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Chuvash State Pedagogical University

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29-669: Chuvash State Pedagogical University ( I. Ya. Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University , Chuvash : И. Я. Яковлев ячĕллĕ Чӑваш патшалӑх педагогика университечӗ ) is the first national higher educational institution of the Chuvash Republic , located in Cheboksary . The university was founded in 1930, opened by the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of

58-520: A > ï ҫыр (şyr) : Turkish yaz 'write' palatalisation of consonants in palatal environments, leftward stress retraction from reduced vowels Most of the (non-allophonic) consonant changes listed in the table above are thought to date from the period before the Bulgars migrated to the Volga region in the 10th century; some notable exceptions are the č > ś shift and the final stage of

87-607: A single prestige variety in Modern Standard Arabic . In contrast, there is often significant intelligibility between different North Germanic languages . However, because there are various standard forms of the North Germanic languages, they are classified as separate languages. A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but

116-781: Is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia , primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family. The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script , employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own: Ӑ , Ӗ , Ҫ and Ӳ . Chuvash

145-496: Is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intelligibility is sometimes used to distinguish languages from dialects , although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between varieties can be asymmetric; that is, speakers of one variety may be able to better understand another than vice versa. An example of this

174-442: Is the case between Afrikaans and Dutch . It is generally easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. (See Afrikaans § Mutual intelligibility with Dutch ). In a dialect continuum , neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount with distance, so that more widely separated varieties may not be mutually intelligible. Intelligibility can be partial, as

203-436: Is the case with Azerbaijani and Turkish , or significant, as is the case with Bulgarian and Macedonian . However, sign languages , such as American and British Sign Language , usually do not exhibit mutual intelligibility with each other. Asymmetric intelligibility refers to two languages that are considered partially mutually intelligible, but for various reasons, one group of speakers has more difficulty understanding

232-588: Is the native language of the Chuvash people and an official language of Chuvashia . There are contradictory numbers regarding the number of people able to speak Chuvash nowadays; some sources claim it is spoken by 1,640,000 persons in Russia and another 34,000 in other countries and that 86% of ethnic Chuvash and 8% of the people of other ethnicities living in Chuvashia claimed knowledge of Chuvash language during

261-661: The -d > -ð > -z > -r shift, which date from the following, Volga Bulgar period (between the 10th-century migration and the Mongol invasions of the 13th century). The vowel changes mostly occurred later, mainly during the Middle Chuvash period (between the invasions and the 17th century), except for the diphthongisation, which took place during the Volga Bulgar period. Many sound changes known from Chuvash can be observed in Turkic loanwords into Hungarian (from

290-532: The 2002 census . However, other sources claim that the number of Chuvash speakers is on the decline, with a drop from 1 million speakers in 2010 to 700,000 in 2021; observers suggest this is due to Moscow having a lack of interest in preserving the language diversity in Russia. Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered endangered by the UNESCO , because Russian dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning

319-515: The Turkic languages and cannot be understood by other Turkic speakers, whose languages have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility within their respective subgroups. Chuvash is classified, alongside the long-extinct Bulgar , as a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, or equivalently, the sole surviving descendant of West Old Turkic. Since the surviving literary records for

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348-454: The dissolution of the USSR : out of the 202 translations, 170 books were published in the USSR and just 17, in the post-1991 Russia (mostly, in the 1990s). A similar situation takes place with the translation of books from other languages (mostly Russian) into Chuvash (the total of 175 titles published since ca. 1979, but just 18 of them in post-1991 Russia). Chuvash is the most distinctive of

377-630: The varieties of Chinese , and parts of the Romance , Germanic and Slavic families in Europe. Terms used in older literature include dialect area ( Leonard Bloomfield ) and L-complex ( Charles F. Hockett ). Northern Germanic languages spoken in Scandinavia form a dialect continuum where the two furthermost dialects have almost no mutual intelligibility. As such, spoken Danish and Swedish normally have low mutual intelligibility, but Swedes in

406-576: The Öresund region (including Malmö and Helsingborg ), across the strait from the Danish capital Copenhagen , understand Danish somewhat better, largely due to the proximity of the region to Danish-speaking areas. While Norway was under Danish rule , the Bokmål written standard of Norwegian developed from Dano-Norwegian , a koiné language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during

435-640: The Chuvash teacher-educator Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. The number of students is more than 5.5 thousand people. The newspapers "Pedvuzovets", scientific journals of the Higher Attestation Commission "Bulletin of the I. Ya. Yakovlev ChSPU", "Bulletin of the I. Ya. Yakovlev CHSPU: The series" Mechanics of the limit state» Chuvash language Chuvash ( UK : / ˈ tʃ uː v ɑː ʃ / CHOO -vahsh , US : / tʃ ʊ ˈ v ɑː ʃ / chuu- VAHSH ; Чӑвашла , translit. Çăvašla , IPA: [tɕəʋaʃˈla] )

464-613: The RSFSR in October 1930 as the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute. In 1934, the departments were reorganized into the faculties of History, Language and Literature, Natural Science, and Physics and Mathematics. In the same year, the teachers ' Institute was organized at the institute, which functioned until 1952. By the decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR in 1958, the university was named after

493-422: The context of the communication. Classifications may also shift for reasons external to the languages themselves. As an example, in the case of a linear dialect continuum , the central varieties may become extinct , leaving only the varieties at both ends. Consequently, these end varieties may be reclassified as two languages, even though no significant linguistic change has occurred within the two extremes during

