Church arson is burning or attempting to burn religious property, because empty churches are soft targets , racial hatred, pyromania, prejudice against certain religious beliefs, greed, or as part of communal violence or dissent or anti-religious sentiment.
81-597: In 2015, St. James Roman Catholic Church in Brighton , Melbourne burned to the ground after sexual abuse allegations came out regarding former Roman Catholic priest Ronald Pickering. Actress Rachel Griffiths , formerly a member of the church, said she was 'quite elated'. St. Mary's Catholic Church in Dandenong , also connected to Pickering, burned in a suspicious fire as well. St. Mary's Church in St Kilda East
162-711: A 16-minute video in which he voiced his support for ISIL 's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri and the Afghan Taliban 's leader Mullah Omar . In March 2015, Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIS self-styled caliph Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi and became "West African Province" ( Wilayat Garb Ifriqiyah ), i.e. the West African province of the Islamic State. However, in August 2016, Al-Baghdadi replaced Shekau with Abu Musab al-Barnawi,
243-594: A borough in October 1863, and in 1870 parts of Elwood and Elsternwick were added. Brighton became a town on 18 March 1887. It annexed 13.8 hectares (34.1 acres) from the City of Moorabbin on 3 April 1912 and became the City of Brighton on 12 March 1919. On 14 December 1994, the City of Brighton was incorporated in a new municipality called City of Bayside . The Brighton Magistrates' Court closed on 1 February 1985. On
324-628: A factor in Boko Haram's success. Wealth in Nigeria has been concentrated among members of a small political elite. Nigeria is Africa's biggest economy, but 60% of its population of 173 million (as of 2013) live on less than $ 1 a day. The sharia law imposed by local authorities, beginning with Zamfara in January 2000 and covering 12 northern states by late 2002, may have promoted links between Boko Haram and political leaders, but
405-515: A man with a fire that destroyed the 143-year-old Murray United Church, and two other more minor church fires nearby. He later pled guilty and was sentenced to 24 months of house arrest on condition he refrain from drug and alcohol use. In November 2020, St. Andrew’s Anglican Church and South Caradoc United Church, both in Muncey , Ontario, were destroyed by fire. Its pastor said "anger from things that happened, that may have something to do with it,” and
486-723: A mass prison break in September 2010 in Bauchi , was accompanied by increasingly sophisticated attacks, initially against soft targets , but progressing in 2011 to include suicide bombings of police buildings and the United Nations office in Abuja . The government's establishment of a state of emergency at the beginning of 2012, extended in the following year to cover the entire northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both security force abuses and militant attacks. Of
567-458: A number of arsons at churches in took place in the capital city of Santiago , and some were linked to threats against the Pope. The papal visit was dominated by the sex crimes of Fernando Karadima , whose protégé, Bishop Juan Barros was protected by the Pope, despite accusations of complicity. A pamphlet left at another scene made references to Mapuche causes. President Michelle Bachelet said in
648-706: A pauper. After the depression, sales of land resulted in Brighton becoming the third most populated town in the Port Phillip District (after Melbourne and Portland), by 1846. Brighton attracted wealthy residents who wanted generous building sites and the prospect of sea bathing. By the late 1840s stately homes were built in an area known as 'The Terrace', now called the Esplanade, overlooking Dendy Street Beach. The Brighton Post Office opened on 19 April 1853. St Andrew's Anglican Church, Brighton , one of
729-640: A radio address that those respinsible for the "strange" firebombings, "can express themselves as long as they do it in a peaceful way." During the 1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat , Human Rights Watch reported dozens of churches and prayer halls burned down by Sangh Parivar members. Hundreds of churches were burnt during the violence in the Kandhamal district of Odisha after murders of Hindu activists for which Maoist guerrillas later claimed responsibility. St. Sebastian's Church in Delhi
810-454: Is a departure from mainstream Islam but not Salafi jihadism. An insurgent aiming to overthrow a Muslim government faces a challenge due to mainstream Islamic doctrine, which forbids the killing or enslaving of fellow Muslims, including government officials, military personnel, or ordinary Muslims who don't support the insurgency. However, by using takfir—declaring opponents as apostates—the insurgents not only bypass this prohibition but also turn
891-568: Is an affluent suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 11 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District , located within the City of Bayside local government area . Brighton recorded a population of 23,252 at the 2021 census . Brighton is named after Brighton in England. In England, on 29 August 1840, Henry Dendy (1800–81) purchased 5,120 acres (2,070 ha) of Port Phillip land at £1 per acre, sight unseen, under
