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57-425: The word turducken is a portmanteau combining turkey , duck , and chicken . The dish is a form of engastration , which is a recipe method in which one animal is stuffed inside the gastric passage of another—twofold in this instance. The thoracic cavity of the chicken/game hen and the rest of the gaps are stuffed, sometimes with a highly seasoned breadcrumb mixture or sausage meat, although some versions have

114-426: A compound , which fully preserves the stems of the original words. The British lecturer Valerie Adams's 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that "In words such as motel ..., hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes – ‑otel ... – which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends". Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking,

171-506: A salver of toasted larks" during the reception following newborn Titus 's christening. Canadian poet John McCrae mentions larks in his poem " In Flanders Fields ". English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote a musical setting of George Meredith's poem, completed in 1914. It was composed for violin and piano, and entitled The Lark Ascending - A Romance . The work received its first performance in December 1920. Soon afterwards

228-474: A turkey , a goose , a pheasant , a chicken , a duck , a guinea fowl , a teal , a woodcock , a partridge , a plover , a lapwing , a quail , a thrush , a lark , an ortolan bunting and a garden warbler —although he states that, since similar roasts were produced by ancient Romans, the rôti sans pareil was not entirely novel. The final bird is very small but large enough to just hold an olive; it also suggests that, unlike modern multi-bird roasts, there

285-478: A different stuffing for each bird. The result is a fairly solid layered poultry dish, suitable for cooking by braising , roasting , grilling , or barbecuing . The turducken was popularized in America by John Madden , who promoted the dish during NFL Thanksgiving Day games and, later, Monday Night Football broadcasts. On one occasion, the commentator sawed through a turducken with his bare hand, live in

342-518: A dish called guisado particular which is made by first stuffing an olive, then a small bird with the olive, then that stuffed bird is stuffed into another larger bird and so on sixteen times more, then cooked in an open flame for 24 hours. It is generally agreed to have been introduced by Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme . Another claimant is Hebert's Specialty Meats in Maurice, Louisiana , whose owners Junior and Sammy Hebert say they created it in 1985 "when

399-535: A form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts". According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD ), the etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau , from porter , "to carry", and manteau , "cloak" (from Old French mantel , from Latin mantellum ). According to

456-522: A grouse and inside that put a quail and finally inside that a sparrow. Then season it all well, place the camel in a hole in the ground and roast it. Portmanteau In linguistics , a blend —also known as a blend word , lexical blend , or portmanteau —is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together. English examples include smog , coined by blending smoke and fog , as well as motel , from motor ( motorist ) and hotel . A blend

513-427: A kind of bath), the attributive blends of English are mostly head-final and mostly endocentric . As an example of an exocentric attributive blend, Fruitopia may metaphorically take the buyer to a fruity utopia (and not a utopian fruit); however, it is not a utopia but a drink. Coordinate blends (also called associative or portmanteau blends) combine two words having equal status, and have two heads. Thus brunch

570-514: A lark. Traditionally, larks are kept as pets in China. In Beijing, larks are taught to mimic the voice of other songbirds and animals. It is an old-fashioned habit of the Beijingers to teach their larks 13 kinds of sounds in a strict order (called "the 13 songs of a lark", Chinese: 百灵十三套). The larks that can sing the full 13 sounds in the correct order are highly valued, while any disruption in

627-407: A local man brought his own birds to their shop and asked the brothers to create the medley". A predecessor to both by decades however was New Orleans surgeon Dr. Gerald R. LaNasa, who was locally known for his use of a scalpel in deboning his three birds of choice and sometimes adding pork or veal roasts in the final hen's cavity, thus preserving the turducken tradition as a regional holiday favorite of

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684-430: A modern revival of the traditional Yorkshire Christmas pie, in 1989; and a three-bird roast (a duck stuffed with chicken stuffed with a pigeon, with sage and apple stuffing) in 1990. Gooducken is a goose stuffed with a duck, which is in turn stuffed with a chicken. In his 1807 Almanach des Gourmands , gastronomist Grimod de La Reynière presents his rôti sans pareil ("roast without equal")—a bustard stuffed with

741-721: A number of dishes; for example, they can be stewed, broiled, or used as filling in a meat pie. Lark's tongues are reputed to have been particularly highly valued as a delicacy. In modern times, shrinking habitats made lark meat rare and hard to come by, though it can still be found in restaurants in Italy and elsewhere in southern Europe. The lark in mythology and literature stands for daybreak, as in Chaucer 's " The Knight's Tale ", "the bisy larke, messager of day", and Shakespeare 's Sonnet 29 , "the lark at break of day arising / From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate" (11–12). The lark

