Misplaced Pages

#244755

80-724: Chagatai may refer to: Chagatai Khan , the second son of Genghis Khan Chagatai Khanate , an area of the Mongol Empire initially ruled by Chagatai Khan Chagatai Khans, leaders of the Chagatai Khanate from 1227 to 1687, see List of Chagatai Khans Moghulistan , a breakaway kingdom from the Khanate ruled by the same family Chagatai language , an extinct Turkic language once widely spoken in central Asia Chagatai people , also known as Chagatai Tajiks. The origin of

160-477: A disastrous defeat by Yuan forces. In 1301 they were defeated again in an attack on Karakorum and Kaidu died during the retreat. After Kaidu's death in 1301, both Duwa and Kaidu 's son Chapar recognized Yuan authority in 1303. However Duwa threw off his allegiance to Chapar. Both the Yuan dynasty and Duwa attacked Chapar, forcing him to surrender his territory to Duwa in 1306. Meanwhile, Prince Turghai invaded

240-519: A lesson in self-control. He summoned Chagatai to his tent and accused him of not following orders; Chagatai replied that he would rather be executed than disobey. Genghis then revealed Mutukan's death and ordered Chagatai not to grieve—the latter managed to control himself until he was able to weep in private. He was later present at the defeat of the Khwarazmian prince Jalal al-Din at the Battle of

320-605: A puppet khan ( Soyurgatmish ) on the throne to legitimize his rule, but his khans were members of the house of Ögedei rather than descendants of Chagatai. Ilyas Khoja attacked Timur in 1364 and defeated him on the north bank of the Syr Darya . He then besieged Samarkand but suffered harsh attrition due to an epidemic so that by the next year he was forced to retreat from Transoxania. The Dughlat Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat rebelled and killed Ilyas Khoja in 1368, taking

400-419: A reputation for being anti-Muslim. One contemporary Muslim writer claimed that he urged Ögedei to kill every Muslim in the empire. Modern historians such as Michael Hope and Peter Jackson suggest this is likely far from the truth: they point to a number of powerful Muslim officials and nobles at Chagatai's court on whom he relied and whom he would have been unlikely to unnecessarily antagonise. More probable

480-515: Is the theory he forbade the practice of any non-Mongol legal system at his court. Nevertheless, his anti-Islamic and pro- Yasa reputation strongly influenced his descendants, who were far slower to convert to Islam than their counterparts in the other Mongol khanates, the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate . Chagatai Khanate Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized

560-745: Is uncertain when Buqa Temür died, but after that, Baraq's son Duwa was enthroned as khan. Meanwhile, Abaqa invaded Transoxania in 1272 and sacked Bukhara, carrying off 50,000 captives. In 1275, Duwa joined Kaidu in the war against the Yuan dynasty but were repelled. In 1297, Duwa invaded the Punjab and devastated the region, but was defeated. Several invasions of the Delhi Sultanate also occurred but none were able to make any headway. In September 1298, Duwa captured Temür Khan 's son-in-law, Korguz, and put him to death, but immediately after that suffered

640-713: The 1340s , referred to Almaliq (the capital of the Chagatai Khanate) as "Almalek of the Middle Empire (Imperium Medium)". In addition, the Catalan Atlas of 1375 refers to the area corresponding to Chagatai Khanate as "Imperium Medorum", a possible alternate name of "Imperium Medium". In addition to the Latin sources mentioned above, Ibn Battuta records in Arabic that "His country [is in] the middle between

720-450: The Delhi Sultanate in 1303 and looted the Delhi region. In 1304 they invaded again but suffered a crushing defeat. Duwa died soon after and was succeeded by his son Könchek , who ruled only for a year and a half before he died. One of Buqa Temür 's brothers, Taliqu , seized power, but Duwa's family rebelled and killed him at a banquet. Duwa's younger son Kebek became khan. Kebek invaded

