38-488: Chung Hwa Hui ( CHH ; lit. ' Chinese Association ' ) was a conservative, largely pro-Dutch political organization and party in the Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia ), often criticised as a mouthpiece of the colonial Chinese establishment . The party campaigned for legal equality between the colony's ethnic Chinese subjects and Europeans, and advocated ethnic Chinese political participation in
76-552: A Dutch commonwealth under the Dutch Monarchy . CHH members in the Volksraad did, however, oppose widening the electoral franchise for elections to the legislature to either more indigenous people (H. H. Kan) or to women (Loa Sek Hie). They maintained an ambiguous, and sometimes dismissive, stance on the emancipation of Indonesia's indigenous population . CHH's cultural outlook was both Peranakan and Dutch, as reflected in
114-638: A human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of
152-563: A large proportion of this group nevertheless values the steps taken to improve its position in society. "I speak here of that vast majority, the practical and soberly thinking part of this industrious group, who...keeps its cool and fully realizes that the link with the former fatherland does not need to be broken in order to protect its own real interests in the country whose welfare is so closely tied to its own existence. Without having to renounce one's race, without having to be unfaithful to what has been called by an English writer 'the religion of
190-460: A literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms
228-591: A member, but who refused due to his reservations about the party's elitist and moneyed profile. CHH was disbanded following the Japanese invasion of 1942 as part of World War II . During the Indonesian revolution of 1945–1950 that followed the end of the war, CHH's surviving membership rallied around former CHH leader Thio Thiam Tjong, who in 1948 founded Persatoean Tionghoa (the 'Chinese Union'), called from 1950 onwards Partai Demokrat Tionghoa Indonesia (PDTI:
266-514: A result of resentment over the low standing of Indonesian civil servants relative to Dutch administrators, who he saw as being responsible for the natural group to bring about the advancement of the country. He also felt it was his duty to become an intermediary between the government and the people. As his dissatisfaction with the Dutch grew, he concluded that more autonomy for the East Indies was
304-640: A speech by Soetardjo in which he asked for support from the various Dutch factions, stating that there was no desire to sever the political links with the Netherlands. Crucially, the petition was supported by the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo European Alliance), with eight seats was the largest European party. The five members of the Politiek-Economischen Bond (Political Economic League) also agreed to support it once
342-460: A translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy
380-525: A willingness to support the Indonesian nationalist movement, resigned from CHH in 1934, citing H. H. Kan's dominance of the party; and was appointed to the Volksraad in 1939 as an independent member . CHH's elitist reputation alienated others, even in Dutch-educated circles, such as another Leiden alumnus and lawyer, Yap Thiam Hien , later a human rights activist, whom CHH attempted to recruit as
418-406: A work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote
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#1732773049899456-549: Is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be a serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating
494-576: Is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about machine translation , translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to Mark 14:38 ) into Russian and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather a joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot". Soetardjo Petition The Soetardjo Petition ( Indonesian : Petisi Soetardjo )
532-526: Is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this
570-424: Is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in
608-457: Is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this
646-487: The Dutch parliament decided to wait for official advice from the governor-general before responding. In October of that year, a Central Soetardjo Petition Committee headed by Soetardjo was formed to raise public support by collecting signatures. This resulted in many well-attended public meetings expressing support, but the collection of signatures was not very successful as many people were afraid to sign. A similar committee
684-414: The 'Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party'). The new outfit was, in effect, the institutional heir to Chung Hwa Hui's political and social legacy. What was seen as the new party's CHH heritage, pro-colonial legacy and pro-western stance did not bode well for PDTI, which came to be regarded as irrelevant in post-revolutionary and increasingly anti-western Indonesia. PDTI never received much electoral support, and
722-612: The 1930s, it became the main forum for "cooperating" Indonesians, whose who were prepared to participate in Dutch established bodies, to express their opinions. In 1935, the main nationalist parties were grouped together under the National Faction led by Mohammad Husni Thamrin . Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo , president of the Native Civil Servants Association, was not a member of the National Faction. He became more nationalist in outlook partly as
760-512: The 5th Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia, Han Tiauw Tjong and Loa Sek Hie , or representatives of ethnic Chinese conglomerates, including Oei Tjong Hauw [ id ] , head of Kian Gwan, Asia's largest multinational at the time, and the Semarang business tycoon Thio Thiam Tjong . Due to its elitist leadership, CHH was referred to by critics as the 'Packard Club' after the expensive cars many of its leaders used. The general membership of
798-751: The Dutch East Indies – all through the party's entire existence from 1928 until 1942. In the study of colonial Chinese-Indonesian politics, CHH is most often contrasted with the so-called Sin Po group , which called for loyalty to the pre-war Republic of China , and the Partai Tionghoa Indonesia (PTI: the 'Chinese-Indonesian Party'), which promoted ethnic Chinese participation in the Indonesian nationalist movement and demanded Indonesian nationality for all Indonesians. Founded in 1928 after preliminary congresses through 1926 and 1927, CHH
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#1732773049899836-474: The Dutch colonial state. The CHH was led by scions of the ' Cabang Atas ' gentry, including its founding president, H. H. Kan , and supported by ethnic Chinese conglomerates, such as the powerful Kian Gwan multinational. The party's close relationship with, and allegiance to, the Dutch colonial state is clearly demonstrated by the fact that CHH was represented in the Volksraad – the embryonic legislature of
