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61-819: The Chu Pong Massif (also known as the Chu Prong ), in the Central Highlands of Vietnam , is a mountain with complex topography, valleys, and forests that stretches into Cambodia. The Chu Pong is situated north of the Gia Lai river, south of the Ia Krel river, and lies within Vietnam's Chư Prông District . The Chu Pong Massif was the site of the 1965 Battle of Ia Drang during the Vietnam War . In March 1966 US Armed Forces conducted Operation Hot Tip, one of

122-728: A Rotary International Fellowship to study in Burma, where he was recruited by an American student activist who had become an anti-communist organizer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Scott agreed to do reporting for the agency, and at the end of his fellowship, took a post in the Paris office of the National Student Association , which accepted CIA money and direction in working against communist -controlled global student movements over

183-631: A Southeast Asia specialist teaching during the Vietnam War , he offered popular courses on the war and peasant revolutions . In 1976, having earned tenure at Madison, Scott returned to Yale and settled on a farm in Durham, Connecticut , with his wife. They started with a small farm, then purchased a larger one nearby in the early 1980s, where they sheared sheep and pastured Highland cattle . Though Scott's early and late books were based on interviews and archival investigations, his use of ethnographic and interpretative methods has been influential. He

244-550: A Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on January 15, 2005. In comparison with other regions in Vietnam, the Central Highlands has to encounter great difficulties in socio-economic conditions such as the skilled labor shortage, poor infrastructure, possibilities of ethnic-group conflict in a small area and a low standard of living. This area, however, has many advantages in natural resources. The region

305-694: A badge of honor ... Published in August 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States is an account of new evidence for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture ; the advantages of mobile subsistence ; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on millets , cereal grains and unfree labor . He also discusses

366-435: A consortium of the largest silk incubators exported in Vietnam. Unequal land and resource allocation also spark many disputes. Previously, the government aimed to exploit the Central Highlands of Vietnam by establishing a system of state-owned agriculture and forestry farms (before 1993, there were major agricultural-forestry-industry Union Enterprises, which switched to central or provincial agriculture and forestry farms after

427-668: A fashion that respects peasant needs (hence the phrase “moral economy” in his title), and they use such leverage as they have to persuade elites to do this. Elites are naturally less enthusiastic about this than peasants are. The processes of modernization often reduce peasant leverage. When peasant leverage becomes inadequate, elites often abandon their traditional moral obligations. Peasants react with shock and outrage, sometimes with riot or rebellion. Samuel Popkin , in his book The Rational Peasant (1979), wanting to refute some ideas he regarded as unfounded, made those ideas seem more influential than they were by 1) Saying that these were

488-555: A height of 1.092m whose ridge is an inactive crater. Kon Tum is a province to the north of Gia Lai - Kon Tum plateau, which is one of the three biggest ones in Tay Nguyen. Kom Tum City is built on Đắk Bla riverside, a branch of Pơ Ko river. It is also a former French Administrative Center. French missionaries arrived here in 1851. There are Ngoc Linh Mountain, Chu Mon Ray, Sa Thay primitive forest, Đắk Tre tourism area, and Đắk Tô hot springs. There are more than 20 ethnic groups,

549-765: A lifelong interest in Southeast Asia and peasantries, his later works ranged across many topics: quiet forms of political resistance, the failures of state-led social transformation, techniques used by non-state societies to avoid state control, commonplace uses of anarchist principles , and the rise of early agricultural states. His posthumous book, In Praise of Floods , is expected to be published in February 2025. The New York Times described his research as "highly influential and idiosyncratic". Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale . He taught at

610-446: A lower altitude and therefore has a higher temperature than the other two subregions. The native inhabitants of the Central Highlands ( Montagnards , Mountain peoples) are various peoples that mainly belonged to the two major Austronesian (Highland Chamic ) and Austroasiatic ( Bahnaric ) ethnolinguistic families. According to Peng et al. (2010) & Liu et al. (2020), Austronesian Chamic groups were well known of being seafarers with

