68-524: Centura may refer to: Chrysler Centura , a midsize car which was produced by Chrysler Australia between 1975 and 1978 Centura Bank , a bank headquartered in Rocky Mount, North Carolina until 2001, when Royal Bank of Canada acquired the company and changed its name to RBC Centura Centura Software, a former name of Gupta Technologies Beltways around Romanian cities, such as Centura București around
136-752: A global power . As part their military alliance during the Suez Crisis in 1956 the French agreed to secretly build the Dimona nuclear reactor in Israel and soon after agreed to construct a reprocessing plant for the extraction of plutonium at the site. In 1957, soon after Suez and the resulting diplomatic tension with both the Soviet Union and the United States, French president René Coty decided on
204-405: A lesser extent with larger-bodied Australian Holdens, Chrysler Valiants (including the sporting Charger coupe) and Ford Falcons. Most competitors, although often lacking the outright fierce acceleration of the six-cylinder Centura, proved less rust-prone and generally had more modern styling. In retrospect the rather compact Centura was not a typical 1970s medium-sized car. It wouldn't be until after
272-570: A lithium-6 deuteride secondary inside a jacket of highly enriched uranium to create a 2.6 megaton blast. More recently, France has used supercomputers to simulate and study nuclear explosions. French law requires at least one out of four nuclear submarines to be on patrol in the Atlantic Ocean at any given time, like the UK's policy. In 2006, French President Jacques Chirac noted that France would be willing to use nuclear weapons against
340-664: A long one. In the early 1990s Mitsubishi ceased supporting these vehicles with spare parts. Existing stocks of spare parts were auctioned off, and all stock which wasn't sold was unfortunately disposed of. Six-cylinder cars sold four-to-one in the Australian market over the four-cylinder cars. They had a reputation for providing reasonably decent handling, outstanding torque and outstanding acceleration. Sports options available on Centura models included dealer-fitted stenciled sports stripes (bonnet and sides), special 'Boca-Raton' striped cloth seats and styled steel or alloy wheels. Most of
408-419: A method known as "negative guidance" or " Twenty Questions " was used; French scientists described to their U.S. counterparts their research, and were told whether they were correct. Areas in which the French received help included MIRV , radiation hardening , missile design, intelligence on Soviet anti-missile defences , and advanced computer technology. Because the French program attracted "the best brains" of
476-487: A must. Factory / dealer fitted air, with the unit located below the heater controls was available but seldom optioned. No Centura models were fitted with starter motor relays, which instead put the cranking load onto the ignition switch internal terminals when cranking, which reduced the ignition switch life in some cars. Traction in wet weather proved to be poor, with some cars only having an open differential, relatively large six-cylinder Hemi engine and very light weight over
544-417: A new grill, headlights, bonnet and rear panel and taillights. A brake proportioning valve was fitted to all Centuras from factory to compensate for weight transfer during braking. When the car "nose-dived" under heavy braking, a mechanical link connected to the proportioning valve reduced the brake pressure on the rear wheels, to prevent them from locking up and causing the back of the car to slide around. This
612-561: A new method of warfare but failed that day to exploit the resulting break in the French line. In time, the more potent phosgene replaced chlorine in use by armies on the Western Front, including France, leading to massive casualties on both sides of the conflict however the effects were mitigated by development of protective clothing and masks as the war progressed. At the outbreak of World War II, France maintained large stockpiles of mustard gas and phosgene but did not use them against
680-751: A silver grille insert (KBs had a black grille with a silver border and highlights). By 1979, the Centura had been replaced by the four-cylinder Chrysler Sigma , of Mitsubishi origins. Centuras are now very rare on Australian roads, although they appear slightly more common in South Australia. This is probably due to an enduring local loyalty to the Chrysler brand, as they had a manufacturing plant in that state before selling it to Mitsubishi in 1980. The nuclear ban's impact on production and parts supply, subsequent rust problems, extreme light weight over
748-425: A state attacking France by terrorism. He noted that the French nuclear forces had been configured for this option. On 21 March 2008, President Nicolas Sarkozy announced that France will reduce its aircraft deliverable nuclear weapon stockpile (which currently consists of 60 TN 81 warheads) by a third (20 warheads) and bring the total French nuclear arsenal to fewer than 300 warheads. France decided not to sign
