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82-515: The Cervera Mountains ( Valencian : Muntanyes de Cervera ) is an 18.8 km (12 mi) long mountain range in the Baix Maestrat comarca, Valencian Community , Spain . In some ancient texts these mountains are known as Serra d'en Menor . Its highest point is Revoltons , 635 m (2,083 ft). Other notable summits are Perdiguera, 516 m (1,693 ft) and Mola, 481 m (1,578 ft). The Cervera Mountains rise north of

164-587: A glottonym or as an independent language, since official reports show that the majority of the people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different from Catalan , although the same studies show that this percentage decreases among younger generations and people with higher studies. According to the 2006 Statute of Autonomy , Valencian is regulated by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), following

246-515: A compromise between the essence and style of Pompeu Fabra 's guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service Ràdio Televisió Valenciana (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the freedom of information of

328-526: A diverse nature (political, social, economic). In the previous centuries the Catalan spoken in the territory of the Kingdom of Valencia was called in different ways: romanç (13th century) and catalanesch (during the 14th century, for the medieval concept of nation as a linguistic community). The concept of the Valencian language appeared with a particularistic character due to the reinforced nature of

410-562: A formal adoption of the so-called Normes de Castelló (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms. The letters k , y and w only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph ny . Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters c and g have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, ç (found also in Portuguese and French) always has

492-503: A language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. By applying a binary logistic regression to the same data, it was also found that different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with

574-555: A language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...] The AVL was established in 1998 by the PP - UV government of Eduardo Zaplana . According to El País , Jordi Pujol , then president of Catalonia and of the CiU , negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of

656-525: A major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century. Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a movable type printing press as per the designs of Johannes Gutenberg . Valencian authors such as Joanot Martorell or Ausiàs March conformed the canon of classic Valencian literature to the Valencian. In 1479, Ferdinand ascended to

738-405: A majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province of Castellón are more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in

820-474: A soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of b /b/ and v /v/ (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication ( /d͡ʒ/ ) of both soft g (after front vowels) and j (in most cases),

902-509: A survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations. Moreover, according to

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984-606: Is tomata outside of Southern Valencian) and matalaf 'mattress' (which is matalap in parts of Valencia, including the Southern Valencian area). Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in

1066-754: Is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is dacsa in Central and Southern Valencian, but panís in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in North-Western Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are tomaca 'tomato' (which

1148-413: Is found in a judicial process of Minorca against Gil de Lozano, dated between 1343 and 1346, in which it is said that the mother of the indicted, Sibila, speaks valencianesch because she was from Orihuela (formerly Oriola). The concept of Valencian language appeared in the second half of the 14th century and it was progressively consolidated at the same time that its meaning changed due to events of

1230-592: Is traditionally spoken along the coast and in some inland areas in the provinces of Alicante and Castellón, from Vinaròs (northernmost point of the extension of Valencian on the coast of the Valencian Community) to Guardamar (southernmost point of Valencian). In 2010 the Generalitat Valenciana , or Valencian government, published a study, Coneixement i ús social del valencià (Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian), which included

1312-636: The Furs (charters) of Valencia ; these charters granted it wide self-government under the Crown of Aragon and, later on, under the Spanish Kingdom. The boundaries and identity of the present Spanish autonomous community of the Valencian Community are essentially those of the former Kingdom of Valencia. The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when

1394-848: The Normes del Puig (Norms of El Puig), drawn up by the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), an institution founded in 1915 by the Deputation of Valencia, but its use is very marginal. The official status of Valencian is regulated by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy , together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian (ca) . Article 6 of

1476-544: The Cervera del Maestrat town, south of Traiguera and east of La Jana . They are located in the transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the continental climate . In the winter the weather is colder than in the coastal mountain ranges and the summits are often covered in snow for a few days after each snowstorm. The Our Lady of health shrine (Reial Santuari de Nostra Senyora de la Font de la Salut) which

1558-565: The Christian colonization of the newly acquired territories, governed under the Lleis de Repartiments . Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains, but they managed to obtain only the interior lands, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and more densely populated lands in the coastal plains for free citizens and

1640-690: The Germanies in 1520, a full-fledged revolt broke out, the Revolt of the Brotherhoods ( Revolta de les Germanies ). It lasted well into 1522, and shared many traits with the contemporaneous Revolt of the Comuneros in Castile. Aside from economic resentment of the aristocracy, the revolt also featured a strong anti-Muslim aspect, as the superstitious populace blamed Muslims for a plague that struck