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#1732782532282972-417: Is better equipped with drones, weapons and vehicles captured from and sometimes abandoned by Nigerian military during ambush. To better fortify itself, Nigerian military has concentrated the rural population in its garrison towns. This has allowed Boko Haram to operate freely in the countryside. In 2019 they were believed to be back in control of 4 out of 10 zones of Borno State. For at least four years since
1053-543: Is from the Arabic حَرَام ( ḥarām , "forbidden") and the Hausa word boko (the first vowel is long, the second pronounced in a low tone), meaning "fake", which is used to refer to secular Western education. In a 2009 statement they denounced that translation as the work of the "infidel media", claiming the true translation is "Western Civilization is forbidden", and that they are not "opposed to formal education coming from
1134-554: Is reported to have used the existing infrastructure of the Izala Society (Jama'at Izalatil Bidiawa Iqamatus Sunnah), a popular conservative Islamic sect, to recruit members, before breaking away to form his own faction. The Izala were originally welcomed into government, along with people sympathetic to Yusuf. Boko Haram conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence, withdrawing from society into remote north-eastern areas, believing it
1215-477: Is roughly 96% Muslim. The Södra Råda Old Church , built around 1320, was considered of high cultural value thanks to its beautiful and well preserved medieval wall-paintings and original wooden walls. A mentally ill man burnt it down in 2001. A replica of the church opened in 2022. In 1973, St Mary's Church in Putney , London was badly damaged by arson, then rebuilt after a ten-year effort. The first record of
1296-660: Is serviced by the Gardenvale , North Brighton , Middle Brighton , and Brighton Beach railway stations on the Sandringham line . Tram Route 64 from Melbourne University services the eastern extremities of the suburb, while there are also a range of bus services , including 216, Monash University bound 630 and 219 which run through the Melbourne CBD. Several major arterial roads run near or through Brighton. The Bay Trail off-road bicycle path passes through
1377-572: Is thought to have been one of the causes of the 1967–1970 civil war ; religious violence reached a new height in 1980 in Kano, the largest city in the north of the country, where the Muslim fundamentalist sect Yan Tatsine ("followers of Maitatsine") instigated riots that resulted in four or five thousand deaths. In the ensuing military crackdown, Maitatsine was killed, fuelling a backlash of increased violence that spread across other northern cities over
1458-527: The Great Depression . As part of capital works programs during the Depression to help relieve unemployment , the City of Brighton , backed by State Government funding, relocated all bathing boxes to the high-water mark on Dendy Street Beach, or removed them completely. The boxes were relocated again in 1934 to their present position at the rear of this beach. Two years after the opening of
1539-634: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . According to the BBC , due to internal disputes between the two groups, hundreds of terrorists left Boko Haram and formed their own organization, named "Islamic State's West Africa Province". In September 2015, the director of information at the Defence Headquarters of Nigeria announced that all Boko Haram camps had been destroyed but attacks from
1620-575: The Kano Salafi Izala Sheik Ja'afar Mahmud Adamu , who called him the "leader of young people"; the two split some time in 2002–2004. They both preached in Maiduguri 's Indimi Mosque , which was attended by the deputy governor of Borno. Many of the group were reportedly inspired by Mohammed Marwa, known as Maitatsine ("He who curses others"), a self-proclaimed prophet ( annabi , a Hausa word usually used only to describe
1701-554: The Melbourne CBD . A Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay on the boxes by the Bayside City Council restricts alterations, and all retain their Victorian era architecture, such as timber frames, weatherboard sidings, and corrugated iron roofs, without amenities such electricity or running water. The bathing boxes may only be purchased by residents paying local council rates, and as of 2020 were selling for prices in
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#17327825322821782-632: The United Nations (UN) headquarters in Abuja, the first time they had struck a Western target. A spokesman claiming responsibility for the attack, in which 11 UN staff members died as well as 12 others, with more than 100 injured, warned of future planned attacks on U.S. and Nigerian government interests. Speaking soon after the U.S. embassy's announcement of the arrival in the country of the FBI , he went on to announce Boko Haram's terms for negotiation, i.e.