671-569: A series of deforestation efforts through firebombing, targeting the Chu Pong Massif because it had been used as a base by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces. The operation initially bombed the forests of the Massif with napalm and the desiccant Agent Blue in mid February. Then in mid March US forces bombed the mountain again with eleven napalm strikes and M-35 bomblets delivered from B-52 bombers. The operation successfully destroyed much of

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732-424: Is a gamble that might drop them below subsistence level if it did not work out, they will almost always reject that gamble. Scott asserted that in traditional societies, many (though by no means all) peasants have relationships with the elite that provide some degree of assurance that the peasants will not fall below subsistence level. The peasants believe that elites are under a strong moral obligation to behave in

793-482: Is abundant in bauxite reserves measuring at billions of tons. According to old Soviet documents, the Central Highlands holds about 8 billion tons of bauxite reserve. On November 1, 2007, the Prime Minister signed Decision no.167 to approve the zoning plan for exploration, mining, processing and using of bauxite ore in the 2007–2015, orientation to 2025. Vietnam National Coal - Mineral Industries Group

854-428: Is currently exploring and investing in some bauxite exploring , alumina mining projects in the Central Highlands. However, this implementation has generated fierce opposition from scientists and local people due to the environmental destruction and the negative impacts on social culture, especially the indigenous culture of the Central Highlands. With an average elevation of 400 - 800m above sea level, Dak Lak Province

915-400: Is home to nearly 2 million hectares of fertile basalt, making up for 60% of the national basalt soil, which is very suitable for industrial crops such as coffee , cocoa, pepper, mulberry , and tea . Coffee is the most important industrial commodity of the Central Highlands. The current coffee area here is over 290 thousand hectares, accounting for 4/5 of the country's coffee area. Dak Lak

976-810: Is intricately involved with ethnic minorities, primarily Gia Rai and Ba Na. Their specificities are exhibited through communal houses, stilt houses, funeral houses, traditional festivals, costumes and musical instruments. Gia lai is home to numerous lakes, streams, waterfalls, mountain passes, and primeval forests where natural scenes hold the stunning wilderness of The Central Highlands such as Kon Ka Kinh and Kon Cha Rang tropical forests. Coming to Gia Lai, Xung Khoeng waterfall (Chu Prong district) and Phu Cuong waterfall (Chu Se district) are indispensable destinations. There are many mesmerizing streams such as White Rock Creek, Dream Spring. Moreover, other landscapes are not as beautiful as Mong ferry on Pa river, Pleiku Lake on an immense and tranquil mountain, Ham Rong Mountain with

1037-433: Is landlocked, like four other provinces in the region, but has no international border. Actually, Central Highlands is not situated on a unique plateau, instead, it lies on a series of contiguous plateaus, namely Kon Tum Plateau at the height of 500 m, Kon Plông Plateau, Kon Hà Nừng Plateau, Pleiku Plateau with the height of around 800m, Mdrak Plateau of approximately 500 m, Đắk Lắk Plateau of around 800m, Mơ Nông Plateau with

1098-536: Is located in the Dak Lak Plateau, which is one of the three largest plateaus in the Central Highlands. Dak Lak borders Gia Lai to the north and north-east, Lam Dong to the south, Cambodia to the west, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa to the east. Dak Lak is home to many majestic waterfalls and lakes such as Thuy Tien Waterfall, Lak Lake, Buon Triet Lake, Ea Kao Lake. There are primeval forests, Yok Don National Park and Ea Kao Ecological Park. Don village

1159-411: Is obscured by layers of water mist all year round. Gia Lai is a province in the mountainous region located in the north of The Central Highlands with an elevation of 600-800m. Gia Lai borders Kon Tum in the north, Dak Lak in the south, Cambodia in the west, and Quang Ngai , Binh Dinh , Phu Yen in the east. This region possesses a long history and an ancient culture. This culture's identity

1220-411: Is that if you put on anarchist glasses and look at the history of popular movements, revolutions, ordinary politics, and the state from that angle, certain insights will appear that are obscured from almost any other angle. It will also become apparent that anarchist principles are active in the aspirations and political action of people who have never heard of anarchism or anarchist philosophy ." Scott