1722-521: The Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety. The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475). The Valencian language is usually assumed to have spread in the Kingdom of Valencia when Catalan and Aragonese colonists settled the territory after the conquests carried out by James I

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1804-459: The Moriscos (Muslim "converts"). Because of the exhausted forces left after clashes between the nobles and their allies in the high bourgeoisie versus the general populace and the lesser bourgeoisie, the king was able to use the power vacuum to enlarge his share of power and gradually diminish that of the local authorities. This meant that his requests for money in order to enlarge or consolidate

1886-488: The Romance language also known as Catalan , either as a whole or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms. The Valencian Community's 1982 Statute of Autonomy officially recognises Valencian as the name of the regional language. Valencian displays transitional features between Ibero-Romance languages and Gallo-Romance languages . According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in

1968-645: The Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an alternative orthography , treating Valencian as an independent language, as opposed to a variety of Catalan. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Community, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as in Spanish ). Besides, these alternative Norms are also promoted and taught by

2050-569: The Spanish colonization of the Americas and its possessions in Europe, rather than its Iberian territories. During the 16th century, Valencia lost its status as a preeminent commercial center of Europe to the rapidly developing cities of Northern and Central Europe. Within Spain, the Atlantic trade favored the cities of Andalusia such as Cádiz . This was largely due to diminishing profits from

2132-494: The power vacuum left by rapid socio-economic change was readily filled by an increasingly emboldened monarchy. The Kingdom of Valencia as a legal and political entity was finally ended in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession . The local population mostly took the side of and provided troops and resources for Archduke Charles , the pretender who was arguably to maintain the legal status quo . His utter defeat at

2214-690: The 15th century, the so-called Valencian Golden Age, the name "Valencian" was already the usual name of the predominant language of the Kingdom of Valencia , and the names of vulgar , romanç or catalanesch had fallen into disuse. Joanot Martorell , author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch , said: " lit.   ' Me atrevire expondre: no solament de lengua anglesa en portuguesa. Mas encara de portuguesa en vulgar valenciana: per ço que la nacio d·on yo so natural se·n puxa alegrar ' ." ("I dare to express myself: not only in English in Portuguese. But even so from Portuguese to vulgar Valencian: for that

2296-631: The Conqueror . A new resettlement in the 17th century, after the expulsion of the Moriscos , largely led by Castilians, defined the Spanish language varieties of inland Valencia. However, Valencian has historically been the predominant and administrative language in the kingdom. The first documental reference to the usage of the term valencià to refer to the spoken language of the Valencians

2378-535: The IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the cognate is used in the other standard. Valencian and Catalan use the Latin script , with some added symbols and digraphs. The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based. Standardisation of Catalan

2460-572: The Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around Murcia and the Vega Baja del Segura whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case,

2542-519: The Kingdom is assessed today. The Kingdom was initially overwhelmingly populated by Muslims and often subject to popular revolts and the serious threat of subjugation by any Muslim army assembled for this purpose in the Maghreb . The process by which the monarchy strove to free itself from any noble guardianship was not an easy one, as the nobility still held a large share of power and was determined to retain as much of it as possible. This fact marked

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2624-530: The Mediterranean trade. The Spanish Empire was in frequent conflict with the Ottoman Empire which controlled most of the eastern Mediterranean. They prevented each other from reaching certain ports while Ottoman privateers such as Barbarossa preyed on trade ships. The Barbary pirates such as Dragut , operating out of Tunis , Tripoli , Algiers , Salé and ports in Morocco , attacked shipping in

2706-506: The Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of Biar and Busot, today in the north of the Alicante province . Everything south of that line, including what would be the Kingdom of Murcia , was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile. The matter of

2788-469: The Muslim raiders. The Germanies were artisan guilds who also, at first with the government's permission, served as civilian militias to fight raiding pirates. However, the Germanies also had an economic agenda favoring the commoner-dominated guilds that clashed with the aristocracy. After the recently appointed Viceroy of Valencia Diego Hurtado de Mendoza refused to seat elected officials who favored

2870-624: The PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the National Court after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat Alberto Fabra (also from PP ) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable. On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of

2952-485: The Valencian Community and Carche cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the several dialects of Valencian (Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or Apitxat , Northern Valencian or Castellon's Valencian and Transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects. There is a political controversy within the Valencian Community regarding its status as

3034-534: The Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018. Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the Valencian Language Academy ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for

3116-472: The Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that: Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of a bilingual educational system, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing