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#1732776499895816-499: A tandem brake reservoir. The six-cylinder Hemi cars used a 5-stud wheel bolt pattern, and the early four-cylinder cars used a 4-stud wheel bolt pattern and only featured solid unventilated brake discs. Later four-cylinder cars shared the same brakes and stud pattern as the sixes, and thus the same wheels. All Centura models were factory fitted with rack-and-pinion steering, however there was no power steering option. Steering could be extremely heavy, so correct tyre fitment and pressures were
884-458: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chrysler Centura The Chrysler Centura is a midsize car which was produced by Chrysler Australia between 1975 and 1978. It was based on Chrysler Europe 's Chrysler 180 model, but was also available with larger Australian-made Hemi Six engines. 19,770 Centuras were built. Engineers from Chrysler Australia and Simca considered modifying
952-409: Is not anything unusual as many contemporary cars such as Holden Commodores had the same mix. The combination of overseas and Australian parts can make them challenging vehicles to maintain, however most wearing components are readily available from spare-parts suppliers. From the early 1980s parts became difficult to source, with existing stocks being used up and with the wait for French parts sometimes
1020-467: Is the only member of the European Union to possess independent (non-NATO) nuclear weapons. France was the fourth country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, doing so in 1960 under the government of Charles de Gaulle . The French military is currently thought to retain a weapons stockpile of around 300 operational (deployed) nuclear warheads , making it the fourth-largest in
1088-577: The Béryl incident . In 2006, Bruno Barrillot , specialist of nuclear tests, measured 93 microsieverts by hour of gamma ray at the site, equivalent to 1% of the official admissible yearly dose. The incident was documented in the 2006 docudrama " Vive La Bombe! . Despite its initial choice of Algeria for nuclear tests, the French government decided to build Faa'a International Airport in Tahiti, spending much more money and resources than would be justified by
1156-795: The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996 and 1998 respectively. France denies currently having chemical weapons , ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1995, and acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1984. France had also ratified the Geneva Protocol in 1926. France was one of the nuclear pioneers, going back to the work of Marie Skłodowska Curie and Henri Becquerel . Curie's last assistant Bertrand Goldschmidt became
1224-805: The Fourth Republic , and the lack of finance available. During the Second World War Goldschmidt invented the now-standard method for extracting plutonium while working as part of the British/Canadian team participating in the Manhattan Project . But after the Liberation in 1945, France had to start its own program almost from scratch. Nevertheless, the first French reactor went critical in 1948 and small amounts of plutonium were extracted in 1949. There
1292-523: The Manhattan Project , the French believed that cooperation with Israel could give them access to international Jewish nuclear scientists. According to Lieutenant Colonel Warner D. Farr in a report to the USAF Counterproliferation Center while France was previously a leader in nuclear research "Israel and France were at a similar level of expertise after the war, and Israeli scientists could make significant contributions to
1360-468: The " Béryl " test, four times more powerful than Hiroshima and designed as an underground shaft test. Due to improper sealing of the shaft, radioactive rock and dust were released into the atmosphere. Nine soldiers of the 621st Groupe d'Armes Spéciales unit were heavily contaminated by radiation . The soldiers were exposed to as much as 600 mSv. The Minister of the Armed Forces, Pierre Messmer , and
1428-565: The 19 March 1962 Evian agreements , the French military moved the test site to another location in the Algerian Sahara , around 150 km north of Tamnarasset, near the village of In Eker. Underground nuclear explosion testing was performed in drifts in the Taourirt Tan Afella mountain, one of the granite Hoggar Mountains . The Evian agreements included a secret article which stated that "Algeria concede[s]... to France
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#17327764998951496-567: The 1960s and the Polynesian tests of 1990–1996. Defence Minister Hervé Morin said the government would create a board of physicians, overseen by a French judge magistrate, to determine if individual cases were caused by French testing, and if individuals were suffering from illnesses on a United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation list of eighteen disorders linked to exposure to testing. Pressure groups, including
1564-477: The 1960s had their claims denied by the government Commission for the Indemnification of Victims of Penal Infraction (CIVI), and again by a Paris appeals court, citing laws which set a statute of limitations for damages to 1976. Following this rejection, the government announced it would create a 10m Euro compensation fund for military and civilian victims of its testing programme; both those carried out in