798-464: A section that recounts a similar dish in India in the late 1800s: Invited by Maharajah Ganga Singh to the most extraordinary of dinners, in the palace at Bikaner, when Anita asks her host for the recipe of such a succulent dish, he answers her seriously, "Prepare a whole camel, skinned and cleaned, put a goat inside it, and inside the goat a turkey and inside the turkey a chicken. Stuff the chicken with

855-486: A total blend, each of the words creating the blend is reduced to a mere splinter. Some linguists limit blends to these (perhaps with additional conditions): for example, Ingo Plag considers "proper blends" to be total blends that semantically are coordinate, the remainder being "shortened compounds". Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another: Much less commonly in English,

912-510: A willingness to expand into anthropogenic habitats—as long as these are not too intensively managed—have ensured larks a prominent place in literature and music, especially the Eurasian skylark in northern Europe and the crested lark and calandra lark in southern Europe. Male larks use song flights to defend their breeding territory and attract a mate. Most species build nests on the ground, usually cups of dead grass, but in some species

969-667: Is frankenword , an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending " Frankenstein " and "word". Lark see text Larks are passerine birds of the family Alaudidae . Larks have a cosmopolitan distribution with the largest number of species occurring in Africa. Only a single species, the horned lark , occurs in North America, and only Horsfield's bush lark occurs in Australia. Habitats vary widely, but many species live in dry regions. When

1026-495: Is Talleyrand's fanciful and somewhat roundabout way of roasting a quail. On a day of "inspiration gourmande" at his hotel in the Rue Saint-Florentin, Paris , he composed the following recipe: Take a plump quail, seasoned with truffles, and made tender by having been put into champagne. You put it carefully inside a young Bresse chicken; then sew up the opening, and put dabs of butter all over the chicken. Again, you put

1083-477: Is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary . For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). Many corporate brand names , trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary , one of Misplaced Pages 's sister projects,

1140-496: Is a blend of wiki and dictionary . The word portmanteau was introduced in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking-Glass (1871), where Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in " Jabberwocky ". Slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to

1197-609: Is also (often simultaneously) associated with "lovers and lovers' observance" (as in Bernart de Ventadorn 's Can vei la lauzeta mover ) and with "church services". These meanings of daybreak and religious reference can be combined, as in Blake 's Visions of the Daughters of Albion , into a "spiritual daybreak" to signify "passage from Earth to Heaven and from Heaven to Earth". With Renaissance painters such as Domenico Ghirlandaio ,

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1254-440: Is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening: The overlap may be both phonological and orthographic, and with some additional shortening to at least one of the ingredients: Such an overlap may be discontinuous: These are also termed imperfect blends. It can occur with three components: The phonological overlap need not also be orthographic: If the phonological but non-orthographic overlap encompasses

1311-699: Is neither a breakfasty lunch nor a lunchtime breakfast but instead some hybrid of breakfast and lunch; Oxbridge is equally Oxford and Cambridge universities. This too parallels (conventional, non-blend) compounds: an actor–director is equally an actor and a director. Two kinds of coordinate blends are particularly conspicuous: those that combine (near‑) synonyms: and those that combine (near‑) opposites: Blending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew : "There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár 'bank clerk, teller'. The first

1368-664: Is not a complete morpheme , but instead a mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a blend, of star and fish , as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a " stish " or a " starsh ", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established compounds or phrases, they can be considered clipped compounds , such as romcom for romantic comedy . Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Blends may be classified morphotactically into two kinds: total and partial . In

1425-452: Is similar to a contraction . On the one hand, mainstream blends tend to be formed at a particular historical moment followed by a rapid rise in popularity. Contractions, on the other hand, are formed by the gradual drifting together of words over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as do not naturally becoming don't (phonologically, / d uː n ɒ t / becoming / d oʊ n t / ). A blend also differs from

1482-405: Is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף késef 'money' and the ( International /Hebrew>) Israeli agentive suffix ר- -ár . The second is that it is a quasi- portmanteau word which blends כסף késef 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one,

1539-707: The Handbook of the Birds of the World , adhere to that placement. However, many other classifications follow the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy in placing the larks in a large oscine subgroup Passerida (which excludes crows , shrikes and their allies, vireos , and many groups characteristic of Australia and southeastern Asia). For instance, the American Ornithologists' Union places larks just after

