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67-404: Since the closure of Widow Jane Mine in 1970, the unique acoustics of its chambers have led to its use as a performance venue. The Century House Historical Society, which oversees the property, hosts a summer concert series in the mine. An annual Subterranean Poetry Festival is held there as well. It has been used as a recording studio, a venue for plays, and an art exhibition space. 80% of the mine

134-596: A Bachelor's degree or higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering . Much work in acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science . Many acoustic scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing , psychoacoustics or neurophysiology ) of speech , music and noise . Other acoustic scientists advance understanding of how sound

201-573: A "Gazetteer and Business Directory of Ulster County, N. Y." in 1872 that described the town. In the mid 1800s priests from St. Peter's in Poughkeepsie served missions in Saugerties and Rondout. In 1840 Rev. John N. Smith, pastor in Poughkeepsie, extended his care to Rosendale. In 1842, his successor, Rev. Myles Maxwell celebrated Mass in Petrie's cooper shop. That same year Maxwell was named

268-405: A branch of acoustics. Frequencies above and below the audible range are called " ultrasonic " and " infrasonic ", respectively. In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone series on a string. He

335-695: A building from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through buildings. Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans. Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography), sonochemistry , ultrasonic testing , material characterisation and underwater acoustics ( sonar ). Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines , underwater communication by whales , climate change monitoring by measuring sea temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons , and marine bioacoustics. Rosendale, New York Rosendale

402-572: A definite mathematical structure. The wave equation emerged in a number of contexts, including the propagation of sound in air. In the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877). Also in

469-527: A parish school and convent. The school was staffed by the Sister of Charity. Upon Gleason's death in 1894, he left a bequest of $ 500 to Kingston hospital. A mission was established in Whiteport. In 1897, Rev. P. Maughan, a Civil War veteran, became pastor and built the parish hall. The Rosendale region is most well known for the production of natural cement . The Rosendale natural cement industry began during

536-400: A result of varying auditory stimulus which can in turn affect the way one thinks, feels, or even behaves. This correlation can be viewed in normal, everyday situations in which listening to an upbeat or uptempo song can cause one's foot to start tapping or a slower song can leave one feeling calm and serene. In a deeper biological look at the phenomenon of psychoacoustics, it was discovered that

603-405: A rock concert. The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids , sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave . In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including longitudinal waves , transverse waves and surface waves . Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and how

670-456: A sound wave to or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are electromagnetism , electrostatics and piezoelectricity . The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters ), are electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven by an electromagnetic voice coil , sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as

737-702: A stage used for performances and electricity is provided by generators. An event called "Rave in the Cave", held at Widow Jane Mine in 1996, was attended by at least 3000 people and caused severe traffic issues and a fire. The city of Rosendale sued the Century House Historical Society and a judge limited the occupancy of the mine to 750 people. The Widow Jane Mine has been the site of a fencing tournament, equinox rituals, shadow puppetry , art exhibitions, Taiko drumming, "Halloween horror shows and role-playing vampire games". The 1997 album From

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804-607: A very good expression of the nature of wave motion. On Things Heard , generally ascribed to Strato of Lampsacus , states that the pitch is related to the frequency of vibrations of the air and to the speed of sound. In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and reverberation—the beginnings of architectural acoustics . In Book V of his De architectura ( The Ten Books of Architecture ) Vitruvius describes sound as

871-438: A wave comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of sound and also recommended bronze vessels (echea) of appropriate sizes be placed in theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in order to resonate with

938-465: A way of echolocation in the caves. In archaeology, acoustic sounds and rituals directly correlate as specific sounds were meant to bring ritual participants closer to a spiritual awakening. Parallels can also be drawn between cave wall paintings and the acoustic properties of the cave; they are both dynamic. Because archaeoacoustics is a fairly new archaeological subject, acoustic sound is still being tested in these prehistoric sites today. Aeroacoustics

1005-414: A woman in a long white dress darting through the dark depths of the mine." The Snyder Estate has "doggy docents" onsite that help visitors find donation boxes and tour maps. Acoustics Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration , sound , ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in