1281-408: Is the most important product of Tây Nguyên, with production centred in Đắk Lắk Province. The provincial capital of Buôn Ma Thuột hosts a number of major coffee factories, including ones owned by major producer Trung Nguyên . Tây Nguyên is also the third natural bauxite source in the world . Plans for bauxite mining in the area have met with some controversy, both because of the environmental impact of

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1342-575: Is the province with the widest coffee area (170 thousand hectares) and Buon Ma Thuot coffee is famous for its high quality. The Central Highlands is also the second-largest rubber tree region after the Southeast , mainly in Gia Lai and Dak Lak . The Central Highlands is the most enormous mulberry and silkworm area in our country as well, the most in Bao Loc Lam Dong . This place has

1403-602: Is unusual for conducting his primary ethnographic fieldwork only after receiving tenure. To research his third book, Weapons of the Weak , Scott spent fourteen months in a village in Kedah, Malaysia between 1978 and 1980. When he had finished a draft, he returned for two months to solicit villagers' impressions of his depiction, and significantly revised the book based on their criticisms and insight. In 2011, Scott, along with other Burmese and Western scholars, convened at Yale with

1464-491: Is well known for elephant hunting and taming, historical relics such as Cham tơers in the 13th century, Bao Dai Palace and Buon Ma Thuot Prison. Dak Nong Province is located in the southwest of Central Vietnam , at the end of the Truong Son Range and lies on a large plateau with an elevation of 500 meters above sea level. Dak Nong is renowned for the majestic landscape of waterfalls, nighttime campfires with

1525-556: The Moorestown Friends School , a Quaker Day School, and in 1953 matriculated at Williams College in Massachusetts. On the advice of Indonesia scholar William Hollinger he wrote an honors thesis on the economic development of Burma . Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1958, and his PhD in political science from Yale University in 1967. Upon graduation, Scott received

1586-665: The University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he was Sterling Professor of Political Science . In 1991, he became director of Yale's Program in Agrarian Studies. At the time of his death, The New York Times described Scott as among the most widely read social scientists. Scott was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey , on December 2, 1936. He grew up in Beverly, New Jersey . Scott attended

1647-578: The Viet Cong , to the Communist government of unified Vietnam. The Champa state and Chams in the lowlands were traditional suzerains whom the Montagnards in the highlands acknowledged as their lords, while autonomy was held by the Montagnards. After 1945, concept of "Nam tiến" and the southward expansion was celebrated by Vietnamese scholars. The Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois was the name of

1708-441: The "barbarians" who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and non-subject peoples. In Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play (2012), Scott says that "Lacking a comprehensive anarchist worldview and philosophy, and in any case wary of nomothetic ways of seeing, I am making a case for a sort of anarchist squint. What I aim to show

1769-504: The 2009 Vietnam Population Census. Listed by province , from north to south as well as west to east: Bahnar is the second ethnic group, after the Kinh people, to have their language written based on Latin script by French missionaries in 1861. The Ede people, then, had their writing system in 1923. The first known epic poetry Dam San was compiled and published in Paris , France , under

1830-551: The Central Highlands from 1946 under French Indochina . Up until French rule, the Central Highlands was almost never entered by the Vietnamese since they viewed it as a savage (Moi-Montagnard) populated area with fierce animals like tigers, "poisoned water" and "evil malevolent spirits". The Vietnamese expressed interest in the land after the French transformed it into a profitable plantation area to grow crops on, in addition to

1891-488: The Central Highlands were not under the control of surrounding lowland classical kingdoms, thus much of prehistoric indigenous cultures were preserved. Highlands and mountains acted like barricades that curtailed much of the lowland influences on the Central Highlands people. The region falls into the geographical category described by James C. Scott as terra zomia , a huge mountainous landmass of Mainland Southeast Asia (including Southern China and Northeast India). During