1863-485: The "Brighton Estate", and Dendy's site for his own home was named "Brighton Park". Unfortunately, the land did not have any ready sources of water. Sales were slow at first, and the financial depression came and Dendy's scheme for emigration and land sales failed. The family of his agent Jonathan Binns Were (1809–85) who had arrived in Melbourne in 1839, bought the land. All of Dendy's business ventures failed, and he died
1944-517: The "West African Province" which is part of ISIL ; "Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād" (Boko Haram), under Shekau's control; and " Ansaru " which is loyal to al-Qaeda and rejected the caliphate of al-Bagdadi, though it shares his disapproval of the "wide-reaching interpretation of takfir" of Shekau. Since 2018, there has been a major spike in attacks by Boko Haram, (concentrated in Borno State ), which sought to prove Boko Haram to be
2025-585: The 2.3 million people displaced by the conflict since May 2013, at least 250,000 left Nigeria and fled to Cameroon , Chad or Niger . Boko Haram killed over 6,600 people in 2014. The group has carried out massacres including the killing by fire of 59 schoolboys in February 2014 and mass abductions including the kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls in Chibok , Borno State , Nigeria, in April 2014. Corruption in
2106-721: The Brighton Grammar School in Brighton. The local Catholic Primary schools are St Joan of Arcs Brighton and St James Primary School which is near Star of the Sea. Golfers play at the Brighton Public Golf Course on Dendy Street. Brighton is home to the Brighton Icebergers . Brighton Beach is one of Port Phillip Bay's premier kite surfing locations with designated access lanes for kitesurfing and regular lessons being held opposite
2187-490: The Brighton foreshore. Secondary schools within Brighton includes Brighton Grammar School , Brighton Secondary College , Firbank Girls' Grammar School , Haileybury 's Castlefield campus, St Leonard's College , Xavier College 's Kostka Hall junior campus (closed down in 2021), and Star of the Sea College . The Melbourne International School of Japanese , a part-time Japanese school , previously held its classes at
2268-968: The Brighton library and council chamber, were designed by K. F. Knight in 1959-60 are a red brick miniature of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York City . The interior furnishings were created by industrial designer Grant Featherston . In the 2016 Census, there were 23,253 people in Brighton. 68.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 5.4%, China 2.8%, New Zealand 1.7%, United States of America 1.2% and South Africa 1.1%. 79.0% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.2%, Greek 1.9%, Italian 1.5%, Russian 1.4% and French 0.8%. The most common responses for religion in Brighton were Christianity 55.9%, No Religion 33.6%, Catholic 22.5% (subsector of Christianity) and Anglican 16.7% (subsector of Christianity. Brighton
2349-606: The Christian message in the region and converted a large segment of the Nigerian populace. British rule ended when Nigeria was granted independence in 1960. Except for a brief period of civilian rule between 1979 and 1983, Nigeria was governed by a series of military dictatorships from 1966 until the advent of democracy in 1999. According to the Borno Sufi Imam Sheik Fatahi, Yusuf was trained by
2430-591: The Church Arson Prevention Act, and President Bill Clinton formed the National Church Arson Task Force due to a sharp increase in church arson. Church arsonists were found to be young white males with racist beliefs, often under the influence of drugs or alcohol; a gang of teenage high school dropouts burglarized, vandalized, and burnt 90 churches, both black and white. They told police that they vandalized or burnt
2511-490: The Islamic caliphate and bring all peoples under its domain, doing away with modern states and patriotic feeling towards them. After Boko Haram declared its allegiance to the Islamic State, an IS statement proclaimed "It was the rejection of nationalism that drove the mujahidin (jihad fighters) in Nigeria to give bay'ah (fealty) to the Islamic State and wage war against the Nigerian murtaddin (apostates) fighting for
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2592-587: The Middle Brighton Pier and breakwater. North Road in Brighton features many old churches and residences. The North Road Pavilion is a café which has an outlook of Port Phillip Bay, while the beachfront features views of the Melbourne city skyline. There are two cinemas in Brighton, Palace Cinemas in Middle Brighton Palace Brighton cinema located at Bay Street North Brighton The former Brighton Municipal Offices, now
