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47-475: The first piece of the monument designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban was laid on 7 November 2006, and the building was inaugurated by French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 12 May 2010. The building is remarkable for its roof structure, one of the largest and most complex built to date, which was inspired by a Chinese hat found in Paris by Shigeru Ban. Since its inauguration, the institution has become one of

94-501: A building material . He was the first architect in Japan to construct a building primarily out of paper with his paper house, and required special approval for his building to pass Japan's building code . Ban is attracted to using paper because it is low cost, recyclable, low-tech and replaceable. The last aspect of Ban's influences is his humanitarianism and his attraction to ecological architecture. Ban's work with paper and other materials

141-402: A "universal floor" to allow continuity between all rooms in a house. In his buildings, this translates to a floor without change in elevation. By choosing to study under Hejduk, Ban opted to do something different. Hejduk's rationalist views on architecture provided a way of revisiting Western modernism and gaining a richer appreciation than the reductive vision of it as a rationalized version of

188-2372: A 10,000-square-metre (110,000 sq ft) space divided between 3 galleries and since 2015, in Málaga , Spain, and 2018, in Brussels , Belgium. Many styles of modern art, including Fauvism , Expressionism , Cubism , Dada , Abstract art , Surrealism are represented with works by Matisse , André Derain , Maurice de Vlaminck , Raoul Dufy , Albert Marquet , Le Douanier Rousseau , Paul Signac , Georges Braque , Pablo Picasso , Jean Metzinger , Albert Gleizes , Fernand Léger , Juan Gris , Frida Kahlo , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , August Macke , Alexej von Jawlensky , Emil Nolde , Oskar Kokoschka , Otto Dix , George Grosz , Kurt Schwitters , Marcel Duchamp , Francis Picabia , Carlo Carrà , Umberto Boccioni , Giacomo Balla , Gino Severini , Marc Chagall , Natalia Goncharova , Mikhail Larionov , Alexander Rodchenko , František Kupka , Piet Mondrian , Theo van Doesburg , Paul Klee , Wassily Kandinsky , Kasimir Malevich , Jacques Villon , Robert Delaunay , Sonia Delaunay , Georges Rouault , Balthus , Max Beckmann , Constantin Brâncuși , Alexander Calder , Chaïm Soutine , Amedeo Modigliani , Kees van Dongen , Jean Arp , Giorgio de Chirico , André Breton , Magritte , Max Ernst , Joan Miró , Man Ray , Alberto Giacometti , Salvador Dali , Nicolas de Staël , André Masson , Yves Tanguy , Jean Tinguely , Simon Hantaï , Yves Klein , Jackson Pollock , Mark Rothko , Barnett Newman , Willem de Kooning , and Francis Bacon . Pop Art , Nouveau Réalisme , Conceptual art and other tendencies or groups are represented with works by Andy Warhol , Richard Hamilton , Rauschenberg , Dan Flavin , Eduardo Arroyo , Dan Graham , Daniel Buren , George Brecht , Arman , César , Bill Viola , Anish Kapoor , Wim Delvoye , Yves Klein , Niki de Saint-Phalle , Yaacov Agam , Vasarely , John Cage , Cindy Sherman , Dieter Roth , Beuys , Roy Lichtenstein , Burhan Dogancay , Dubuffet , Nam June Paik , Wolf Vostell , Gilbert & George , David Hockney , Louise Bourgeois , and Art & Language . Works of architecture and design include Philippe Starck , Jean Nouvel , and Dominique Perrault . In 1999,

235-412: A Chinese hat. The roof's geometry is irregular, featuring curves and counter-curves over the entire building, and in particular the three exhibition galleries. Imitating this kind of hat and its protective fabric, the entire wooden structure is covered with a white fibreglass membrane and a coating of teflon , which has the distinction of being self-cleaning, protecting from direct sunlight, while providing

282-557: A Japanese experimentalist, as well as a rationalist. Natias Neutert , German thinker, critic, and poet, marks Ban in his essay as "a gentle revolutionary ... guiding contemporary architecture towards transparency, the spherical and the open". Ban himself quotes: "I don't like waste", summing up his philosophy and practice, known as "Paper Architecture". In June 2020, he and other architects, as well as chefs, Nobel laureates in Economics and leaders of international organizations, signed

329-414: A height of 5.7 m (19 ft) to 18 m (59 ft). The roof is the major achievement of the building: a 90 m (300 ft) wide hexagon echoing the building's floor map. With a surface area of 8,000 m (86,000 sq ft), the roof structure is composed of sixteen kilometres of glued laminated timber , that intersect to form hexagonal wooden units resembling the cane-work pattern of

376-465: A hybrid structure. An innovative design feature was Ban's use of recyclable wooden boxes filled with sand instead of a concrete foundation. In the 2024 TASCHEN release of Shigeru Ban's Complete Works 1985–Today , the architect named among his primary inspirations the Japanese structural engineer Gengo Matsui , who helped him develop paper as a structural material for his projects. When describing