800-787: The Dzungar Khanate . Finally, the Kumul Khanate , an autonomous division of China established during the Qing dynasty in 1696 and governed by descendants of Chagatai Khan, was abolished during the Republic of China in 1930, ending the dynasty. The Chagatai Khanate was also known as the Dumdadu Mongγol Ulus (the Middle Mongolian Empire). For example, Giovanni de' Marignolli , who visited Yuan dynasty in

880-512: The Golden Horde khan Mengu-Timur in attacking Baraq. With a Golden Horde army of 50,000 at his back, Kaidu forced Baraq to flee to Transoxania . In 1267, Baraq accepted peace with Kaidu, and relinquished the territory east of Transoxania. Kaidu then coerced Baraq into invading the Ilkhanate . Baraq attacked first, defeating Prince Buchin, the governor of Khorasan , and brother of Abaqa Khan . Abaqa rushed from Azerbaijan and defeated Baraq near Herat on 22 July 1270, forcing him to retreat. On

SECTION 10

#1732765022245

960-458: The Merkit tribe —the true paternity of her next child, a son named Jochi , was never known, although Temüjin accepted his legitimacy. Chagatai, born in late 1183 or 1184, was thus the first son definitively fathered by Temüjin. He had six younger full siblings: two brothers named Ögedei and Tolui , and four sisters named Checheyigen , Alaqa , Tümelün, and Al Altan . In 1206, having united

1040-657: The Murgab and reached as far as Herat , but was forced to retreat when the Yuan dynasty attacked him from the east. The Yuan army devastated the Issyk-Kul region. In 1315 the Chagatayid prince Yasa'ur defected to the Ilkhanate, only to rebel, taking Khorasan . Both Chagatai and Ilkhanate forces attacked Yasa'ur. He was killed as he fled. Esen Buqa I died in 1318, at which point Kebek returned to power. He made peace with

1120-672: The Qara Khitai state during the late 1100s, and contained a mixture of nomadic and sedentary populations. Chagatai and his descendants remained largely nomadic in the Mongol tradition and often disagreed with the governors of the settlements in Transoxiana, who were representatives not of the Chagatayids but of the ruler of the empire. Tension soon developed between one such official named Mahmud Yalavach and Chagatai. In 1238,

1200-571: The Tarim Basin . Chagatai was not fully independent in his khanate however and still received orders from Karakorum . When he dismissed the governor of Transoxania, Mahmud Yalavach , Ögedei Khan reinstated Mahmud, whose dynasty continued to administer the region even after the death of Chagatai. In 1238 there was a Muslim uprising in Bukhara , but Mahmud's son Mas'ud crushed it the next year before Mongol troops were able to arrive, thereby saving

1280-645: The Timurids of Samarkand tried to recover Tashkent but were defeated by Mahmud. In 1487, Mahmud gave refuge to Muhammad Shaybani , who then seized Bukhara and Samarkand from the Timurids in 1500, making himself ruler of Transoxania . Muhammad immediately turned against Mahmud, who called his brother Ahmad Alaq for help, and defeated both the Moghul khans and took them prisoner. He released them soon after but kept Tashkent and Sairam . Ahmad died soon after. Mahmud

1360-589: The Toluid Civil War . Ariq Böke attacked him and while Alghu experienced initial success in fending off Ariq Böke's army, was forced to flee to Samarkand in 1263. Ariq Böke devastated the Ili region in his absence. Alghu was able to recruit a new army with the aid of Orghana and Mas'ud Yalavach. He then went on to defeat an invasion by Kaidu and drive out Ariq Böke, who surrendered to Kublai in 1264. Alghu died in 1265 and Orghana placed her son, Mubarak Shah, on

1440-429: The 1340s. Transoxania was ruled by Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur . In 1346 a tribal chief, Amir Qazaghan , killed Qazan and set up Danishmendji as puppet khan. Danishmendji was killed a year later and replaced with Bayan Qulï . Qazaghan made Herat a tributary in 1351. He was assassinated in 1357 and was succeeded by his son Abdullah , who killed Bayan Qulï in 1358. This aroused the anger of local lords such as Hajji Beg ,