1632-554: The 1960–66 testing there, while the French government had given an estimate of just 500. France states that it does not currently possess chemical weapons . The country ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1995, and acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1984. France also ratified the Geneva Protocol in 1926. During World War I , France, not Germany as commonly believed,
1700-462: The A55 6 cylinder Centura Sports Package was fitted to some vehicles (included body stripes, styled wheels, woodgrain instrument cluster and Boca Raton cloth trim), it was common to see dealer fitted options including the styled road wheel option, and stencilled side stripes and bonnet black outs. The sixes also came with larger brakes (60 mm ventilated front discs and 25.4 mm rear finned drums) and
1768-645: The Centura didn't have the size or perceived style to meet the needs of that market, either. The KC model (from June 1977 to the end of 1978) series dropped the 2.0 and 3.5 engines, but retained the larger 4.0-litre Hemi. The 4.0-litre comprised a low-compression (7.6:1) Hemi engine which ran on standard-grade fuel and aided fuel economy, and a high-compression two-barrel (9.0:1) version of the Hemi for greater performance and towing ability. The KC also featured greater Australian content, using VDO gauges (tachometer now an optional extra available only on Sports Pack KC, replacing
1836-575: The Centura) for many years. This created an old-fashioned image of the Australian Chrysler-Valiant brand that may have also adversely impacted Centura sales. The Chrysler 180 design was also rather dated by the time the cars arrived in the Australian market (later than intended), further adding to the old-fashioned image of the brand. The bigger Valiants were still popular with rural Australians, who seemed to prefer larger cars, but
1904-597: The French effort. Progress in nuclear science and technology in France and Israel remained closely linked throughout the early fifties. Farr reported that Israeli scientists probably helped construct the G-1 plutonium production reactor and UP-1 reprocessing plant at Marcoule . " However, in the 1950s a civilian nuclear research program was started, a byproduct of which would be plutonium . In December of 1954, Prime Minister Pierre Mendes-France met with his cabinet, authorizing
1972-628: The French program in the early 1970s through the 1980s. The aid was secret, unlike the relationship with the British nuclear program . The Nixon administration , unlike previous presidencies, did not oppose its allies' possession of atomic weapons and believed that the Soviets would find having multiple nuclear-armed Western opponents more difficult. Because the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 prohibited sharing information on nuclear weapon design,
2040-533: The Minister of Research, Gaston Palewski , were present. As many as 100 additional personnel, including officials, soldiers and Algerian workers were exposed to lower levels of radiation, estimated at about 50 mSv, when the radioactive cloud produced by the blast passed over the command post, due to an unexpected change in wind direction. They escaped as they could, often without wearing any protection. Palewski died in 1984 of leukemia , which he always attributed to
2108-614: The Sahara to Mali , and 700 km/435 mi. south of Béchar . The device had a 70 kiloton yield. Although Algeria became independent in 1962, France was able to continue with underground nuclear tests in Algeria through 1966. The General Pierre Marie Gallois was named le père de la bombe A ("Father of the A-bomb"). Three further atmospheric tests were carried out from 1 April 1960 to 25 April 1961 at Hammoudia . Military, workers and
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2176-622: The Special Weapons Section, proposed two possible nuclear test sites for France in a January 1957 report: French Algeria in the Sahara Desert , and French Polynesia . Although he recommended against Polynesia because of its distance from France and lack of a large airport, Ailleret stated that Algeria should be chosen "provisionally", likely due in part to the Algerian War. A series of atmospheric nuclear tests
2244-647: The UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons . An association gathering veterans of nuclear tests (AVEN, " Association des vétérans des essais nucléaires ") was created in 2001. Along with the Polynesian NGO Moruroa e tatou , the AVEN announced on 27 November 2002 that it would depose a complaint against X (unknown) for involuntary homicide and putting someone’s life in danger. On 7 June 2003, for
2312-562: The Veterans group "Truth and Justice" criticised the programme as too restrictive in illnesses covered and too bureaucratic. Polynesian groups said the bill would also unduly restrict applicants to those who had been in small areas near the test zones, not taking into account the pervasive pollution and radiation. Algerian groups had also complained that these restrictions would deny compensation to many victims. One Algerian group estimated there were 27,000 still living victims of ill effects from