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1952-515: The Central Highlands’ surface area was under the state's management. After 1993, although there was a shift in management mechanism, this number only decreased by 26%. Forest resources and forestry land areas in Tay Nguyen are facing the risk of serious attenuation due to different reasons, such as small unowned area of deep forest is being trespassed by newly arrived migrants for residential and production purposes (which rapidly increases

2013-523: The Highlands, for example, the temple of Yang Prong (in Đắk Lắk province ) constructed by king Simhavarman III (r. 1288–1307). It is evident that Chamic-speaking peoples of the lowlands had engaged direct contacts and trade with the peoples of the Central Highlands for a long time before Kinh Vietnamese colonialism, resulting in mutual linguistic borrowings in both colloquial languages and cultural similarities. Ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) people arrived in

2074-697: The Introduction, he wrote: ...  All identities, without exception, have been socially constructed: the Han, the Burman, the American, the Danish, all of them ... To the degree that the identity is stigmatized by the larger state or society, it is likely to become for many a resistant and defiant identity. Here invented identities combine with self-making of a heroic kind, in which such identifications become

2135-577: The actual James Scott, romanticized the traditional elites, suggesting that the elites often would act benevolently without much regard for their own self-interest. Popkin gave an impression that he and Scott represented two radically different positions in the formalist–substantivist debate in political anthropology. In fact both Popkin and Scott were formalists. In Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985) Scott expanded his theories to peasants in other parts of

2196-702: The age of 87. Scott's work focuses on the ways that subaltern people resist domination. During the Vietnam War , Scott took an interest in Vietnam and wrote The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) about the ways peasants resisted authority. Scott asserted that the highest priority for most peasants is ensuring that their incomes will not fall below minimal subsistence level. They desire higher income levels, and will pursue them aggressively under some circumstances, but if their only path toward higher incomes

2257-589: The agricultural land in the whole region), as well as deforestation and illegal exploitation of forest products. Due to the attenuation of forest resources, the output of logging has constantly been decreasing, from 600 to 700 thousand square meters in the late 1980s - early 1990s to about 200-300 thousand square meters per year at the moment. Currently, local authorities are experimenting with allocating, leasing forestry land to organizations, households and individuals for stable usage and forest allocation, and contracting to forests protection for households and communities in

2318-540: The area (after France annexed this area into Vietnam in 1889 ). The Vietnamese now outnumber the indigenous Degars after state-sponsored settlement directed by both the government of the Republic of Vietnam and the current Communist government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . The Montagnards have fought against and resisted all Vietnamese settlers, from the anti-Communist South Vietnamese government,

2379-528: The communist government, foreigners were banned from the Central Highlands for a period of time. Below is a list of officially recognized ethnic groups in Vietnam that are indigenous to the Central Highlands and nearby areas. They speak Austroasiatic languages of the Katuic and Bahnaric , as well as Chamic languages (which belong to the Austronesian language family ). Population statistics are from

2440-603: The early fifteenth century, the northern part of Central Highlands (around present-day An Khê ) had a dubious ruler named Śrī Gajarāja (King of the Elephants) with the title "The great king of the Montagnards of Madhyamagrāma " ("big village"), who was a vassal of Cham king Indravarman VI (r. 1400–1441) in the lowland. Despite geographic barriers, the Cham extensively used the Highlands as their resources backyard to provide medieval commodities. They also built several temples in

2501-402: The eastern edge of the highlands to the Vietnamese coast. Tây Nguyên can be divided into three subregions according to their deviation in topography and climate, namely: North Tây Nguyên (Bắc Tây Nguyên) (inclusive of Kon Tum and Gia Lai provinces), Middle Tây Nguyên (Trung Tây Nguyên) (covering provinces of Đắk Lắk and Đắk Nông), South Tây Nguyên (Nam Tây Nguyên) (Lâm Đồng). Trung Tây Nguyên has

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2562-661: The event of a publicization of this "hidden transcript," oppressed classes openly assume their speech and become conscious of its common status. Scott's book Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1998) saw his first major foray into political science. In it, he showed how central governments attempt to force legibility on their subjects, and fail to see complex, valuable forms of local social order and knowledge. Scott argues that in order for schemes to improve

