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27-472: Chabaud may refer to: People [ edit ] Alain Chabaud (1923-2013), French parasitologist. Auguste Chabaud (1882-1955), French painter and sculptor. Jaime Chabaud (born 1966), Mexican playwright. Louis-Félix Chabaud (1824-1902), French sculptor and medallist. Sébastien Chabaud (born 1977), French football player. Topics referred to by

54-556: A certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the phylogenetic definition). Attempting to define a level of the Linnean hierarchy without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were. The most important objective measure in

81-407: A character unique to a sub-set of the crown group. Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan. A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make

108-402: A group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., stock] ( Phylon )." In plant taxonomy , August W. Eichler (1883) classified plants into five groups named divisions,

135-602: A group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions. The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta, while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below. Since

162-400: A phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists Graham Budd and Sören Jensen (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by

189-471: A phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise. Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species, some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million. The kingdom Plantae

216-706: A phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of Bacillariophyta (diatoms) within Ochrophyta . These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a cladistic approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete. Currently there are 40 bacterial phyla (not including " Cyanobacteria ") that have been validly published according to

243-401: A set of characters shared by all its living representatives. This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on

270-401: A subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla. The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as " stem groups " to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities. However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display

297-424: A term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi. The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six Linnaean classes and the four embranchements of Georges Cuvier . Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of body plan . At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with

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324-474: Is a paraphyletic taxon, which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system . Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by

351-484: Is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class . Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and

378-405: Is defined in various ways by different biologists (see Current definitions of Plantae ). All definitions include the living embryophytes (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, Chlorophyta and Charophyta , to form the clade Viridiplantae . The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida ,

405-831: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alain Chabaud Chabaud's name is honoured in many parasite taxa described by his colleagues. The most famous species named in the honour of Chabaud is Plasmodium chabaudi Landau , 1965 , a species studied in many laboratories. Several genera of Nematoda were named in the honour of Chabaud, including Chabaudacuaria Mutafchiev & Kinsella, 2012 , Chabaudechina Smales, 1999 , Chabaudgolvania Freitas, 1958 (also honouring French parasitologist Jean-Yves Golvan). Chabaudus chabaudi Inglis & Ogden, 1965 has both genus and species names honouring Chabaud. Many species of Nematoda were named in

432-481: Is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain, and it is considered a protozoan by the International Society of Protistologists (see Protista , below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be polyphyletic (its members do not share an immediate ancestor), which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish

459-565: The Catalogue of Life , and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme, with updates from the latest (2022) publication by Cavalier-Smith . Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP. The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to

486-561: The Trypanosome Trypanosoma chabaudi Chandenier, Landau & Baccam, 1988 , Nyctotheroides chabaudi Albaret, 1972 and the Gregarine Sphaerorhynchus chabaudi Tuzet & Theodorides, 1951 . A species of snake, Liophidium chabaudi Domergue , 1984 , was also named in honour of Chabaud. Phylum In biology , a phylum ( / ˈ f aɪ l əm / ; pl. : phyla )

513-497: The Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla incertae sedis (of uncertain placement): Entomophthoromycotina , Kickxellomycotina , Mucoromycotina , and Zoopagomycotina . Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protista

540-458: The above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group. Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine

567-507: The first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to the level of orders , many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. subclasses . Wolf plants Hepatophyta Liver plants Coniferophyta Cone-bearing plant Phylum Microsporidia

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594-583: The fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 8 phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta . The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek phylon ( φῦλον , "race, stock"), related to phyle ( φυλή , "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as