2380-430: The body of a Chrysler 180 sedan and shortening the drive train so they could place the Australian 6-cylinder Hemi engines further back in the body but instead decided to lengthen the nose, as Chrysler Australia apparently felt this created a more aggressive and better-looking car. It also meant fewer changes were needed to "Australianise" the car, making it economical to assemble. Additional, largely cosmetic changes included
2448-553: The cancellation of the Centura, when Holden released the Commodore in October 1978, for the market to have a vehicle with similar internal dimensions to the Centura. Chrysler Australia was being starved of funds by its troubled American parent at this time, leaving the larger Valiant sedans persisting with the same chassis platform and basic body shape and interior (Valiants did not have face-level flow-through vents, unlike those in
2516-495: The capital Bucharest (from Romanian : centura = belt) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Centura . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centura&oldid=1254266622 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2584-476: The chance of producing our own nuclear weapons". The idea was short-lived. In 1958 de Gaulle became President and Germany and Italy were excluded. With the return of Charles de Gaulle to the presidency of France in the midst of the May 1958 crisis , the final decisions to build an atomic bomb were taken, and a successful test took place in 1960 with Israeli scientists as observers at the tests and unlimited access to
2652-515: The choice on 3 January 1963, describing it as a benefit to Polynesia's weak economy. The Polynesian people and leaders broadly supported the choice, although the tests became controversial after they began, especially among Polynesian separatists. A total of 193 nuclear tests were carried out in Polynesia from 1966 to 1996. On 24 August 1968 France detonated its first thermonuclear weapon—codenamed Canopus —over Fangataufa. A fission device ignited
2720-490: The creation of the C.S.E.M. in the then French Sahara , a new nuclear testing facility replacing the CIEES . In 1957 Euratom was created, and under cover of the peaceful use of nuclear power the French signed deals with West Germany and Italy to work together on nuclear weapons development. The Chancellor of West Germany Konrad Adenauer told his cabinet that he "wanted to achieve, through EURATOM, as quickly as possible,
2788-529: The extremely toxic nerve agent Tabun . By the late 1940s, testing of Tabun-filled ordnance had become routine, often by using livestock to test effects. The testing of chemical weapons occurred at B2-Namous, Algeria , an uninhabited desert proving ground located 100 kilometers (62 mi) east of the Moroccan border, but other sites also existed. A manufacturing facility existed in Bouchet, near Paris, which
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2856-526: The factory fitted KC clock), a Valiant-style steering wheel, steering column and various other parts from the larger Australian Valiant lineup. The KC was offered in GL or luxury GLX trims, along with the addition of sports package options which could also be ordered. KC models could be differentiated by the use of capitalised and serifed block lettering typeface for the "Centura" badges (the KB had this in cursive ) and
2924-479: The father of the French nuclear weapons program. French Professor Frédéric Joliot-Curie , High Commissioner for Atomic Energy from 1945 to 1950 and Curie's son in law, told the New York Herald Tribune that the 1945 Smyth Report wrongfully omitted the contributions of French scientists. After World War II France's former position of leadership suffered greatly because of the instability of
2992-461: The first time, the military court of Tours granted an invalidity pension to a veteran of the Sahara tests. According to a poll made by the AVEN with its members, only 12% have declared being in good health. An international symposium on the consequences of test carried out in Algeria took place on 13 and 14 February 2007, under the official oversight of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika . One hundred fifty thousand civilians, without taking into account
3060-533: The foundation of a program with the goal of developing French nuclear weapons. In 1956 a secret Committee for the Military Applications of Atomic Energy was formed and a development program for delivery vehicles was started. The intervention of the United States in the Suez Crisis that year is credited with convincing France that it needed to accelerate its own nuclear weapons program to remain
3128-507: The front doors. The vinyl roof cover which was a popular and standard fitment on GL models (delete option only) was also a source of water entrapment, creating the possibility of rust in the "A" pillars and gutters. KC models were more prone to rusting than KB models. This can be attributed to the KC panels being made in Australia from different steel than the KB's imported panels. In addition to