2673-764: The Nigerian taghut (idolatrous tyrant)". The movement is diffuse, and fighters who are associated with it follow the Salafi doctrine . Members' beliefs tend to be centered on strict adherence to Wahhabism , which is an extremely strict form of Sunni Islam that sees many other forms of Islam as idolatrous . The group has denounced the members of the Sufi and the Shiite sects as infidels, and also mainstream Sunni Muslims who fail to support their jihad. This willingness to takfir – i.e. accuse self-professed Muslims of being apostates from Islam and thus subject to execution –
2754-654: The People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad '), is an Islamist terrorist jihadist organization based in northeastern Nigeria , which is also active in Chad , Niger , northern Cameroon , and Mali . In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the Islamic State's West Africa Province . Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2002, the group was led by Abubakar Shekau from 2009 until his death in 2021, although it splintered into other groups after Yusuf's death in 2009, as well as in 2015. When
2835-601: The West" but "believe in the supremacy of Islamic culture (not education)". Other translations in English include "Western influence is a sin", and "Westernization is sacrilege". Until the death of its founder Mohammed Yusuf , the group was also reportedly known as Yusifiyya . Northern Nigerians have commonly dismissed Western education as ilimin boko ("fake education") and secular schools as makaranta boko ("fake school"). Some analysts have emphasized economic causes as
2916-474: The beach, Beach Road is a popular cycling route, with the Bay Trail off-road walking/cycling tracks also following the coastline. Dendy Street Beach, just south of Middle Brighton, features 82 colorful bathing boxes , which are one of the tourist icons of Melbourne. The boxes share a uniformity of size and build, and a regular arrangement along the beach, and are the only surviving such structures close to
2997-636: The beachfront hotel; The Brighton Savoy . Bridge is taught and played the Dendy Park bridge club. Brighton is also home to the following sports clubs: Some notable residents, past and present, include: ^ = territory divided with another LGA Boko Haram Non-state opponents 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Boko Haram , officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād ( Arabic : جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد , lit. 'Group of
3078-500: The charred remnants of a church appeared on his Burzum album titled Aske ("ashes"). After the interview, police arrested him. sentence under Norwegian law of 21 years in prison. He was released in 2009. On August 16, 2023, in the city of Jaranwala , Pakistan, thousands of Muslims rioted over claims that of Quran desecration. At least 21 churches were burnt down. Two Christian men were arrested for blasphemy in addition to 100 rioters. A government official told Reuters that many of
3159-594: The church appeared in 1292, and during the Civil War was the site of the 1647 Putney Debates on the English constitution. In the United States, arsons of African-American churches have been common, especially in the south during the civil rights era. A notorious bombing in September 1963 at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama , killed four young girls. In the 1990s Congress passed
3240-560: The churches where they didn’t find money. Just 16% of fires at American churches and funeral homes were intentionally set, according to Insurance Journal , and "(m)ore than half of fires at houses of worship from 2007 to 2011 were blamed on cooking equipment and heating and electrical systems." After the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, a number of suspected church arsons were documented. Brighton, Victoria Brighton
3321-525: The country's return to civilian rule, have been implicated in much of the sectarian violence in the years following. The Arewa People's Congress , the militia wing of the Arewa Consultative Forum , the main political group representing the interests of northern Nigeria, is a well-funded group with military and intelligence expertise and is considered capable of engaging in military action, including covert bombing. Mohammed Yusuf founded
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3402-403: The diocese cautioned against speculation and called for responsible reporting. Former Anglican clergyman and pedophile priest David Norton had been convicted of sex crimes against children in his parish. After the 2021 Canadian Indian residential schools gravesite discoveries , some B.C. Catholic churches on First Nations land were deliberately burned to the ground. An Anglican church in B.C.