1072-644: Is a town in the center of Ulster County, New York , United States. It once contained a village Rosendale , primarily centered around Main Street, but which was dissolved through vote in 1977. The population was 5,782 at the 2020 census. At the time of the European settlement, the region was inhabited by the Lenapes , who were a member of the Algonquian peoples . The area which was eventually known as Rosendale

1139-468: Is a well accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics. The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός ( akoustikos ), meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear" and that from ἀκουστός ( akoustos ), "heard, audible", which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω( akouo ), "I hear". The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term sonics used to be a synonym for acoustics and later

1206-513: Is affected as it moves through environments, e.g. underwater acoustics , architectural acoustics or structural acoustics . Other areas of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in Acoustical Engineering . Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a Doctor of Philosophy . Archaeoacoustics , also known as

1273-650: Is again being produced. Freedom Cement LLC, in North Brookfield, Massachusetts , is producing natural cement for use in historic restoration projects. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 20.8 square miles (54 km ), of which 19.9 square miles (52 km ) is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km ) (3.90%) is water. Rosendale is bisected or bordered by natural and man-made formations. The New York State Thruway ( Interstate 87 ) passes through

1340-416: Is concerned with noise and vibration caused by railways, road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational activities. The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility . Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments;

1407-408: Is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as "(a) Science of sound , including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with respect to auditory effects." The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves and vibrations. The steps shown in

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1474-617: Is generally attributed to having been founded by Jacob Rutsen in 1680 from 600 acres purchased from the Lenapes straddling the Rondout Creek . Initially, the land was leased but Rutsen expanded his holdings and built a homestead, in which he resided from 1700 until his death in 1730. The Town of Rosendale was formed in 1844 from parts of the Towns of Hurley , Marbletown , and New Paltz . Hamilton Child of Syracuse, New York published

1541-430: Is how our ears interpret sound. What we experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand

1608-411: Is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds. For example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if a string sounds

1675-416: Is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals. Applications include: active noise control ; design for hearing aids or cochlear implants ; echo cancellation ; music information retrieval , and perceptual coding (e.g. MP3 or Opus ). Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific understanding of how to achieve good sound within a building. It typically involves

1742-483: Is the oldest cement mine on the property and one of the few mines in Rosendale that is almost completely horizontal. The mine is open to the public from around mid-May until September, during daylight hours. Ice forms in the mine during the colder months. The deep mining operations are inaccessible, as 80% of the mine is underwater. The Widow Jane Mine is purportedly haunted, with encounters reported with "the spirit of

1809-431: Is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat. This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction of audio using electronics. This might include products such as mobile phones , large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research laboratories. Environmental acoustics

1876-413: Is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge was applied in the 1920s and '30s to detect aircraft before radar was invented and is applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft . Aeroacoustics is important for understanding how wind musical instruments work. Acoustic signal processing

1943-538: Is underwater. According to the Century House Historical Society, the widow Jane was likely Jane LeFevre Snyder (1820–1904), who lived at the Century House on the Snyder Estate. Considered a tragic, yet beloved figure within the community of Ulster County , she was 31 years old when her husband James Snyder died in 1852. Among her children were four boys, all of whom died in infancy. Engineers working on

2010-460: Is usually small, it is still noticeable to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the threshold of hearing , is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level (SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels. Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of frequencies, partly because this

2077-588: The Delaware and Hudson Canal found extensive outcrops of dolomite at Joppenbergh Mountain in 1825. The deposits contained an ideal amount of clay minerals that, once pulverized and mixed, could be turned into Rosendale cement , a natural cement without additives. Widow Jane Mine was established in 1825 on property owned by the Snyder family. It is a drift mine , constructed using the room and pillar technique , where pillars of dolomite have been left to support

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2144-688: The audio signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music . The goal this acoustics sub-discipline is to reduce the impact of unwanted sound. Scope of noise studies includes the generation, propagation, and impact on structures, objects, and people. Noise research investigates the impact of noise on humans and animals to include work in definitions, abatement, transportation noise, hearing protection, Jet and rocket noise, building system noise and vibration, atmospheric sound propagation, soundscapes , and low-frequency sound. Many studies have been conducted to identify