3196-537: The interior and exterior dealer options from the larger Valiant models were applicable to the Centura, from the dealership. The Centura's main competitors in Australia were four- and six-cylinder Australian-made versions of the Ford Cortina and General Motors' LH, LX and UC Holden Torana and Sunbird. The Centura had much more interior room and boot space than these main rivals, along with a far more violent power-to-weight ratio . Centuras were also seen to compete to
3264-471: The invading Axis troops, and no chemical weapons were used on the battlefield by the Axis invaders. During the invasion of France, German forces captured a French biological research facility and purportedly found plans to use potato beetles against Germany. Immediately after the end of the war, the French military began testing captured German chemical agent stores in Algeria, then a French department, notably
3332-418: The late 1960s, that injury to military personnel and civilians had been caused by their nuclear testing. Several French veterans and African and Polynesian campaign groups have waged court cases and public relations struggles demanding government reparations. In May 2009, a group of twelve French veterans, in the campaign group "Truth and Justice", who claim to have suffered health effects from nuclear testing in
3400-766: The local population, are estimated to have been on the location of nuclear tests, in Algeria or in French Polynesia. One French veteran of the 1960s nuclear tests in Algeria described being given no protective clothing or masks, while being ordered to witness the tests at so close a range that the flash penetrated through the arm he used to cover his eyes. One of several veteran’s groups claiming to organise those suffering ill effects, AVEN had 4,500 members in early 2009. In both Algeria and French Polynesia there have been long standing demands for compensation from those who claim injury from France’s nuclear testing program. The government of France had consistently denied, since
3468-486: The nation, the U.S. benefited from French research as well. The relationship also improved the two countries' military ties; despite its departure from NATO 's command structure in 1966, France developed two separate nuclear targeting plans, one "national" for the Force de Frappe ' s role as a solely French deterrent, and one coordinated with NATO. France is understood to have tested neutron or enhanced radiation bombs in
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#17327764998953536-448: The nomadic Touareg population of the region were present at the test sites, without any significant protection. At most, some took a shower after each test according to L'Humanité . Gerboise Rouge (5kt), the third atomic bomb, half as powerful as Little Boy , exploded on 27 December 1960, provoking protests from Japan , USSR , Egypt , Morocco , Nigeria and Ghana . After the independence of Algeria on 5 July 1962, following
3604-461: The official explanation of tourism. By 1958, two years before the first Sahara test, France began again its search for new testing sites due to potential political problems with Algeria and the possibility of a ban on above-ground tests. Many French overseas islands were studied, as well as performing underground tests in the Alps , Pyrenees , or Corsica ; however, engineers found problems with most of
3672-791: The past, apparently leading the field with an early test of the technology in 1967 and an "actual" neutron bomb in 1980. There were 210 French nuclear tests from 1960 through 1996. Seventeen of them were done in the Algerian Sahara between 1960 and 1966, starting in the middle of the Algerian War . One-hundred ninety-three were carried out in French Polynesia . A summary table of French nuclear testing by year can be read at this article: List of nuclear weapons tests of France . After studying Réunion , New Caledonia , and Clipperton Island , General Charles Ailleret, head of
3740-475: The possible sites in metropolitan France . By 1962 France hoped in its negotiations with the Algerian independence movement to retain the Sahara as a test site until 1968, but decided that it needed to be able to also perform above-ground tests of hydrogen bombs , which could not be done in Algeria. Mururoa and Fangataufa in French Polynesia were chosen that year. President Charles de Gaulle announced
3808-559: The rear of the car, comparatively violent acceleration and challenging handling were likely all factors that contributed to their relatively rapid disappearance from Australian roads. France and weapons of mass destruction France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons . France
3876-428: The rear wheels. The importation of the bodies from France into Australia was complicated in 1973 by industrial action, with dockside unions protesting against French Pacific island nuclear testing . The union bans lasted 2 years. There was a myth that many early KB bodies spent months on wharfs exposed to salt air, creating corrosion problems later in these cars' lives. This was not the case. The main problem this caused