3483-738: The earliest churches in Victoria, was founded in 1842. Wesleyan and Catholic churches followed by 1848, and a Methodist church in 1851. Schools were opened on the Anglican Church land (1849) and by the Catholic Church in Centre Road (1850). Another was opened in the Wesleyan Church in 1855. In 1854, Brighton had a census population of 2,731. A railway connection to Melbourne was built in stages: Windsor to North Brighton
3564-523: The first major clash between the two groups. His death was confirmed by his loyalists led by Sahalaba in June. Boko Haram's attacks consist of suicide bombings as well as conventional armed assaults on both civilian and military targets. Following the Chibok kidnapping in 2014, the majority of Boko Haram's suicide bombers are female; many are teenagers and the youngest was seven. Boko Haram jihadists rely on stealth, blending into local communities or hiding in
3645-424: The former governor of Borno State Ali Modu Sheriff , who initially supported Boko Haram, but no longer needed them after the 2007 elections and stopped funding them. Sheriff denies the accusations. Boko Haram and ISIL were initially allies. However, the two groups became enemies due to territorial disputes, because ISIL tried to conquer the zones which were under Boko Haram's control. In July 2014, Shekau released
3726-519: The founder of Islam) born in Northern Cameroon who condemned the reading of books other than the Quran. In a 2009 BBC interview, Yusuf, expressed similarly pre-modern ideas on evolution , a flat earth , and rain sent directly from God rather than evaporation . Followers of Maitatsine "wreaked havoc" in northern cities of Nigeria "off and on" from 1980 to 1985. Ethnic militancy
3807-614: The group "JAS" in 2010. Rather, there was a "priority scale" with Christians, the government and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were "guilty" for not having joined his jihad. …[by] October 2010, …assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, mosques, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack. Before it
3888-545: The group continue. In 2019, the president of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari , claimed that Boko Haram was "technically defeated". Shekau was killed and confirmed to be dead in May 2021. Despite this, Boko Haram experienced a subsequent revival under a new leader, Bakura Doro . The organization's name has always been Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawa and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد , romanized: Jamā'atu Ahli is-Sunnah lid-Da'wati wal-Jihād ). It
3969-676: The group retreated to the Sambisa Forest and commenced its guerilla warfare tactics. In August 2016, ISIL attempted to remove Shekau from his leadership role and replace him with Abu Musab al-Barnawi . ISIL attempted to remove Shekau because he had disobeyed Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 's order to cease targeting Muslim civilians. Shekau rejected the move, leading to a split between the groups. As of 2017, there were three factions which were all Boko Haram in origin, all rejecting "democracy, secularism and Western influence", and seeking to establish an Islamic state implementing sharia . These were
4050-559: The group was first formed, their main goal was to "purify", meaning to spread Sunni Islam , and destroy Shia Islam in northern Nigeria , believing jihad should be delayed until the group was strong enough to overthrow the Nigerian government . The group formerly aligned itself with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . The group has been known for its brutality, and since the insurgency started in 2009 , Boko Haram has killed tens of thousands of people, in frequent attacks against
4131-468: The group's use of the "historical narrative" of the Islamic Kanem–Bornu Empire . Mohammad Yusuf preached that, "our land was an Islamic state before it was turned into a land of kafir (infidel); the current system is contrary to true Muslim beliefs". The political interests and bias of the Nigerian elite is believed to play a major role in the thriving of the activities of the organization:
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#17327825322824212-475: The idea that rain comes from "evaporation caused by the sun" rather than being created and sent down directly by God. Boko Haram opposes the Westernization of Nigerian society, which it blames for "Nigeria's culture of corruption", and demands the establishment of an Islamic state in Nigeria. It developed into a jihadist group in 2009. As Sunni Salafi Jihadis , the group strives to re-establish
