with committee assignments as well as the flow of bills from the committees to the Plenary Assembly. La Oficialía Mayor, or Secretariat General, is the body of personnel led by the Secretary-General. It is responsible for assisting all members of Congress with daily managerial tasks. The Secretary-General

3230-563: The Bureau in English. The three vice-presidents are not always from the same party as the president. The Bureau approves all administrative functions as well as all of Congress's internal financial policy and hiring needs. Any member of the Bureau may be censored by any member of Congress. El Consejo Directivo , or Executive Council, consists of the four members of the Bureau as well as representatives from each political party in Congress which are known as Executive-Spokespersons. Its composition

3315-489: The Congress, impeding the power that Fujimori had as president. He made the decision of dissolving Congress by a self-coup to his government in 1992. Following the self-coup , in which Congress was dissolved, the Democratic Constitutional Congress established a single chamber of 120 members. The Democratic Constitutional Congress promulgated the 1993 Constitution in which gave more power to

3400-476: The Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately. The Constitution of 1993 , a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place. The presidential sash is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since

3485-511: The Constitution. Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres , Alberto Fujimori , and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Three presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra (first impeachment), and Pedro Castillo (first and second impeachments) while the impeachments of Billinghurst, Fujimori, Vizcarra (second impeachment), and Castillo (third impeachment) have been successful. The president

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3570-475: The Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State. By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule. As a result, on 28 July 1827, Manuel Salazar assumed the formal office of the presidency and became

3655-491: The First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a Catholic state . Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the executive , judicial and the legislative power. The governing board , a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items,

3740-603: The General Account of the Republic Act. The Assembly consist of twenty-five percent of the total number of congressmen elected proportionally to the number of seats each party holds in Congress. They are installed within the first 15 days of the first session of Congress's term. Congressmen must follow the Congress's code of ethics which is part of its self-established Standing Rules of Congress. La Comisión de Ética Parlamentaria , or Parliamentary Ethics Committee,

3825-522: The New Castile ( Francisco Pizarro ) had as its capital the City of Kings, as Lima was also called initially and it was on this that the viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars. In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, whose government was held by the representative of the king of Spain (head of state) with the title of Viceroy of Peru (head of government). The true organizer of

3910-517: The President of the Republic are: The powers of the President of the Republic are: The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power. The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of

3995-458: The President. The new unicameral Congress started working in 1995, dominated by Fujimori's Congressmen that had the majority. The Congress permits a one-year term for a Congressman or Congresswoman to become President of Congress. During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala , Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra , the right-wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian dictator Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori , obstructed much of

4080-643: The Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela  [ es ] The President of Peru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú ), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: presidente constitucional de la República del Perú ), is the head of state and head of government of Peru . The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of

4165-544: The Republic carries a plaque in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a lanyard with the insignia of the military command that recognizes them as the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun. The staff originates from

4250-562: The Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council. The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of

4335-614: The Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by

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4420-501: The actions performed by the presidents. According to Walter Albán, head of Transparency International Peru, the Congress of Peru has recently been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms in order to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity . The 2016-2021 congressional term was dissolved by President Martín Vizcarra in September 2019, triggering the 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis . Vizcarra issued

4505-491: The appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position, and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic." Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing: The exercise of

4590-502: The armed forces or national police can only become congressmen six months after leaving their post. Congressmen serve for a five-year term and cannot be reelected for a new term, immediately, in the same position. Elections for congress happen simultaneously as the election for president. Seats in congress are assigned to each region in proportion to the region's population. Congressional elections take place in April. The D'Hondt method ,

4675-602: The armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of Mercedes Aráoz in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru. There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic Crucifix . The first state recognizable as such under current concepts in

4760-479: The ballot as their personal preference. The newly elected congress takes office on the 26 July of the year of the election. Congressmen may not be tried or arrested without prior authorization from Congress from the time of their election until a month after the end of their term. Congressmen must follow the Congress's code of ethics which is part of its self-established Standing Rules of Congress. La Comisión de Ética Parlamentaria , or Parliamentary Ethics Committee,

4845-402: The beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last Viceroys . The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the President of Congress until the new president is sworn in. It is a bicolor band that carries the national colors (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of

4930-648: The bloc including the Fujimorist Popular Force , Popular Renewal of Rafael López Aliaga and Go on Country . Popular Force, which had dominated the legislature during the reign of Keiko Fujimori , regained 9 seats since their poor performance in the 2020 election , making them the second largest party. Popular Renewal party would also gain 13 seats while Go on Country won 7 seats. The previously dominant center-right parties Popular Action and Alliance for Progress both lost some seats. The new or previously minor parties that had gained ground in

5015-434: The case to the Presidency of Congress. The case is then referred to a special committee of 15 congressmen known as Comisión de Levantamiento de Inmunidad Parlamentaria , or Committee on Lifting Parliamentary Immunity, that decides if the petition should be heard by the body as a whole. The accused congressmen has the right to a lawyer and to defend himself before the committee and before the Plenary Assembly. The final decision

5100-552: The center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents Oscar R. Benavides Larrea , Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry . Recently its use was 'revived' by Alan García Pérez in the European Union Summit held precisely in Lima in May 2008. The President of

5185-742: The democratic transition of power in Peru. The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows: Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018 a 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos. Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo , Presidential Oath of Office July 28, 2018 In English The English translation

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5270-429: The first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru. The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and their authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The duties exclusive to the President have been defined in the 1823 Constitution as: The powers of