1520-540: The 1342 painting The Martyrdom of the Franciscans , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti . Giovanni de' Marignolli , a papal legate, arrived in the Ili valley the following year on his way to the Yuan dynasty . He built a church and baptized some people during his stay, and the presence of Christianity lasted until the end of the Mongol era. The khanate became increasingly unstable in the following years and split in two during

1600-638: The Delhi Sutunate again in 1305, looting the Multan region, but suffered a defeat on the way back. Chapar took advantage of the political turmoil to attack Kebek but was defeated and fled to the Yuan dynasty. Another kuriltai was held in the Chagatai Khanate, which elected another of Duwa's sons, Esen Buqa I , who took the throne ceded by Kebek. In 1315, Esen Buqa invaded the Ilkhanate in support of Duwa's grandson, Dawud Khoja, who had set himself up in eastern Afghanistan . He defeated an Ilkhanate army on

1680-458: The Ili region. Yunus tried to conquer Kashgar but was repelled by Sayyid Ali and Esen Buqa II. Esen Buqa II died in 1462. His son Dost Muhammad was an inexperienced 17 year old. He plundered the territory of the Dughlats. By the time he died in 1469, his realm was in general revolt. Yunus took advantage of the situation to capture the Moghul capital Aksu . Dost Muhammad's young son Kebek Sultan

SECTION 20

#1732765022245

1760-403: The Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty and reigned until 1325. Kebek was succeeded by his three brothers in succession. Eljigidey and Duwa Temür each reigned for only a few months. Tarmashirin (1326–1334) converted to Islam and raided the Delhi Sultanate , reaching as far as Delhi . Tarmashirin was brought down by an anti-Muslim rebellion of the eastern tribes. A son of Duwa , Changshi ,

1840-668: The Indus in November 1221, and commanded the rearguard during his father's final campaign against the Western Xia state. The tribes of the Mongol steppe had no fixed succession system, and instead tended to elect a successor at a kurultai after the death of a ruler; importantly, the kurultai was not obliged to follow the wishes of the previous ruler. Although some Mongols argued that Chagatai's traits would make him an excellent successor to his father, Genghis thought that he

1920-642: The Kyrgyz-Kazakhs from seizing the Ili region. Abdurashid was succeeded in 1565 by his son Abdul Karim Khan , who shifted the capital to Yarkand. Abdul was succeeded in 1590 by his brother Muhammad Sultan , who repelled an invasion by the Khanate of Bukhara under Abdullah Khan II . Muhammad died in 1610 and was succeeded by his son Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan , who was assassinated in 1619, and replaced by Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan. Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan

2000-630: The Moghul khan. In 1389 Timur attacked Khizr Khoja instead and forced him to flee into the Gobi Desert . In 1390 Timur invaded Moghulistan and once again failed to find Qamar, but Qamar, having fled, was never heard of again. Khizr Khoja returned to Moghulistan and assumed power once more. He gave his daughter in marriage to Timur and made peace with him in 1397. Khizr Khoja died in 1399 and was succeeded by his three sons in succession: Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408), Muhammad Khan (1408–1415), and Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418). Upon Khizr Khoja's death, Timur took

2080-632: The Mongol throne. He was nevertheless a key figure in ensuring the stability of the empire after Genghis's death and during the reign of his younger brother Ögedei Khan . Chagatai held military commands alongside his brothers during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty in 1211 and the invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219. During the latter, he was appointed to a key role in organising logistics in addition to battlefield responsibilities, but

2160-575: The Oirats. Shah died in 1560 and Muhammad succeeded him. Muhammad had to fight against a third brother, Sufi Sultan, who tried to enlist the Ming in support of his claim to the throne. After Muhammad's death in 1570, the Turpan Khanate fades from historical texts. The last thing heard of them are embassies sent from Turpan to Beijing in 1647 and 1657. The Qing dynasty regarded them as embassies from