4293-501: The killing of these Muslims into a "religious duty." In a 18 December 2016 speech to his commanders, Shekau proclaimed that 'even if a woman is praying and fasting, once she engages in democracy I can capture her in a battle'. According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier, after 2010… Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed
4374-592: The next twenty years. Social inequality and poverty contributed both to the Maitatsine and Boko Haram uprisings. In the decades since the end of British rule, politicians and academics from the mainly Islamic North have expressed their fundamental opposition to Western education. Political ethno-religious interest groups, whose membership includes influential political, military and religious leaders, have thrived in Nigeria, though they were largely suppressed under military rule. Their paramilitary wings, formed since
4455-605: The north of the country. On 24 December, Boko Haram detonated four bombs in Jos and attacked two churches in Maiduguri. On 31 December, Boko Haram bombed a barracks in Abuja, killing four civilians. Under Shekau's leadership, the group continuously improved its operational capabilities. It launched a string of IED attacks against soft targets and its first vehicle-borne IED attack on 16 June 2011, killing six at Abuja 's police headquarters. On 26 August, Boko Haram bombed
4536-502: The police, armed forces and civilians . It has resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 children and has displaced 2.3 million from their homes. Boko Haram has contributed to regional food crises and famines . After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing radicalisation led to the suppression operation by the Nigerian military and the killing of its leader Mohammed Yusuf in July 2009. Its unexpected resurgence, following
4617-491: The political leadership requires that the press refer to the group as bandits rather than terrorists, which downplays the threat they pose. In a discussion organized by the Woodrow Wilson Center , Chief Olusegun Obasanjo , a former president of Nigeria, highlighted the low level of literacy and education in the Northern parts of the country as contributing to the perpetuation of Boko Haram. According to Obasanjo, illiterate and uneducated children are more likely to be drawn into
4698-437: The prevalent terror group in the country. Attacks by Boko Haram resulted in over 1700 fatalities in the first half of 2019, including casualties of its own members. When climate change-induced poverty and violence struck the Lake Chad basin , the terrorist organization was able to recruit in large numbers by offering small loans and promising big rewards. It also continues to kidnap and force young boys to join them. Boko Haram
4779-447: The railway line to Brighton Beach in 1861, Captain Kenny's Brighton Beach Baths opened. At the time, bathing in the open during daylight hours was strictly prohibited, as was mixed bathing : separate sections of the beach were designated for men and for women. The baths were built off shore and were accessed by a wooden bridge, so that bathers would not have to cross the sand clad only in bathing costumes, but could gain entry straight into
4860-439: The range of A$ 300,000 - 400,000 with annual council rates of around A$ 500, despite their lack of amenities. In 2009 plans were announced to build at least six new bathing boxes in an effort by the council to raise funds in excess of A$ 1 million during the 2007–2008 financial crisis . Between Middle Brighton Beach and Sandown St Beach are the historic moderne Middle Brighton Municipal Baths, Royal Brighton Yacht Club , and
4941-417: The ranks of the terrorist organization. The founder of Boko Haram, Muhammad Yusuf, was reportedly inspired by the controversial Islamic preacher Mohammed Marwa ( Maitatsine ), who condemned the reading of any books other than the Quran . Yusuf, himself, in one 2009 interview, expressed his opposition not only to Western education, but to the theory of evolution , a spherical (not flat) Earth, and to
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#17327825322825022-402: The rioters belonged to Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), but the group denied having any responsibility. The far-right Islamist party was also linked to additional riots in Jarawala in 2023, also sparked by accusations of blasphemy. An RSIS researcher told the BBC that growing political fragmentation and economic disparities, sparked violence directed towards minority religious groups; Pakistan