423-410: A reconstruction project to Ban. Not only are the temporary shelters very cheap and easy to develop as they incorporate community participation, but they offer more versatile living conditions compared to traditionally used tents. The 16-square-metre (172 sq ft) modules have paper tubing for walls, with small ventilation gaps between the members, which can also be taped up to insulate. The roof

470-549: A transparent view at night. The roof structure can be seen from high up during both day and night in Metz from above , an aerial movie made by French photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand . The Centre Pompidou-Metz includes also a restaurant terrace, for which French designer Patrick Jouin and Kenyan architect Sanjit Manku produced interior spaces inspired by the image of a kaleidoscope . The museum-surrounding garden has been thought by French landscape architect Jean de Gastine using

517-557: Is about 82 and 75 minutes, respectively. Finally, Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Paris to Strasbourg A4 motorway and the A31 north-south motorway . Based entirely on loans from the collection at French National Museum of Modern Art , the Beacons exhibition is semi-permanent exhibition that highlights since 2014 a selection of 18 masterpieces rarely shown to

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564-551: Is comparatively inexpensive and very accessible. In a special case in Turkey in 1999, Ban was able to get paper tubing for free. Paper tubing also proved advantageous for building emergency shelters during the Rwanda refugee crisis in 1994, where the use of trees for framing was creating deforestation problems, and alternative construction materials were difficult to find. The United Nations supplemented wood with aluminum piping but this

611-503: Is heavily based on its sustainability and because it produces very little waste. As a result of this, Ban's DIY refugee shelters (used in Japan after the Kobe earthquake , in Turkey , Rwanda and around the world) are very popular and effective for low-cost disaster relief-housing. Ban created the Japanese pavilion building at Expo 2000 in Hanover , Germany in collaboration with

658-601: Is located in the centre of Metz and is served by Mettis local public transport. Also, the museum is located near the Imperial railway station of Metz , which is connected to the French high speed train network via the LGV East line, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and the city of Luxembourg . The time from Paris East station and France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport to Metz railway station

705-642: Is not only a role model for younger generation, but also an inspiration." Ban was born in Tokyo. He studied at the Southern California Institute of Architecture . Later he went to Cooper Union's School of Architecture , where he studied under John Hejduk and graduated in 1984. From Hejduk (who was a part of the New York Five ), Ban gained an interest in "architectonic poetics" or the creation of "three-dimensional poetry". Hejduk,

752-633: Is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou . In 2021 it ranked 10th in the list of most visited art museums in the world , with 1,501,040 visitors. It is one of the largest museums for modern and contemporary art in the world. In 1937, the Musée National d'Art Moderne succeeded the Musée du Luxembourg , established in 1818 by King Louis XVIII as

799-777: The Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris. The exhibition considered the relevance of the idea of masterpiece and ran until 17 January 2011. The exhibition has attracted over 800,000 visitors during the following year of its inauguration and included: The four parts of the exhibition were: Shigeru Ban Shigeru Ban ( 坂 茂 , Ban Shigeru , born 5 August 1957) is a Japanese architect, known for his innovative work with paper, particularly recycled cardboard tubes used to quickly and efficiently house disaster victims. Many of his notable designs are structures which are temporary, prefabricated , or incorporate inexpensive and unconventional materials in innovative ways. He

846-981: The Los Angeles County Museum of Art , the Luxembourgian Museum of Modern Art , or the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe in joint initiatives. The Centre Pompidou-Metz promotes the local art scene in collaborating with the Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine . In addition to the temporary exhibitions, the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum features seasonal programming with contemporary live shows in its theater and organizes meetings and conferences in its auditorium with worldly recognized, as well as, local artists. The Centre Pompidou-Metz edifice and surrounding Metz are sometimes used as support for

893-651: The Saint-Stephen Gothic cathedral , the Imperial railway station , the Arsenal Concert Hall built by Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill , the Arènes indoor sport arena built by French architect Paul Chemetov , and the Seille park. The great nave covers 1,200 m (13,000 sq ft) and provides flexibility for the exhibition of large artworks, with the ceiling rising progressively from

940-457: The appeal in favour of the purple economy (“Towards a cultural renaissance of the economy”), published in Corriere della Sera , El País and Le Monde . Ban's experimental development of paper tubing structures came in 1986, before any of his programmatic commissions. He found paper's structural integrity to be much better than expected and noted that it is also available all around

987-579: The 6-foot (1.8 m) paper tubes were waterproofed with liquid urethane to minimize expansion and contraction due to humidity variances found in Osaka-Cho Japan. Another project, the Expo 2000 Japanese Pavilion, in Hannover, Germany , also used paper tubing but at much longer dimensions of 67 feet (20 m) with 4.75-inch (121 mm) diameters, at a less than 1 inch (25 mm) thickness. It