1596-1512: The International Ornithological Committee (IOC): the rusty bush lark ( Mirafra rufa ) and Gillett's lark ( Mirafra gilletti ) were found to be embedded in the genus Calendulauda . Alström and collaborators proposed that the genus Mirafra should be split into four genera: Mirafra , Plocealauda , Amirafra and Corypha . Alaemon – hoopoe-larks (2 species) Ammomanopsis – Gray's lark Chersomanes – larks (2 species) Certhilauda – long-billed larks (6 species) Eremopterix – sparrow-larks (8 species) Pinarocorys – larks (2 species) Ramphocoris – thick-billed lark Ammomanes – larks (3 species) Calendulauda – larks (8 species) Heteromirafra – larks (2 species) Mirafra – larks (7 species) Plocealauda – bush larks (5 species) Amirafra – larks (3 species) Corypha – larks (11 species) Lullula – woodlark Spizocorys – larks (7 species) Alauda – skylarks (4 species) Galerida – larks (7 species) Eremophila – horned larks (2 species) Calandrella – short-toed larks (6 species) Melanocorypha – larks (5 species) Chersophilus – Dupont's lark Eremalauda – larks (2 species) Alaudala – short-toed larks (6 species) The family Alaudidae contains 102 extant species which are divided into 24 genera : For more detail, see list of lark species . Larks, or

1653-533: The OED Online , the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)". In modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet , a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word"

1710-404: The tarsus (the lowest leg bone, connected to the toes) has only one set of scales on the rear surface, which is rounded. Pipits and all other songbirds have two plates of scales on the rear surface, which meet at a protruding rear edge. Larks have more elaborate calls than most birds, and often extravagant songs given in display flight. These melodious sounds (to human ears), combined with

1767-554: The Three Bird Roast, and turducken began mid-century, expanding in the 1960s and 70s long before many of the popular commercial Cajun/Creole chefs of today took the stage. In the United Kingdom, a turducken is a type of ballotine called a "three-bird roast" or a "royal roast". The Pure Meat Company offered a five-bird roast (a goose, a turkey, a chicken, a pheasant, and a pigeon, stuffed with sausage), described as

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1824-502: The beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another: Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings, clipping compounds or clipped compounds . Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by Lewis Carroll in " Jabberwocky ": They are sometimes termed intercalative blends; these words are among

1881-588: The booth, to demonstrate the turducken's contents. Madden ate his first on-air turducken on December 1, 1996, during a game between the New Orleans Saints and St. Louis Rams at the Louisiana Superdome . Credit for the creation of the turducken is uncertain, though one of the first written mentions of a similar dish is found in the 1913 Spanish cookbook La Cocina Española Antigua by Emilia Pardo Bazan . On page 208, recipe 320 describes

1938-420: The chicken inside a fine Berri turkey, and roast the turkey very carefully before a bright fire. What will be the result? All the juice of the turkey is absorbed by the fowl, and all the juice of the fowl in its turn by the quail. After two hours roasting the fowl, which in reality is composed of three fowls, is ready, and you place the steaming trinity upon a dish of fine porcelain or chiseled silver. Then you pull

1995-405: The chicken out of the turkey, and the quail out of the chicken. The quail? Is it correct to talk of the quail, when this delicious, perfumed dish is indeed too good for any name? You take the quail as you would some sacred relic, and serve it hot, steaming, with its aroma of truffles, after having roasted it to a golden yellow by basting it diligently with the best Gournay butter. In Hunan cuisine ,

2052-607: The composer arranged it for violin and orchestra, in which version it was first performed in June 1921, and this is how the work remains best-known today. The old Welsh folk song Marwnad yr Ehedydd (The Lark's Elegy) refers to the death of "the Lark", possibly as a coded reference to the Welsh leader Owain Glyndŵr . The French-Canadian folk song Alouette refers to plucking feathers from

2109-526: The crows, shrikes, and vireos. At a finer level of detail, some now place the larks at the beginning of a superfamily Sylvioidea with the swallows, various " Old World warbler " and " babbler " groups, and others . Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that within the Sylvioidea the larks form a sister clade to the family Panuridae which contains a single species, the bearded reedling ( Panurus biarmicus ). The phylogeny of larks (Alaudidae)

2166-521: The famed chef Liu Sanhe from Changsha invented a dish called sanceng taoji ( Chinese : 三层套鸡 ), meaning "three-layer set chicken", consisting of a sparrow inside a pigeon inside a hen, along with medicinal herbs such as Gastrodia elata and wolfberries . He originally devised the dish to alleviate Lu Diping 's ill concubine of headaches. The book Passion India: The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthula (p. 295) features

2223-775: The family Alaudidae, are small- to medium-sized birds, 12 to 24 cm (4.7 to 9.4 in) in length and 15 to 75 g (0.5 to 2.6 oz) in mass. The smallest larks are likely the Spizocorys species, which can weigh only around 14 g (0.49 oz) in species like the pink-billed lark and the Obbia lark , while the largest lark is the Tibetan lark . Like many ground birds, most lark species have long hind claws, which are thought to provide stability while standing. Most have streaked brown plumage, some boldly marked with black or white. Their dull appearance camouflages them on

2280-599: The final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim 's coinage סמרטוטר smartutár 'rag-dealer'." Blending may occur with an error in lexical selection , the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to