5103-456: The sect that became known as Boko Haram in 2002 in Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern state of Borno. He established a religious complex and school that attracted poor Muslim families from across Nigeria and neighbouring countries. The center had the political goal of creating an Islamic state , and became a recruiting ground for jihadis . By denouncing the police and state corruption, Yusuf attracted followers from unemployed youth. He
5184-472: The security services and human rights abuses committed by them have hampered efforts to counter the unrest . In mid-2014, the militants gained control of swaths of territory in and around their home state of Borno, estimated at 50,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) in January 2015, but did not capture the state capital, Maiduguri , where the group was originally based. On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to
5265-455: The son of the Boko Haram's previous leader Muhammad Yusuf, their motivation (at least according to one source) being to trim back Shekau's tendency to apply takfir (accusations of apostasy) to "all mainstream Muslims". Shortly before Boko Haram pledged allegiance to ISIL, the Nigerian government launched the 2015 West African offensive during which Boko Haram lost most of the territory which it had occupied over time. Following this offensive,
5346-435: The southern opposition stronghold of Zinder , domestic political friction may also have played a role. However these events are only superficially linked and "the protests can be explained more appropriately in terms of politics and socio-economic exclusion." On 6 June 1992, Fantoft Stave Church in Fortun , built in 1150 when Vikings converted to Christianity, was destroyed by a fire. It was moved to Bergen in 1883. The fire
5427-399: The split happened, the two groups were not enemies and sometimes co-operated in some terror attacks. However, Boko Haram and ISWAP later became enemies since 2021 or even a year before. ISWAP gunmen targeted Shekau in an attack carried out on May 20, 2021. Several Boko Haram members were killed in the operation, while Shekau blew himself up, or tried to do so, in order to avoid a capture. It was
5508-496: The terms of the short-lived Special Survey regulations. Dendy arrived on 5 February 1841 to claim his land. The area was known as Dendy's Special Survey . The area Dendy was compelled to take, called "Waterville", was bound by the coastline to the west and the present day North Road, East Boundary Road and South Road. A town was surveyed in mid-1841, defined by the crescent-shaped street layout which remains today, and subdivided allotments were offered for sale. The area soon became
5589-555: The vast countryside. Critics accuse the Nigerian military of not properly equipping its soldiers to fight Boko Haram. In 2009, police began an investigation into the group, code-named Operation Flush. On 26 July, security forces arrested nine Boko Haram members and confiscated weapons and bomb-making equipment. Either this or a clash with police during a funeral procession led to revenge attacks on police and widespread rioting in Bauchi , Maiduguri, Potiskum in Yobe State and Wudil in Kano State . A joint military task force operation
5670-416: The water. Brighton Beach Baths had been destroyed several times, and were finally demolished in 1979. The Middle Brighton Municipal Baths were opened in 1881. The Baths are one of the only remaining caged open water sea baths in Australia. On 18 January 1859, the municipality of Brighton was proclaimed extending eastwards between Dendy's survey boundaries to Thomas Street and Nepean Highway . Brighton became
5751-455: Was colonized and subsequently incorporated into the British Empire as Colonial Nigeria in 1900, the Bornu Empire ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run according to the principles of the Constitution of Medina , with a majority Kanuri Muslim population. In 1903, both the Borno Emirate and Sokoto Caliphate had come under British rule. At this time, Christian missionaries spread
5832-548: Was also known as the West African Province ( Wilayat Garb Ifrqiya ), and, after pledging allegiance to Islamic State in 2015, was briefly called Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) or Islamic State's West African Province (ISWAP). The group fractured in 2016, however, and ISWAP and Boko Haram are now separate groups. The name Boko Haram is usually translated as " Western education is forbidden". "Haram"