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1034-640: The Metz Imperial District and the Station Palace . The Centre Pompidou-Metz also displays around 3 to 4 unique temporary exhibitions per year, which are not presented elsewhere. Most of the artworks exhibited are from the large collection of the National Museum of Modern Art , which encompasses the largest European collection of modern and contemporary arts and the second in the world. The museum works in close collaboration with

1081-593: The Nepalese can use them for many other purposes, such as schools. Ban is currently a professor at Keio University . Previously, he taught at institutions including Harvard University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Kyoto University of Art and Design , Nihon University , Tama Art University , and Yokohama National University . Mus%C3%A9e National d%27Art Moderne The Musée National d'Art Moderne ( French pronunciation: [myze nɑsjɔnal daʁ mɔdɛʁn] ; "National Museum of Modern Art")

1128-550: The Seille park designed by French landscape architect Jacques Coulon and the Arènes indoor sport arena built in 2002. The urban project completion is expected to take place by 2016. Swiss designer Ruedi Baur created the Metz's signage systems . The Centre Pompidou-Metz and its forecourt, named Human Rights square, are built on the site of the Roman amphitheatre of Divodurum Medriomaticum (ancestor of present-day Metz), near

1175-481: The architect Frei Otto and structural engineers Buro Happold . The 72-metre-long gridshell structure was made with paper tubes. But due to stringent building laws in Germany, the roof had to be reinforced with a substructure. After the exhibition the structure was recycled and returned to paper pulp. Ban fits well into the category of "Ecological Architects" but he also can make solid claims for being modernist,

1222-468: The artistic production displayed during the temporary exhibitions. For example, the architectural structure of the Centre Pompidou-Metz was used as support for a visual art project by French visual artists Simon Geilfus, Yannick Jacquet, and Thomas Vaquié. Also, French aerial photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand captured Metz from high up, giving a privileged views of the museum and the city for the exhibition Views from above . The Centre Pompidou-Metz

1269-456: The collaborative process between him as the architect and Gengo Matsui as the structural engineer, Shigeru Ban recalls: "He taught me to see the structural engineering process visually, almost intuitively". In July 2015, Ban began a project to rebuild homes for the victims of that year's Nepal earthquake. The structures of the homes are wood framed for flexibility and built fully with brick walls. The homes are thus quickly and easily built. Also,

1316-499: The collection is exhibited every two years alternately in an 18,500-square-metre (199,000 sq ft) space divided between two floors, one for modern art (from 1905 to 1960, on the 5th floor), the other for contemporary art (from 1960, on the 4th floor), and 5 exhibition halls, on a total of 28,000 m (300,000 sq ft) within the Centre Pompidou. The Atelier Brancusi is located in its own building adjacent to

1363-437: The concepts of sustainable gardening . The museum is the cornerstone of the newly created Amphitheater District of Metz. The district of 50 ha (123.6 acres), thought by French architects Nicolas Michelin , Jean-Paul Viguier , and Christian de Portzamparc , and designer Philippe Starck , is currently under construction and includes the edification of a convention centre and a shopping mall. The quarter encompasses already

1410-557: The creation of the Centre Pompidou , the museum moved to its current location in 1977. The museum has the second largest collection of modern and contemporary art in the world, after the Museum of Modern Art in New York, with more than 100,000 works of art by 6,400 artists from 90 countries since Fauvism in 1905. These works include painting, sculpture, drawing, print, photography, cinema, new media, architecture, and design. A part of

1457-418: The design of "The Paper Dome" in 1998, paper as an innovative building material had to meet the rigorous construction codes, so a great deal of structural engineering data was submitted to the government. In this project straight paper tube joists were connected by laminated timber joints. Although the joints were expensive, the low price of the paper tubing made for an inexpensive overall budget. In addition,

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1504-399: The design. Ban is not interested in the newest materials and techniques, but rather the expression of the concept behind his building. He deliberately chooses materials to further this expression. Ban's work encompasses several schools of architecture. First he is a Japanese architect, and uses many themes and methods found in traditional Japanese architecture (such as shōji ) and the idea of

1551-602: The first museum of contemporary art created in Europe, devoted to living artists whose work was due to join the Louvre 10 years after their death. Imagined as early as 1929 by Auguste Perret to replace the old Palais du Trocadero , the construction of a museum of modern art was officially decided in 1934 in the western wing of the Palais de Tokyo . Completed in 1937 for that year's International Exhibition of Arts and Technology , it

1598-452: The heirs of Alphonse Kann requested the return of Georges Braque's The Guitar Player , which the Centre Pompidou had acquired from Heinz Berggruen in 1981. In 2011, Centre Pompidou admitted that it held three paintings, Les Peupliers (Poplars) , Arbres (Trees) , and Composition by the artist Fédor Löwenstein that had been looted during the Nazi occupation of France. In 2021, after