5355-407: The government of Peru as the democratic president of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the president of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the president of Peru with and only with the presidential sash. As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the Congress of Peru , but not recognized by either the executive branch or

5440-430: The heads of state of Peru, dating back to Francisco Pizarro and the viceroys of Peru . The current president of Peru is Dina Boluarte , who succeeded Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022. Ordinarily, the president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate reelection . A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on 28 July, which

5525-546: The initial to Paniagua's first name and to the word for "victory" ( victoria ). At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 7.1% of the popular vote and only 5 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic . For the 2011 Peruvian general election , both Popular Action and We Are Peru joined the Peru Possible Alliance of ex-president Alejandro Toledo while National Coordinator of Independents (now known as All for Peru) joined

5610-459: The last viceroys of Peru were parallel to Jose de San Martin and his first successors. Joaquín de la Pezuela and José de la Serna faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, Pío Tristán was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots. In July 1821, during the Peruvian War of Independence , the autonomous states lying in

5695-489: The leader of the controlling party). The President and three vice-presidents are chosen by the controlling governing coalition. Supreme Court of the Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela  [ es ] The first Peruvian Congress was installed in 1822 as the Constitutional Congress led by Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro . In 1829, the government installed a bicameral Congress, made up by

5780-532: The lower chamber in a joint session to approve budgets. Unlike the lower chamber, which is elected entirely by proportional representation from a single, national constituency, the Senate will have 27 members elected from individual departmental constituencies and the remaining 33 elected proportionately nationwide. The move came nearly five years after a failed 2018 attempt to reestablish the Senate by popular referendum. Peruvian ex-president Martín Vizcarra proposed

5865-487: The political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. The president of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the president-elect takes the oath of office. Once the president-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of

5950-398: The re-election of deposed President Fernando Belaúnde . It limited the president to a single five-year term and established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 60-member Senate (upper house) and a 180-member Chamber of Deputies (lower house). Members of both chambers were elected for five-year terms, running concurrently with that of the president . Party-list proportional representation

6035-433: The realization of special study or joint work with other government organizations or amongst congressional committees. They disband after they fulfill their assigned tasks. The Permanent Assembly, or Comisión Permanente , fulfills the basic functions of Congress when it is under recess or break. It is not dissolved even if Congress is dissolved by the President . It also fulfills some Constitutional functions while Congress

6120-506: The saber or the sword of the military presidents. There is only a handful of remarkable cases. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried

6205-556: The state apparatus as a whole. He was subsequently impeached and removed by congress. Article 90 of the Peruvian Constitution sets three qualifications for congressmen: (1) they must be natural-born citizens; (2) they must be at least 25 years old; (3) they must be an eligible voter. Candidates for president cannot simultaneously run for congress while vice-presidential candidates can. Furthermore, Article 91 states that high-ranking government officers and any member of

6290-484: The viceregal state was Francisco de Toledo . This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties, the houses of Habsburg and Bourbon , and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the Capitulation of Ayacucho in 1824, despite the independence of Peru in 1821 . José Fernando de Abascal was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors,

6375-551: The viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the Spanish Empire . Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the autonomous viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the sovereign nation . Working closely with the Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822 , a formal constitution

6460-563: The vote. In March 2024, 91 out of 130 members of Congress voted to restore the Senate with the general election of 2026 . The reconstituted Senate will have 60 members each serving a five-year term. The Senate will have the power to appoint the presidents of the Central Reserve Bank and the Court of Auditors , among other offices. The Senate will also have the power of final approval over proposed legislation and will meet with

6545-533: The waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the Coat of arms of Peru . There is a Lima family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, tuxedo or military uniform . Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height. A symbolic act narrated by Ricardo Palma in his famous Peruvian Traditions

6630-420: Was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government. Since the 2021 Peruvian general election , right wing parties held a majority in the legislature. The largest represented leftist party in Congress, Free Peru , has subsequently aligned itself with conservative and Fujimorists parties within Congress due to their institutional power. Congress's composition

6715-540: Was created, named the Constitution of 1823 . Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro , a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru. The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created

6800-505: Was elected president. During various dictatorships, the Congress was interrupted by coups d'état. In 1968, Juan Velasco Alvarado overthrew president Fernando Belaúnde by a coup d'état , closing again the Congress. The 1979 Constitution was promulgated on 12 July 1979 by the Constitutional Assembly elected following 10 years of military rule and replaced the suspended 1933 Constitution. It became effective in 1980 with

6885-415: Was left under the charge of José de San Martín with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed José de la Riva Agüero as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after

6970-478: Was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President Justo Figuerola . This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it. The Ministers of State wear

7055-626: Was rejected by 90.52% of the voters as consequence of Vizcarra's withdrawal of support for the proposal, which had been modified by legislators before it was presented to the public. Congress is one of the most disapproved entities in Peru, recently seeing its lowest approval since the early 2000s. Following the 2021 Peruvian general election , disapproval of Congress increased dramatically, from 61% in August 2021 to 91% in March 2023 according to IEP polls. President of Peru Supreme Court of

7140-523: Was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in Peruvian history . Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the protectorate of Peru , Simon Bolivar , overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government. At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As

7225-408: Was used for both chambers: on a regional basis for the Senate, and using the D'Hondt method for the lower house. Members of both houses had to be Peruvian citizens, with a minimum age of 25 for deputies and 35 for senators . At the beginning of the 1990s, the bicameral congress had a low public approval rating. President Alberto Fujimori did not have the majority in both chambers, the opposition led

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