2240-580: The Onggirat women Yesülün and Tögen, the daughters of Börte's cousin Qata; Yesülün was his favourite and the mother of his favourite son Mutukan . His other named sons were Mochi Yaba, the son of one of Yesülün's servants and thus given little regard by his father, as well as Balgashi, Sarban, Yesu-Mongke , and Baidar , whose mothers are unknown. Chagatai was renowned for his expertise in Mongol laws and traditional customs, especially when it came to following

2320-515: The authority of Genghis's eldest son, and many others remained unwaveringly faithful to Genghis's will, and prevented any usurpation of power. Chagatai presided over the coronation ceremony alongside Tolui and their uncle Temüge and was a stalwart follower of Ögedei throughout his reign. In return, Ögedei often sought his elder brother's advice and sent his eldest son Güyük to serve as one of Chagatai's guards. Chagatai nevertheless chastised Ögedei for his excessive drinking and made him agree to limit

2400-415: The brand-new official state name Dumdadu Mongol Ulus in order to affirm that their polity was renewed, as did the emperor Qubilai, who in 1271 adopted the official state name Dai Ön Yeke Mongol Ulus. When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his son Chagatai Khan inherited the regions roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire: Issyk-Kul , Ili River , Chu River , Talas River , Transoxania , and

2480-643: The campaign, Said fell ill from altitude sickness and died in July 1533 on the homeward journey. He was succeeded by his son Abdurashid Khan . Abdurashid came into conflict with the Dughlats and persecuted one of their leaders, Sayyid Muhammad-mirza. Abdurashid spent his reign fighting the Kyrgyz people and the Kazakhs , who made incursions on the Ili region and Issyk Kul . He was ultimately unsuccessful in preventing

Chagatai - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-660: The citadel before being captured himself. In revenge for Inalchuq's actions, the Mongols either killed or enslaved Otrar's entire population, while pillaging and destroying their town. Chagatai and Ögedei brought Inalchuq to their father at the siege of Samarkand , where he was publicly executed. Chagatai and Ögedei were then sent to join Jochi at the Siege of Gurganj , the capital of the Khwarazmian Empire . The siege

2640-498: The cities in the area between Hohhot and Datong , and then they followed the Taihang Mountains into Shanxi , where they pillaged and plundered in autumn 1213, capturing the pastures of their enemies' cavalry reserves. During the 1219 invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire , Chagatai was charged with building bridges and maintaining roads to speed the Mongol advance and keep lines of communication open, in which capacity he

2720-437: The east, the powerful Dughlats enthroned a son of Esen Buqa I , Tughlugh Timur as khan of Moghulistan in 1347. In 1350, Tughlugh converted to Islam . Hajji split Transoxania with Bayan Selduz but they were unable to stabilize the realm and it fell into disarray. In 1360, Tughlugh invaded Transoxania and conquered it. Hajji Beg fled in the face of overwhelming power. The future conqueror Timur entered Tughlugh's service and

2800-473: The empire and that Jochi in reality retained primacy throughout the siege. Chagatai returned to his father's side during the siege of Taliqan , which fell in summer 1221. Unknown to him, his favourite son Mutukan had died while besieging Bamiyan , whose population was massacred by the Mongols at the request of Mutukan's widow. Genghis had been angered by Chagatai's failure to capture Gurganj without significant Mongol casualties, and he decided to teach his son

2880-573: The eponymous Chagatai Khanate . Chagatai's mother, Börte , was born into the Onggirat tribe, who lived along the Greater Khingan mountain range south of the Ergüne river , in modern-day Inner Mongolia . She married a Mongol leader named Temüjin c.  1178 after a seven-year betrothal. After giving birth to a daughter named Qojin, Börte was kidnapped and raped by members of

2960-516: The final separation of Moghulistan into two realms, with Said situated in Kashgar, and Mansur in Turpan, otherwise known as Uyghuristan . In 1513, Kara Del submitted to Mansur and in 1517 Mansur moved to Hami permanently, where he launched raids against the Ming dynasty. Mansur was succeeded in 1545 by his son Shah Khan . Shah fought with his brother Muhammad, who seized part of Hami and allied with