3198-449: The Valencian people in their own language. It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the Generalitat Valenciana . The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It is recognised as a regional TV channel. Prior to its dissolution,

3280-612: The Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with North-Western ones . Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian Community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include hui 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects avui ) and espill 'mirror' (shared with North-Western dialects, Central Catalan mirall ). There

3362-656: The administration of RTVV under the People's Party (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the Valencia Metro derailment in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat Francisco Camps in the Gürtel scandal in 2009. Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of sexual harassment . In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by

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3444-470: The affrication ( /t͡ʃ/ ) of initial and postconsonantal x (except in some cases) and the lenition (deaffrication) of tz /d͡z/ in most instances (especially the - itzar suffix). The Academy of Valencian Studies ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL), established by law in 1998 by the Valencian autonomous government and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing

3526-530: The appointment of José María Aznar as Prime Minister of Spain . Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language". The AVL orthography is based on the Normes de Castelló , a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival set of rules, called Normes del Puig , were established in 1979 by

3608-441: The availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other autonomous communities in Spain , including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. In July 2016 a new public corporation, Valencian Media Corporation , was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in

3690-501: The broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013. Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media. Currently,

3772-571: The city of Valencia on 9 October 1238, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia. A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile, Alfonso the Wise , who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. These limits were traced in the Treaty of Almizra between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive

3854-401: The city. The mudéjars (Muslims) were seen as allies of the aristocracy, as they worked in the nobility's large farms and undercut the Valencians on wages making them competitors for scarce jobs. During the revolt, the agermanats killed many Muslims and forcibly baptized the rest. Even after the Germanies were suppressed it was ruled that these baptisms were valid, sparking a new revolt of

3936-620: The cultural association Lo Rat Penat . Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia ( Province of Lleida and most of the Province of Tarragona ). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%) Despite the position of the official organisations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that

4018-423: The disputed possessions in Europe were progressively more frequent, more imperative and, conversely, less reciprocated for the Kingdom of Valencia, just as they were elsewhere for the rest of the Spanish Kingdom territories. The expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 was the final blow for the economy of the Kingdom of Valencia, as tens of thousands of people—mostly peasants serving the nobility—were forced to leave; in

4100-569: The drafting of the European Constitution , the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other. Kingdom of Valencia The Kingdom of Valencia

4182-630: The first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the Júcar , but he had to surrender soon after. During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a longtime relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight. James II called Jaume II el Just or

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4264-462: The incipient bourgeoisie , whose cities were given the Furs, or royal charters, regulating civil law and administration locally, but holding them always accountable to the king. These facts had linguistic consequences, which are traditionally sketched this way: A few authors have promoted an alternative view, in which the languages of the conquerors were mixed with a local Romance ( Mozarabic ) which

4346-638: The king of the Crown of Aragon , James I , called Jaume I el Conqueridor (the Conqueror), took Morella , mostly with Aragonese troops. Shortly after, in 1233, Borriana and Peniscola were also taken from the بلنسية Balansiyya ( Valencia in the Arabic language ) taifa . A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1238, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa . He entered

4428-405: The language has never been questioned since studies of the Romance languages , part of Valencian public opinion believes and affirms that Valencian and Catalan are different languages, an idea that began to spread during the turbulent Valencian transition by sectors of the regionalist right and by the so-called blaverisme (Blaverism). There is an alternative secessionist linguistic regulation,

4510-543: The large majority of Mudéjar (Muslim) population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled en masse in 1609. Up to that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir , allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on

4592-604: The legacy established by the Castelló Norms , which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a Golden Age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Important works include Joanot Martorell 's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch , and Ausiàs March 's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in

4674-438: The legal entity of the Kingdom of Valencia for being the Mediterranean commercial power during the 14th and 15th centuries, becoming in the cultural and literary centre of the Crown of Aragon. Thus, the Valencians, together with the Majorcans, presented themselves to other peoples as Catalans while they referred to themselves as Valencians and Majorcans to themselves to emphasise the different legal citizenship of each kingdom. In

4756-419: The majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014, 54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be

4838-487: The most recent survey in 2021, there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of Valencia and Alicante , where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015. Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian,

4920-407: The nation I am from born can rejoice"). Since the Spanish democratic transition , the autonomy or heteronomy of Valencian with respect to the rest of the Valencian-Catalan linguistic system has been the subject of debate and controversy among Valencians, usually with a political background. Although in the academic field (universities and institutions of recognszed prestige) of linguists the unity of