874-624: The best way forward. The document asked for a round table conference to be organized with representatives from the Indies and the Netherlands to discuss the desire of Indonesians, within a period of ten years, to be autonomous under Article 1 of the Dutch Constitution as part of a Dutch commonwealth under the Dutch Crown . The petition had six signatories: The vote in the Volksraad took place on 29 September 1936, following
912-523: The country. In the historian Leo Suryadinata 's words, the party favoured a 'Peranakan Chinese culture with a Dutch flavour'. Chung Hwa Hui's close identification with the Dutch colonial state drew the criticism of many in the Chinese-Indonesian community and beyond, in particular reformist voices more sympathetic to the Indonesian nationalist movement and indigenous Indonesian emancipation. Sukarno , later first President of Indonesia , mocked
950-504: The majority of ethnic Chinese members of the Volksraad were CHH leaders. H. H. Kan articulated in his Dutch maiden speech to the Volksraad in 1918 a position that later came to define CHH: "Our group is very thankful for all the improvements in the position of the Chinese thus far, but entire satisfaction can only come with complete legal equality with Europeans. "[A]lthough the Chinese population group...is still not completely satisfied,
988-413: The original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by
1026-460: The party as the 'yellow Vaderlandsche Club' in reference to an ultra-right wing Dutch colonial organisation of diehard 'imperialists'. In 1932, this dissatisfaction with CHH within the Chinese-Indonesian community resulted in the founding of an opposition, pro-Indonesian party, Partai Tionghoa Indonesia, led by the leftwing newspaper men and progressive activists Liem Koen Hian , Kwee Thiam Tjing , Ong Liang Kok and Ko Kwat Tiong . The new PTI gained
1064-428: The party's two languages of communication: Dutch and Malay . At the same time, the party – which used a Mandarin Chinese name – also valorised the retention of ethnic Chinese heritage and ties to the ancestral land. In keeping with CHH's political commitment to the Dutch East Indies, however, they also promoted the use of Dutch, instead of Chinese or Malay, as the language of instruction for ethnic Chinese education in
1102-570: The petition committee. These parties believed the petition to be a pointless gesture, or even a betrayal of those calling for nothing less than full independence. The Council of the Indies advisory body urged the governor-general to reject the petition, claiming tat it was at odds with the Dutch constitution, and that the East indies was not yet ready for the new role it would have were the petition accepted. In September 1938, Governor-General Alidius Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer sent his report to
1140-501: The petition was pointless without wider public support, while others were simply pro-Dutch, or had personal reasons. Eighteen "foreign Asians" and Indonesians, including Thamrin, supported the petition, and in the final vote, the it was approved by the Volksraad by 26 votes to 20. After the petition was passed, Indonesia newspapers began to express support for it, although all the European press in tee Indies opposed it. In early 1937,
1178-478: The political party was drawn largely from Dutch-educated, upper and upper-middle class Peranakan circles. Chung Hwa Hui was loyal to the Dutch East Indies and supported Indies nationality, but campaigned vigorously for legal equality with Europeans for the colony's Chinese subjects. To this end, the party advocated ethnic Chinese participation in colonial Indonesian politics: until the Japanese invasion in 1942 ,
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1216-513: The seed', each must consider it a duty to oneself and towards his fellow inhabitants to give his best for the progress of the country and for the improvement of the people, to whom also the Chinese are thankfully indebted". Despite their conservative reputation, the party's Volksraad members, led by H. H. Kan, voted in favour of the Soetardjo Petition of 1936, widely seen as progressive, which requested Indonesian independence as part of
1254-551: The support of parts of lower and middle class Peranakan society, and won a seat in 1935 election to the Volksraad , though without ever challenging CHH's overall majority in the legislature's ethnic Chinese ranks. Even within CHH, nonetheless, the party hierarchy's pro-establishment views were challenged by the Leiden University -educated lawyer Phoa Liong Gie , leader of CHH's more progressive youth wing. Phoa, who indicated
1292-471: The ten-year timetable had been removed. Some Dutch members were opposed to the petition because they saw it as a threat to their position, or believed the Indonesians were not yet ready to assume governing responsibilities. Meanwhile, six Indonesian members, Mohammad Noor , Notosoetarso, Razoux Schultz , Soeroso , Wiryopranoto and Wiwoho also voted against it. Their reasons were varied. Some believed
1330-506: Was a motion of the Volksraad of the Dutch East Indies , instigated by the member Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo , which was submitted as a petition to Queen Wilhelmina and the Estates General of the Netherlands asking for more autonomy. In 1918, the Dutch colonial government established the Volksraad (People's Council), an advisory body, and by 1931 half of the members were Indonesian. Following repression of nationalists in
1368-453: Was eventually disbanded in 1965 with the military coup of General Soeharto and the end of all semblance of parliamentary democracy. Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation
1406-620: Was formed in the Netherlands, also in October. A major setback for supporters of the petition was the lack of support from Indonesian political parties. As expected, the Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII) opposed it because of the party's policy of non-cooperation with the colonial authorities. However, of the parties two parties that had seats in the Volksraad, Parindra opposed the petition, while Gerindo supported it, but banned its members from participating in
1444-579: Was loosely associated with the eponymous Chung Hwa Hui Nederland , a Peranakan student association in the Netherlands , established in 1911 in Leiden . Throughout its existence, CHH was dominated by its founding and only president H. H. Kan, a patrician doyen of the Cabang Atas. Members of the party's founding executive committee consisted of other scions of the Cabang Atas, such as Khouw Kim An,
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