522-466: The differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India , varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages ,

551-401: The extinction of the central varieties. Furthermore, political and social conventions often override considerations of mutual intelligibility. For example, the varieties of Chinese are often considered a single language, even though there is usually no mutual intelligibility between geographically separated varieties. This is similarly the case among the varieties of Arabic , which also share

580-406: The language are likely to become active users. A fairly significant production and publication of literature in Chuvash still continues. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum , at least 202 books translated from Chuvash were published in other languages (mostly Russian) since ca. 1979. However, as with most other languages of the former USSR , most of the translation activity took place before

609-1427: The language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable. Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that some scholars formerly considered Chuvash to be a Uralic language. Conversely, other scholars today regard it as an Oghuric language significantly influenced by the Finno-Ugric languages. The following sound changes and resulting sound correspondences are typical: but occasionally /lʲ/ > ś пуҫ (puş) : Turkish baş ‘head’ But dropped before later * y юн (jun) : Turkish kan 'blood' (Proto-Turkic * qaːn > Oguric * χaːn > *χyan > *yån ) ĕне (ĕne) : Turkish inek 'cow' вӗрен (vĕren) : Turkish öğren 'learn', аллӑ (allă) : Turkish elli (< Proto-Turkic * ellig, ellüg ) * ā > ja * ō > * wo > vu * ȫ , ǖ > * üwä > ăva вут (vut) : Turkmen o t , Turkish od 'fire' (< Proto-Turkic * ōt ) тӑват (tăvat): Turkish dört (< Proto-Turkic *tȫrt ) * u > ă ; * ï > ă or ĕ * i , * ü > ĕ хӗр (hĕr) : Turkish kız 'girl' пӗр (pĕr) : Turkish bir 'one', кӗл (kĕl): Turkish kül 'ash' but also (the determining circumstances are unclear): *

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638-801: The later years of the union. Additionally, Norwegian assimilated a considerable amount of Danish vocabulary as well as traditional Danish expressions. As a consequence, spoken mutual intelligibility is not reciprocal. Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum, various counts of the Romance languages are given. For example, in The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities , David Dalby lists 23 languages based on mutual intelligibility: The non-standard vernacular dialects of Serbo-Croatian ( Kajkavian , Chakavian and Torlakian ) diverge more significantly from all four normative varieties of Serbo-Croatian. Their mutual intelligibility varies greatly between

667-520: The non-Chuvash members of Oghuric ( Bulgar and possibly Khazar ) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined. Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not from Proto-Turkic but from another proto-language spoken at

696-607: The non-hard-of-hearing people of the United Kingdom and the United States share the same spoken language. The grammar of sign languages does not usually resemble that of the spoken languages used in the same geographical area. To illustrate, in terms of syntax , ASL shares more in common with spoken Japanese than with English . Almost all linguists use mutual intelligibility as the primary linguistic criterion for determining whether two speech varieties represent

725-749: The other language than the other way around. For example, if one language is related to another but has simplified its grammar , the speakers of the original language may understand the simplified language, but not vice versa. To illustrate, Dutch speakers tend to find it easier to understand Afrikaans as a result of Afrikaans's simplified grammar. Sign languages are not universal and usually not mutually intelligible, although there are also similarities among different sign languages. Sign languages are independent of spoken languages and follow their own linguistic development. For example, British Sign Language and American Sign Language (ASL) are quite different linguistically and mutually unintelligible, even though

754-1544: The pre-migration period) and in Volga Bulgar epitaphs or loanwords into languages of the Volga region (from the Volga Bulgar period). Nevertheless, these sources also indicate that there was significant dialectal variation within the Oguric-speaking population during both of these periods. In the 8-10th centuries in Central Asia, the ancient Turkic script (the Orkhon-Yenisei runic script ) was used for writing in Turkic languages. Turkic epitaphs of 7-9th centuries AD were left by speakers of various dialects (table): Words for "leg" and "put" in various Turkic languages: j - languages (Oguz): ajaq, qoj- d - languages (Karluk): adaq, qod- z - languages (Kypchak): azaq, qoz- r - languages (Oghur): ura, hur- ( dial. ora, hor-) Comparison table Сhitacism (Q > H) Dudaq - Tuta - Lips instead of Tutah Ayaq - Ura - Leg instead of Urah Balyq - Pulă - Fish instead of Pulăh Ineq - Ĕne - Cow instead of Ĕneh Words in Turkic languages: egg, snake, rain, house, earth Oguz: jumurta , jylan, jagmur, jurt, jer ( turk., azerb., tat., ) Kipchaks: žumurtka, žylan, žamgyr, žort, žer ( kyrgyz., kazakh. ) Chuvash: şămarta, şĕlen, şămăr, şurt, şĕr Mutual intelligibility In linguistics , mutual intelligibility

783-476: The same or different languages. A primary challenge to this position is that speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other effectively if they choose to do so. In the case of transparently cognate languages recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in

812-508: The time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family). Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash

841-672: Was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes. The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (the Common Turkic languages ) by two sound changes : r corresponding to Common Turkic z and l corresponding to Common Turkic š . The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, by August Ahlqvist in 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation. Some scholars suggest Hunnish had strong ties with Chuvash and classify Chuvash as separate Hunno-Bulgar. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since

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