2623-758: The goal of re-establishing the Journal of the Burma Research Society for scholars. The journal's successor, named the Independent Journal of Burmese Scholarship ( IJBS ), published its first issue in August 2016. Scott retired from teaching in 2022. In 1961, Scott married Louise Glover Goehring; they had three children and were married until her death in 1997. In 1999, he began a relationship with anthropologist Anna Tsing , which lasted until his death. Scott lived in Durham, Connecticut . He died at his home on July 19, 2024, at

2684-550: The height of about 800–1000 m, Lâm Viên Plateau of approximately 1500 m and Di Linh Plateau of about 900–1000 m. All of these plateaux are surrounded by high mountain ranges and mounts (South Annamite Range ). The Central Highlands are mostly drained by tributaries of the Mekong . The Sesan or Tonlé San river drains the northern portion of the highlands, and the Srepok River the southern. A series of shorter rivers run from

2745-468: The human condition to succeed, they must take into account local conditions, and that the high-modernist ideologies of the 20th century have prevented this. He highlights collective farms in the Soviet Union , the building of Brasília , and Prussian forestry techniques as examples of failed schemes. In The Art of Not Being Governed , Scott addresses the question of how certain groups in

2806-499: The ideas of a group he called the "moral economists." 2) Making it clear that he regarded Scott, an influential and highly respected scholar, as the most conspicuous spokesman for the "moral economists." Popkin's "moral economists," unlike the actual James Scott, believed "that peasants have a fixed view of a proper income, that they will not strive to raise their income beyond that level, and that they are not interested in new forms of consumption." Popkin's "moral economists," unlike

2867-636: The most populated of whom are Ba Na, Xo Dang, Gie Triêng, Gia Rai, B Rau, Ro Min, etc. Most of the ethnic minorities live by shifting cultivation and hunting. There is a diverse and colorful culture in the community of ethnic groups in Tay Nguyen. Tây Nguyên contains in it many primitive forests and is protected in its national parks , such as Cát Tiên National Park , Yok Đôn National Park , Kon Ka Kinh National Park . The region has an average altitude of 500–600 m with basalt soil, suitable for planting coffee tree , cacao , pepper , and white mulberry . Cashew and rubber plants are also planted here. Coffee

2928-622: The mountainous jungles of Southeast Asia managed to avoid a package of exploitation centered around the state, taxation, and grain cultivation. Certain aspects of their society seen by outsiders as backward (e.g., limited literacy and use of written language) were in fact part of the "Arts" referenced in the title: limiting literacy meant lower visibility to the state. Scott's main argument is that these people are "barbaric by design": their social organization, geographical location, subsistence practices and culture have been carved to discourage states to annex them to their territories. Addressing identity in

2989-676: The name Le Chanson de DamSan. The bilingual Ede-French edition was then released in 1933 by the French School of the Far East 's magazine in Hanoi . In February 1949, a priceless prehistoric lithophone named Ndut Lieng Krak was discovered in Dak Lak , which is now kept at the Museum of Mankind, Paris. The space of gong culture in the Central Highlands of Vietnam was recognized by UNESCO as

3050-611: The natural resources from the forests, minerals and rich earth and realization of its crucial geographical importance. An insurgency was waged by Montagnards in FULRO against South Vietnam and then unified Communist Vietnam. A settlement program of ethnic Kinh Vietnamese by the government of the Republic of Vietnam was implemented and now a Kinh majority predominates in the highland areas. After mass demonstrations and protests during 2001 and 2004 by ethnic hill tribe minorities against

3111-525: The next few years. Scott began graduate study in political science at Yale in 1961, though originally intended to study economics. His dissertation on political ideology in Malaysia , which was supervised by Robert E. Lane , analysed interviews with Malaysian civil servants. In 1967, he took a position as an assistant professor in political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison . His early work focused on corruption and machine politics . As