1645-524: The most experimentally minded of the New York Five, had a lasting influence on Ban, whose work reflects continuing explorations into basic geometric elements. Ban's formal explorations with basic building materials helped to lead him into unique structural solutions. For Ban, one of the most important themes in his work is the "invisible structure". That is, he does not overly express his structural elements, but rather chooses to incorporate them into

1692-502: The most visited cultural venues in France outside Paris. The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a large hexagon structured round a central spire reaching 77 m (253 ft), alluding to the 1977 opening date of the original Centre Pompidou of Paris. It possesses three rectangular galleries (Gallery 1, 2, and 3) weaving through the building at different levels, jutting out through the roof with huge picture windows angled towards landmarks such as

1739-500: The museum. The works displayed in the museum often change in order to show to the public the variety and depth of the collection. Many major temporary exhibitions of modern and contemporary art have taken place on a separate floor (the 6th) over the years, among them many one-person exhibitions. Since 2010, the museum has also displayed unique, temporary exhibitions in its provincial branch, the Centre Pompidou-Metz , in

1786-482: The province. But its real inauguration didn't take place until 1947, after World War II and the addition of the foreign schools collection of the Musée du Luxembourg , which had been held at the Musée du Jeu de Paume since 1922. In 1947, then housed in the Palais de Tokyo , its collection was dramatically increased by its first director, Jean Cassou , thanks to his special relationship with many prominent artists or their families, such as Picasso and Braque . With

1833-417: The public due to their monumental size. The exhibition's staging provides an overview of the primary movements in art since the start of the 20th century, from Pablo Picasso to Anish Kapoor including Sam Francis , Joseph Beuys , Dan Flavin , and Joan Miró . Art works exhibited include: The inaugural exhibition called Masterpieces? was devoted to masterpieces (about 800), of which over 700 were lent by

1880-565: The structure. The main tunnel of the pavilion was designed as an incredibly large space, at 242 by 82 by 52 feet (74 m × 25 m × 16 m) (L × W × H). The fabric tape was used with a buckle system which allowed for manual construction and dismantling. Due to the strict building codes in Germany and the unconventional use of paper as a revolutionary building material, the Japanese Pavilion had to be over-designed and incorporate wooden elements, thus, becoming more of

1927-406: The traditionalist—yet ultra-modern—Japanese space. With his Western education and influences, Ban has become one of the forerunning Japanese architects who embrace the expression of Western and Eastern building forms and methods. Perhaps most influential from Hejduk was the study of the structure of architectural systems. Ban is most famous now for his innovative work with paper and cardboard tubing as

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1974-471: The world. The structures are most commonly available from manufacturers providing paper tubes for use in textile factories, as in the case with the disaster relief shelters project in Ahmedabad , India . Limited material availability during times of disaster relief reconstruction is a major concern and involves increased market prices. Paper tubing on the other hand, not being a typical building material,

2021-521: Was also waterproofed both inside and out by a coating of polyurethane to meet testing requirements for extreme weather conditions and fire protection. Surprisingly, the paper tubes are very difficult to burn due to the high density of the material. Ban's design allowed for full recyclability of the Japanese Pavilion, in keeping with Expo 2000's theme of environmental awareness . Fabric tape was used instead of mechanical joinery. The fabric tape allowed for complicated movement, and also naturally post tensioned

2068-417: Was made from a waterproof tenting material while the foundation consisted of donated beer crates filled with sandbags. Ban's interest in using existing materials aligned with his minimalist ideology. There was never a question of manufacturing a different paper material as current technologies such as waterproofing films, polyurethane and acrylic paints can be used to improve its material properties. In

2115-499: Was profiled by Time magazine in their projection of 21st-century innovators in the field of architecture and design. In 2014, Ban was named the 37th recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize , the most prestigious prize in modern architecture . The Pritzker Jury cited Ban for his innovative use of material and his dedication to humanitarian efforts around the world, calling him "a committed teacher who

2162-590: Was temporarily used for another purpose, since the exhibition of national and foreign art indépendant was then preferably held in the Petit Palais and the Musée du Jeu de Paume . Although due to open in 1939, construction was eventually interrupted by the war; following the nomination of its first Chief Conservator in September 1940, the museum partially opened in 1942 with only a third of the collection brought back from some national collection caches hidden in

2209-453: Was very expensive, and in the end the refugees sold off the aluminum for money. The refugees then reverted to cutting trees for building materials. Switching to paper tubing for frames helped save money, prevent theft and conserve the local trees. Ban's paper tube shelter design from Rwanda's Byumba Refugee Camp was featured in a PBS NewsHour story. In 1995, the magnitude 7.2 Great Hanshin earthquake devastated Kobe , Japan, which offered

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