2211-555: The speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642–1727) derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical acoustics ( Principia , 1687). Substantial progress in acoustics, resting on firmer mathematical and physical concepts, was made during the eighteenth century by Euler (1707–1783), Lagrange (1736–1813), and d'Alembert (1717–1783). During this era, continuum physics, or field theory, began to receive

2278-415: The 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics. The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application was Sabine 's groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in

2345-509: The 19th century, mining operations at the Widow Jane Mine involved child labor . Around 20% of the laborers were children, who were not given time for school, play or rest. Many of them were killed and maimed in mining accidents. Rosendale's cement industry peaked at the end of the 19th century, producing nearly 8.5 million barrels a year. At the peak of its operations, the area's mines employed 5,000 workers and produced nearly half of

2412-626: The Caves of the Iron Mountain by Tony Levin , Jerry Marotta and Steve Gorn was recorded in the mine. It includes cave sounds and was recorded by Tchad Blake using a binaural microphone setup. The making of the album was the subject of the documentary Tales from the Widow Jane Mine . Limestone water from the area is used by the Brooklyn-based Widow Jane Distillery to proof their whiskeys. Though named for

2479-694: The Widow Jane mine, the mineral water is sourced from the Rosendale Mine, on the opposite side of the hill. Widow Jane Mine is located a half mile west of Rosendale on Route 213 . It is part of the Snyder Estate Natural Cement Historic District , which includes remnants of cement operations including kilns. The Century House Historical Society oversees the mine as well as 19 acres and the 1809 structure where Jacob Lowe Snyder once lived. Widow Jane Mine

2546-461: The above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that describes sound wave propagation, the acoustic wave equation , but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy throughout

2613-594: The acoustic phenomenon. The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely on

2680-429: The archaeology of sound, is one of the only ways to experience the past with senses other than our eyes. Archaeoacoustics is studied by testing the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites, including caves. Iegor Rezkinoff, a sound archaeologist, studies the acoustic properties of caves through natural sounds like humming and whistling. Archaeological theories of acoustics are focused around ritualistic purposes as well as

2747-456: The area were used to grow mushrooms for Campbell's Soup , for trout farming , and for storing corn. Widow Jane Mine has been likened to an underground pillared room, and hosts frequent events in the summer taking advantage of the unique acoustics . In addition to a summer concert series, the mine has served as a recording studio and a venue for plays. An annual Subterranean Poetry Festival has been held at Widow Jane Mine since 1989. The mine has

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2814-404: The average family size was 3.02. In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the town

2881-689: The cement for North America. Its cement was used in the construction of the Washington Monument , the wings of the United States Capitol building and the Brooklyn Bridge . From 1884 to 1886, limestone from the Widow Jane Mine was transported to Liberty Island where it was used to construct the base of the Statue of Liberty . The Widow Jane Mine closed in 1970. After the decline in demand for Rosendale cement, mines in

2948-493: The central nervous system is activated by basic acoustical characteristics of music. By observing how the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spine, is influenced by acoustics, the pathway in which acoustic affects the mind, and essentially the body, is evident. Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing using computers. The subject also overlaps with

3015-690: The chemical additives characteristic of modern Portland cement production. Several abandoned dolomite mines still exist in the Rosendale region. A mine on the property of the Snyder Estate, which is maintained as part of a museum preserving the history of the Rosendale natural cement industry by the Century House Historical Society, is open to the public. Other mines have been put to a number of uses, including mushroom farming and movie locations. The records storage management company Iron Mountain currently maintains at least one mine for storing anything from microfiche to data backup tapes. In 2004 limited cement mining resumed in Rosendale, and Rosendale natural cement

3082-438: The complete laws of vibrating strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body, which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of

3149-497: The construction of the Delaware and Hudson Canal in 1825. The Delaware and Hudson Canal was later finished in 1828 using the world class cement. Rosendale natural cement soon gained a reputation for quality among engineers and was used in the construction of many of the United States' most important landmarks, including the Brooklyn Bridge , the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty , Federal Hall National Memorial , and one of