5002-402: The nobility. This development was part of a growing trend evident in the Middle Ages (said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of Kingdom of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews as well as Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas for Spain) and well into the era of Habsburg Spain . It is by this historiographical approach that the repopulation of

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5084-661: The number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number of barbarisms . This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. For more general information about other linguistic varities, see Catalan language . The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) specifies Standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to Standard Catalan . Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to

5166-460: The other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the Ottoman Empire to their rescue. There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as Al-Azraq . He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During

5248-421: The privileges and liberties of the territories and cities which formed the kingdom and its legal structure and factuality remained intact. A new position, Viceroy of Valencia , was created to manage the officially independent Kingdom. Meanwhile, the rising Spanish Empire had left behind its former status as a Kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula and had emerged as a Great power . The Empire shifted its focus to

5330-410: The process, entire villages were deserted and the countryside lost its main labor force. Some 125,000 people are supposed to have left the land. The expulsion was broadly welcome within the Valencian citizenry, especially for its more popular segments. The expulsion meant the loss of a cheap labor force for the nobility, and consequently a massive socio-economic destabilisation. The nobles together with

5412-410: The province of Alicante are more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools. Later studies also showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed. The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during

5494-454: The right to be informed by media in Valencian among others. Valencian is also protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments. Unlike in other bilingual autonomous communities , Valencian has not historically been spoken to

5576-553: The same extent throughout the Valencian Community . Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), is Spanish-speaking since the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in the Carche comarca , a rural area in the Region of Murcia adjoining the Valencian Community. Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in Carche. The Valencian language

5658-409: The same language. [T]he historical patrimonial language of the Valencian people , from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of Catalonia and Balearic Islands , and Principality of Andorra . Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient Crown of Aragon [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute

5740-443: The standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim,

5822-406: The throne as King of Aragon . With his earlier marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile , the modern Kingdom of Spain was born. Valencia began a slow process of integration with the rest of Spain. When Ferdinand and Isabella 's grandson Charles came to the throne, the crowns were permanently joined in personal union . The kings of Habsburg Spain (January 23, 1516 – November 1, 1700) maintained

5904-414: The upper class bourgeoisie felt threatened by an increasingly self-confident general populace, and sought the king's protection of their privileges. As a concession to the monarchy, they had to gradually relinquish their check and balance role on its power, which had been one of the distinguishing traits of the Kingdom's autonomy before the Crown. In line with similar processes in other parts of feudal Europe,

5986-515: The use of Valencian. Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard. Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the Institute of Catalan Studies ( Institut d'Estudis Catalans , IEC), used in Catalonia , with a few adaptations. This standard roughly follows the Castelló Norms ( Normes de Castelló ) from 1932, a set of othographic guidelines regarded as

6068-562: The western Mediterranean, which included destructive raids in Christian ports along the coast. This decline in trade greatly inhibited the economy in Valencia, which had already been economically affected by the Alhambra decree which had expelled the Jews in 1492. In 1519, the young King Charles I granted the Germanies (literally "brotherhoods") permission to arm themselves to fight off

6150-451: Was already similar to Catalan. No solid evidence for this view has been found. The Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and Barcelona . In the city of Valencia the Taula de canvi

6232-824: Was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of Antoni Maria Alcover and Pompeu Fabra . In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in Castelló de la Plana to make

6314-523: Was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a stock exchange market; altogether it boosted trading. The local industry, especially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the feature which best symbolises this flamboyant period is the Silk Exchange , one of the finest European examples of civil Gothic architecture and

6396-496: Was finally agreed by virtue of the Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas (1304), amended by the Treaty of Elche (1305), which assigned Orihuela (also Alicante and Elche ) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia. At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account

6478-424: Was first built in the 14th century is located on the eastern side of these mountains. The mountains are mostly covered with Mediterranean Maquis shrubland . There are some patches of pine forest. Valencian language Valencian ( valencià ) or the Valencian language ( llengua valenciana ) is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to

6560-578: Was formally created in 1238 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista . It was dissolved, along the other components of the old crown of Aragon , by Philip V of Spain in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees , as a result of the Spanish War of Succession . During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in

6642-399: Was given the chance to. Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia in the light of similar Reconquista efforts by the Crown of Castile , i.e., as a fight led by the king in order to gain new territories as free as possible of a serfdom subject to the nobility. The new territories would then be accountable only to the king, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of

6724-406: Was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier territory. The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well south of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took Orihuela and Murcia. What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragon

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