5913-746: Was also set on fire but the fire was isolated and put out. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and band governments and chiefs have condemned the arsonists. Harsha Walia , the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association , tweeted "burn it all down," and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs expressed "strong solidarity with (Harsha Walia) in condemning the brutally gruesome genocide of residential ‘school’ system by Canada and Church". Prior to Pope Francis 's visit to Chile in January 2018,
5994-459: Was attributed to lightning and electrical failure. In January 1993 white nationalist Varg Vikernes told a Bergen journalist in an interview that he had been involved in eight church arsons. He was later convicted of three, and acquitted of the Fantoft arson. Vikernes, a neopagan expressed support for a spate of 52 recent church arsons, but later denied any personal involvement. A photo of
6075-585: Was badly damaged by fire in December 2014. Authorities initially said that the fire was caused by a short circuit, but later announced that it was an arson. At least ten people were killed and 45 churches were burned by Islamists in Niger following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015. Niger's interior minister said that some protesters carried the flag of Boko Haram , but since the protests began in
6156-429: Was completed in 1859 and connected to the loop line to St Kilda station; the connection to Melbourne was made in 1860; and the line was extended from North Brighton to Brighton Beach in 1861. A single line railway-tram from St Kilda to Brighton Beach was completed in 1906. The railway tramline was duplicated in 1914. In 1919 the railway was electrified. A tram ran down Hawthorn Road; the section from Glenhuntly to North Road
6237-595: Was completed in 1925 and extended to Nepean Highway in 1937. The noted bathing boxes in Brighton are known to have existed as far back as 1862, although the earliest ones were at the water's edge at the end of Bay St rather than their present location on Dendy Street Beach just south of Middle Brighton. In 1906, the completion of a tram line from St Kilda to Brighton led to an increase in applications for bathing box permits and significant construction between 1908 and 1911; final numbers are uncertain, but between 100 and 200 bathing box sites may have been allocated prior to
6318-415: Was considered by the group to have been corrupted. Academic Atta Barkindo explains the group's "baffling" ability to "maintain momentum" in part by the "accumulated and unaddressed grievances" against colonialism in the region, including the colonial boundaries (of Nigeria, Ghana , etc.) established by Europeans that bear no resemblance to "pre-colonial empires , ethnic or cultural territories", and by
6399-453: Was damaged by a suspicious fire after being connected to former priest and convicted child sex offender Kevin O'Donnell. The historic St. John's Anglican Church of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia , built in 1754, caught fire in a suspected arson on Halloween night, 2001. It was later rebuilt and reopened on June 12, 2005. Police in Merritt, British Columbia in January 2019 arrested and charged
6480-711: Was important to develop strength before waging jihad. The government repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organization. The Council of Ulama advised the government and the Nigerian Television Authority not to broadcast Yusuf's preaching, but their warnings were ignored. Yusuf's arrest elevated him to hero status. Stephen Davis, a former Anglican clergyman who has negotiated with Boko Haram many times blames local Nigerian politicians who support local bandits like Boko Haram in order for them to make life difficult for their political opponents. In particular Davis has blamed
6561-770: Was launched in response. By 30 July, more than 700 people had been killed; police stations , prisons , government offices, schools and churches had been destroyed. Yusuf was arrested, and died in custody "while trying to escape". As had been the case decades earlier in the wake of the 1980 Kano riots, the killing of the leader of an extremist group would have unintended consequences. He was succeeded by Abubakar Shekau , formerly his second-in-command. On 7 September, having regrouped under their new leader, Boko Haram broke 105 of its members out of prison in Bauchi along with over 600 other prisoners. The group went on to intensify their insurgency, launching many attacks in Nigeria, mostly in
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