3216-536: The disciplines of physics, physiology , psychology , and linguistics . Structural acoustics is the study of motions and interactions of mechanical systems with their environments and the methods of their measurement, analysis, and control. There are several sub-disciplines found within this regime: Applications might include: ground vibrations from railways; vibration isolation to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration can damage health ( vibration white finger ); vibration control to protect

3283-475: The field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer . The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries. Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world and speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. Accordingly,

3350-456: The first World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic energy) were invented and put to use. Acoustics

3417-496: The first resident pastor of St. Mary's in Rondout, and Rosendale became a mission served out of Rondout. St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church was organized by Father Thomas Martin O.P., pastor of St. Mary's in Rondout . Services were held in the home of Walter Delmar. In August 1850 the first Mass was celebrated in the new church. St. Peter's remained a mission of St. Mary's until 1855 when Rev. Edward Lynch, assistant at St. Mary's,

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3484-605: The more desirable, harmonious notes. During the Islamic golden age , Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) is believed to have postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of light. The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and after the Scientific Revolution . Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) but also Marin Mersenne (1588–1648), independently, discovered

3551-410: The note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of musical tuning , the tones in between are then given by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in ascending order. Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",

3618-406: The overlying rock. The mine is more or less horizontal with the mining following the limestone seams at nearly 90-degree angles. Entrances to the Widow Jane Mine were created to be large enough to accommodate wagons and horses and for the transportation of waste rock and dolomite. Workers used sledgehammers to drive star drills into the rock and carve out blasting holes for black powder . During

3685-408: The population. There were 2,587 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and

3752-406: The propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived. The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an earthquake , a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in

3819-435: The relationship between acoustics and cognition , or more commonly known as psychoacoustics , in which what one hears is a combination of perception and biological aspects. The information intercepted by the passage of sound waves through the ear is understood and interpreted through the brain, emphasizing the connection between the mind and acoustics. Psychological changes have been seen as brain waves slow down or speed up as

3886-445: The science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a key element of mating rituals or for marking territories. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay 's "Wheel of Acoustics"

3953-444: The sound wave strikes the microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself. An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound. There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have

4020-468: The study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and vibration reduction in the built environment. Commonly studied environments are hospitals, classrooms, dwellings, performance venues, recording and broadcasting studios. Focus considerations include room acoustics, airborne and impact transmission in building structures, airborne and structure-borne noise control, noise control of building systems and electroacoustic systems. Bioacoustics

4087-456: The time varying pressure level and frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character. A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy (or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers , microphones , particle velocity sensors, hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert

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4154-654: The town, and the Rondout Creek joins the Wallkill River by the eastern town line. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,352 people, 2,587 households, and 1,634 families residing in the town. The population density was 318.5 inhabitants per square mile (123.0/km ). There were 2,857 housing units at an average density of 143.3 per square mile (55.3/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 95.72% White , 1.79% African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.44% Asian , 0.43% from other races , and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.63% of

4221-420: The ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to study geological phenomena such as earthquakes. Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced by such an instrument is a graphical display of

4288-416: The wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as either a diffraction , interference or a reflection or a mix of the three. If several media are present, a refraction can also occur. Transduction processes are also of special importance to acoustics. In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the ambient pressure level. While this disturbance

4355-560: The wings of the United States Capitol . The industry fell into decline in the early 1900s. Rosendale natural cement was produced from dolomite extracted from mines in the Rosendale and Whiteport members of the Late Silurian Rondout Formation . The natural levels of magnesium and clay in the dolomite from the Rondout Formation are ideally suited for cement production and required none of

4422-454: Was $ 44,282, and the median income for a family was $ 51,444. Males had a median income of $ 34,321 versus $ 28,787 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 21,303. About 8.4% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over. The town's government is made up of a town board, consisting of a Supervisor and four council members. In addition, there

4489-496: Was named pastor of the new parish of St. Peter's, Rosendale. In 1874 Rev. Martin O'Flaherty became pastor. Given the ever-increasing Catholic population, attracted by the opportunity of employment in the cement quarries, plus the Delaware & Hudson Canal, a new, larger church building, designed by Arthur Crooks, was built. The first Mass in the new church was celebrated on Christmas Day 1876. In 1881 pastor John J. Gleason built

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