2337-461: The ground, especially when on the nest. They feed on insects and seeds ; though adults of most species eat seeds primarily, all species feed their young insects for at least the first week after hatching. Many species dig with their bills to uncover food. Some larks have heavy bills (reaching an extreme in the thick-billed lark ) for cracking seeds open, while others have long, down-curved bills, which are especially suitable for digging. Larks are

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2394-403: The ingredients is the head and the other is attributive. A porta-light is a portable light, not a 'light-emitting' or light portability; light is the head. A snobject is a snobbery-satisfying object and not an objective or other kind of snob; object is the head. As is also true for (conventional, non-blend) attributive compounds (among which bathroom , for example, is a kind of room, not

2451-466: The lark symbolizes Christ , with reference to John 16:16. Percy Bysshe Shelley's famed 1820 poem " To a Skylark " was inspired by the melodious song of a skylark during an evening walk. English poet George Meredith wrote a poem titled " The Lark Ascending " in 1881. In Mervyn Peake 's Titus Groan , first book of the Gormenghast trilogy , "Swelter approache[s] [ Lord Sepulchrave ] with

2508-495: The morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable. Some languages, like Japanese , encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo ), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke , a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty ) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora , オーケストラ ),

2565-512: The nests are more complicated and partly domed. A few desert species nest very low in bushes, perhaps so circulating air can cool the nest. Larks' eggs are usually speckled. The size of the clutch is very variable and ranges from the single egg laid by Sclater's lark up to 6–8 eggs laid by the calandra lark and the black lark . Larks incubate for 11 to 16 days. Larks, commonly consumed with bones intact, have historically been considered wholesome, delicate, and light game. They can be used in

2622-463: The only passerines that lose all their feathers in their first moult (in all species whose first moult is known). This may result from the poor quality of the chicks' feathers, which in turn may result from the benefits to the parents of switching the young to a lower-quality diet (seeds), which requires less work from the parents. In many respects, including long tertial feathers , larks resemble other ground birds such as pipits . However, in larks

2679-495: The original "portmanteaus" for which this meaning of the word was created. In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. Some linguists do not recognize these as blends. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: A splinter may be followed by an entire word: An entire word may replace part of another: These have also been called sandwich words, and classed among intercalative blends. (When two words are combined in their entirety,

2736-453: The result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe. ) Morphologically, blends fall into two kinds: overlapping and non-overlapping . Overlapping blends are those for which the ingredients' consonants, vowels or even syllables overlap to some extent. The overlap can be of different kinds. These are also called haplologic blends. There may be an overlap that

2793-581: The single plate found in most songbirds . They also lack a pessulus , the bony central structure in the syrinx of songbirds . They were long placed at or near the beginning of the songbirds or oscines (now often called Passeri ), just after the suboscines and before the swallows , for example in the American Ornithologists' Union 's first check-list. Some authorities, such as the British Ornithologists' Union and

2850-437: The southern United States. Andouille sausage and Foie Gras were always key ingredients of LaNasa's creations. The results of Dr. LaNasa's work can be found in the modern day mass-produced turducken or turduckhen (another variation adding or substituting a cornish game hen). His turkey, duck, and chicken ballotine is now widely commercially available under multiple trademark names. Dr. LaNasa's innovation and success with ballotines,

2907-484: The then-common type of luggage , which opens into two equal parts: You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word. In his introduction to his 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark , Carroll again uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take

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2964-462: The two words "fuming" and "furious". Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious". In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. According to the OED Online , a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of

3021-406: The use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious." The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and

3078-542: The whole of the shorter ingredient, as in then the effect depends on orthography alone. (They are also called orthographic blends. ) An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological: For some linguists, an overlap is a condition for a blend. Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic: Morphosemantically, blends fall into two kinds: attributive and coordinate . Attributive blends (also called syntactic or telescope blends) are those in which one of

3135-479: The word "lark" is used without specification, it often refers to the Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) . The family Alaudidae was introduced in 1825 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors as a subfamily Alaudina of the finch family Fringillidae . Larks are a well-defined family, partly because of the shape of their tarsus . They have multiple scutes on the hind side of their tarsi, rather than

3192-404: Was no stuffing or other packing placed in between the birds. An early form of the recipe was "Pandora's cushion", a goose stuffed with a chicken stuffed with a quail. Another version of the dish is credited to French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord . The 1891 newspaper article French Legends Of The Table offers Quail à la Talleyrand : The following for instance,

3249-481: Was reviewed in 2013, leading to the recognition of the arrangement below. The genus level cladogram shown below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the larks by Per Alström and collaborators published in 2023. The subfamilies are those proposed by the authors. For two species the results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of

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