621-3609: The honour of Chabaud and include: Africana chabaudi Baker, 1981 , Angiostrongylus chabaudi Biocca, 1957 , Aonchotheca chabaudi ( Justine , 1989) Pisanu & Bain, 1999 , Aspiculuris (Paraspiculuris) chabaudi Gupta & Trivedi, 1986 , Atractis chabaudi Petter, 1966 , Brygoonema chabaudi (Schmidt 1965) , Cardiofilaria chabaudi Dissanaike & Fernando, 1965 , Cephaluris chabaudi Inglis, 1959 , Chromaspirina chabaudi Boucher, 1975 , Cooperia chabaudi Diaouré, 1964 , Cucullanus chabaudi Le-Van-Hoa & Pham-Ngoc-Khue, 1967 , Cyathospirura chabaudi Gupta & Pande, 1981 , Cyrnea (Procyrnea) chabaudi Rasheed, 1965 , Dioctowittus chabaudi Bain & Ghadirian, 1967 , Dujardinascaris chabaudi Diaz-Ungria and Gallardo, 1968 , Enterobius chabaudi Kalia & Gupta, 1982 , Falcaustra chabaudi Dyer, 1973 , Gendrespirura chabaudi Le Van Hoa, 1962 , Geopetitia chabaudi Rasheed, 1960 , Gyrinicola chabaudi Araujo & de Toledo Artigas, 1983 , Habronema chabaudi Ali, 1961 , Hassalstrongylus chabaudi Diaw, 1976 , Heligmonina chabaudi Desset, 1964 , Longistriata chabaudi Desset, 1964 , Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 , Metacyatholaimus chabaudi Gourbault, 1980 , Metathelazia chabaudi Singh & Pande, 1966 , Molineus chabaudi Schmidt, 1965 , Nematodirus chabaudi Rossi, 1983 , Oswaldocruzia chabaudi Ben Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1996 , Oswaldofilaria chabaudi Pereira, Souza Lima & Bain, 2010 , Oxyspirura (Oxyspirura) chabaudi Baruš, 1965 , Paraheligmonina chabaudi Kouyaté, 1981 , Pelecitus chabaudi Bartlett & Greiner, 1986 , Pelodera chabaudi Crusz & Santiapillai 1982 , Protospirura chabaudi Vuylsteke, 1964 , Psyllotylenchus chabaudi Deunff & Launay, 1984 , Rhabdochona chabaudi Mawson, 1956 , Schneidernema chabaudi Quentin, 1966 , Sciadiocara chabaudi Schmidt & Kinsella, 1972 , Sphaerocephalum chabaudi Inglis, 1962 , Spirocamallanus chabaudi Gupta & Garg, 1986 , Stewartia chabaudi Rao, 1989 , Tachygonetria chabaudi Hering-Hagenbeck, 2001 , Vexillata chabaudi Yoyette Vado, 1972 , and Vogeloides chabaudi (Singh & Pande 1956) . In addition, species from other phyla include Acanthocephala such as Breizacanthus chabaudi Golvan, 1969 and Centrorhynchus chabaudi Golvan, 1958 ; Digenea such as Carmyerius chabaudi van Strydonck, 1970 , Clinostomum chabaudi Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 , Microphallus chabaudi Capron, Deblock & Biguet, 1958 , Neoapocreadium chabaudi Kohn & Fernandes, 1982 , Opisthorchis chabaudi Bourgat & Kulo, 1977, Pseudosonsinotrema chabaudi (Caballero & Caballero, 1969) Sullivan, 1974 ; Cestoda such as Catenotaenia chabaudi Dollfus , 1953 , Hemicatenotaenia chabaudi ( Dollfus , 1953) and Oochoristica chabaudi Dollfus , 1954 ; Monogenea such as Diplectanum chabaudi Oliver, 1980 and Ligophorus chabaudi Euzet & Suriano, 1977 ; Oligochaeta such as Acanthodrilus chabaudi Jamieson & Bennett, 1979 ; Acari such as Amblyomma chabaudi Rageau, 1965 , Brephosceles chabaudi Gaud, 1968 and Orthohalarachne chabaudi Gretillat, 1960 ; Fleas such as Ctenocephalides chabaudi Beaucournu & Bain, 1982 ; Phlebotomes such as Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi Croset, Abonnenc & Rioux ; Parasitic Protozoa such as Hepatozoon chabaudi Brygoo, 1963 ,

648-411: The next. The Catalogue of Life includes Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta in kingdom Plantae, but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista. In addition, less popular classification schemes unite Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi under one phylum, Gyrista , and all alveolates except ciliates in one phylum Myzozoa , later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum Miozoa . Even within

675-539: The other hand, the highly parasitic phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla ( Orthonectida and Rhombozoa ) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes . This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in clades without any formal ranking of group size. A definition of

702-475: The relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids , so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family ). On

729-410: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chabaud . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chabaud&oldid=665155816 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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