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3172-472: The original homeland of Taiwan , might have migrated to present-day Central Vietnam by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia around ~ 2,500 kya, while were making contact/or possibly absorbed the previously earlier Austroasiatic inhabitants (research shows shared high frequencies of AA-associated ancestry among Vietnam's Austronesian Chamic highlanders than Austronesian Chamic lowlanders which are more related with Taiwanese AN groups). Throughout pre-modern history,

3233-825: The proposed operations and because of labour issues. Tây Nguyên is home to the most prominent and also the most endangered species in Vietnam and Southeast Asia, namely, the Indochinese tiger , the gaur , the Wild Asian Water Buffalo , the banteng , and the Asian elephant . In 2012, at least three Vietnamese soldiers were arrested and imprisoned for their online pictures showing them torturing and killing Gray-shanked douc Langurs . 13°45′N 108°15′E  /  13.750°N 108.250°E  / 13.750; 108.250 James C. Scott James Campbell Scott (December 2, 1936 – July 19, 2024)

3294-535: The public interactions between dominators and oppressed as a "public transcript" and the critique of power that goes on offstage as a "hidden transcript". Groups under domination—from bonded labor to sexual violence —thus cannot be understood merely by their outward appearances. In order to study the systems of domination, careful attention is paid to what lies beneath the surface of evident, public behavior. In public, those that are oppressed accept their domination, but they always question their domination offstage. On

3355-431: The same year). In reality, these economic organizations control most of the Central Highlands’ land. In Dak Lak province, by 1985, three agricultural-forestry-industry Union Enterprises managed 1,058,000 hectares, which accounted for half of the province's area, plus 1,600,000 hectares of state-owned rubber tree growing area. In total, the state runs 90% of Dak Lak ’s area, and 60% of Gia Lai ’s. Overall, by 1985, 70% of

3416-454: The sound of gongs and the local-favored stem wine. The Srepok river with its tributaries form numerous stunning cascades, which can be mild at some points, and real havoc at another. Even more noticeable are Gia Long waterfall with the shape of a wildly sleeping mountain girl and Dray Nur waterfall, which resembles a Great wall of nature. Besides, there are also falls of Dieu Thanh, Three Layers and Dray Sap, also known as Smoke waterfall since it

3477-588: The vegetation of the Chu Pong Massif but was not able to produce self-sustaining fire in its forests. This article about a location in Gia Lai Province , Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Central Highlands, Vietnam Central Highlands is a plateau bordering the lower part of Laos and northeastern Cambodia . Kon Tum Province shares a border with both Laos and Cambodia but Gia Lai Province and Đắk Lắk Province only share borders with Cambodia. Lâm Đồng Province

3538-676: The villages. With the geographical advantages of highland and numerous waterfalls, hydropower resources of the area are large and are used effectively. Two hydroelectric power stations built in this region before are Da Nhim (160.00 kW) on Da Nhim River (source of Dong Nai River ) and Dray H’inh (120.000 kW) on Serepok River . Moreover, the Yaly Hydropower Project has been in operation since 2000; other projects such as Bon Ron-Dai Ninh and Play Krong have been expected to build recently. Tay Nguyen (the central highland of Vietnam) does not abound in mineral resources but

3599-471: The world. Scott's theories are often contrasted with Gramscian ideas about hegemony . Against Gramsci, Scott argues that the everyday resistance of subalterns shows that they have not consented to dominance. In Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (1990) argues that subordinate groups employ strategies of resistance that go unnoticed. He terms this "infrapolitics". Scott describes

3660-990: Was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was awarded resident fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences , the Institute for Advanced Study , and the Science, Technology and Society Program at M.I.T. He also received research grants from the National Science Foundation , the National Endowment for the Humanities , and the Guggenheim Foundation , and

3721-400: Was an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics . He was a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies. Trained as a political scientist, Scott's scholarship discussed peasant societies, state power, and political resistance. From 1968 to 1985, Scott wrote influentially on agrarian politics in peninsular Malaysia. While he retained

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