3944-401: The scientific data. Following tests de Gaulle moved quickly to distance the French program from involvement with that of Israel. Since then France has developed and maintained its own nuclear deterrent , one intended to defend France even if the United States refused to risk its own cities by assisting Western Europe in a nuclear war. The United States began providing technical assistance to
4012-453: The sixes 142/167 hp (SAE) respectively. The KB series was sold in XL and GL trims, the latter having more equipment as standard. All KB Centuras had a tachometer and a clock, low fuel light (rare for 1975), rear bumper overriders, console (no storage) and optional vinyl roofs. There were no rear demister fitted, although a Smiths unit was fitted by some dealers. The KB model's European pedigree
4080-408: The union bans on French imports, parts supply and local Chrysler support for used vehicles also became more complicated when in 1978, Chrysler Europe went bankrupt and was taken over by Peugeot. This Peugeot takeover was soon followed by several French Peugeot/Talbot factory strikes worsening the problems in sourcing parts in Australia. The mix of metric and imperial fasteners used on the 6-cylinder cars
4148-682: The use of certain air bases, terrains, sites and military installations which are necessary to it [France]" during five years. The C.S.E.M. was therefore replaced by the Centre d'Expérimentations Militaires des Oasis ("Military Experiments Center of the Oasis") underground nuclear testing facility. A total of 13 underground nuclear tests were carried out at the In Eker site from 7 November 1961 to 16 February 1966. By July 1, 1967, all French facilities were evacuated. An accident happened on 1 May 1962, during
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#17327764998954216-519: The world, speaking in terms of warheads, not megatons. The weapons are part of the country's Force de dissuasion , developed in the late 1950s and 1960s to give France the ability to distance itself from NATO while having a means of nuclear deterrence under sovereign control. France did not sign the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , which gave it the option to conduct further nuclear tests until it signed and ratified
4284-573: Was actually the first nation to use chemical weapons though this was notably a nonlethal tear gas attack (xylyl bromide) carried out in August 1914 against invading German troops. Once the war had degenerated into trench warfare and new methods to attain an advantage were sought, the German Army initiated a chlorine gas attack against the French Army at Ypres on 15 April 1915, initiating
4352-536: Was conducted by the Centre Saharien d'Expérimentations Militaires ("Saharan Military Experiments Centre") from February 1960 until April 1961. The first, called Gerboise Bleue ("Blue jerboa ") took place on 13 February 1960 in Algeria. The explosion took place at 40 km from the military base at Hammoudia near Reggane , which is the last town on the Tanezrouft Track heading south across
4420-566: Was no formal commitment to a nuclear weapons program at that time, although plans were made to build reactors for the large scale production of plutonium. Francis Perrin , French High-Commissioner for Atomic Energy from 1951 to 1970, stated that from 1949 Israeli scientists were invited to the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre , this cooperation leading to a joint effort including sharing of knowledge between French and Israeli scientists especially those with knowledge from
4488-479: Was obvious, with instrumentation in the opposite order and steering column controls on opposite sides. All KB Centuras came equipped with a tachometer as standard (whereas later KC cars only gained a tachometer through special order- as part of the Sports Pack option package) Interior flow ventilation was improved compared to the larger Valiant models, as the Centura had two face-level ventilation outlets. Although
4556-419: Was to delay the car's initial release onto the market. Centuras overall are generally not very rust-prone compared to contemporary vehicles of the time, however rust tends to occur in the usual places where moisture and mud tend to accumulate. Areas to check are below the windscreen on both sides of the car, the firewall where the heater is mounted, and the lower sills, especially behind the back wheels and below
4624-657: Was typical of many European cars of the time but uncommon in Australian cars. Chrysler also experimented with fitting a 5.2-litre (318 ci) American-made V8 but decided that the body lacked the rigidity to cope with the larger engine; the V8 version never went into production. The KB Centuras sold and assembled in Australia not only had a 1981 cc version of the four-cylinder Simca engine but were also available with Australian-made 6-cylinder pushrod 3523/4014 cc hemi engines and BorgWarner 3-speed automatic and 3- or 4-speed manual gearboxes. The four offered 122 hp ( SAE ),
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