3040-575: The four of the powerful kings on the earth, i.e., King of China, King of India, King of Iraq and King Özbeg". This description suggests that the Chagatai Khanate was called the "Middle Empire" because it was located exactly in the middle of Eurasia. Matsui Dai introduced the expression "[missing] -dadu mongγo[l] u(l)us" in a Uighur script document excavated from Turfan , and based on the example of "Middle Empire (Imperium Medium)," argued that this should be read as "Dumdadu Mongγol Ulus". Matsui proposed that "it seems probable that Dua or his descendants took

3120-721: The khanate, splitting it between two factions: the Aq Taghliq (White Mountain) in Kashgar and the Qara Taghliq (Black Mountain) in Yarkand. Yulbars patronized the Aq Taghliqs and suppressed the Qara Taghliqs, which caused much resentment, and resulted in his assassination in 1670. He was succeeded by his son who ruled for only a brief period before Ismail Khan was enthroned. Ismail reversed the power struggle between

3200-743: The late 16th century onward, the Yarkent Khanate fell under the influence of the Khojas . The Khojas were Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad or from the first four Arab caliphs . By the reign of Said in the early 16th century, the Khojas already had a strong influence in court and over the khan. In 1533, an especially influential Khoja named Makhdum-i Azam arrived in Kashgar, where he settled and had two sons. These two sons hated each other and they passed down their mutual hatred down to their children. The two lineages came to dominate large parts of

3280-549: The nomadic way of life. His nomadic followers became alarmed by this action and departed for the steppes, taking with them Yunus' second son Ahmad Alaq . When Yunus died in 1486, his realm was divided between the Yarkent Khanate , ruled by Mahmud Khan in the west, and the Turpan Khanate , ruled by Ahmad Alaq in the northeast. In the west, Mahmud Khan ruled from Tashkent over the Yarkent Khanate . In 1488,

Chagatai - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-822: The number of cups of alcohol he drank; Ögedei managed to get around this restriction by finding a very large cup. After the conclusion of the Khwarazmian campaign, Chagatai had been allocated a wide span of territories in Central Asia, stretching from the former Uighur territories near Almaliq , which became his capital and summer pastures, to the Amu Darya river in Transoxiana , which served as his winter pastures. These territories, roughly encompassing modern Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , southern Kazakhstan , and parts of Xinjiang in China, had been ruled by

3440-598: The opportunity to send another army to pillage Moghul lands. Uwais Khan came to power in 1418. During his reign he waged war on the Oirats and was taken prisoner by their leader Esen Taishi . Due to Uwais' royal lineage, Esen Taishi treated him with respect and released him. Uwais suffered two more defeats against the Oirats and was captured a second time. He was let go after sending his sister as hostage to Esen Taishi's family. Uwais died in 1429. Two factions supporting his two sons Yunus Khan and Esen Buqa II quarreled over

3520-597: The people is unknown, though the name is from Chagatai Khan Chughtai , a family name in Asia and the Middle East See also [ edit ] Chagatai Turks (disambiguation) Çağatay , a Turkish name Joghatai , a municipality in Razavi Khorasan, Iran Jaghatu (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

3600-408: The populace from Mongol vengeance. Chagatai Khan died in 1242 and was succeeded by his grandson Qara Hülegü . He was too young to rule independently so the widowed khatun Ebuskun ruled as regent in his place. In 1246, Güyük Khan replaced him with one of his uncles, Yesü Möngke . Yesü Möngke came to power because he was a personal friend of Güyük Khan. He was a drunkard who left the affairs of

3680-408: The population of Bukhara , led by a sieve-maker, revolted against tax demands—the rebellion attracted wide support and succeeded in expelling the Mongol garrison. Chagatai did not help and left the revolt to Ögedei, whose armies quickly suppressed the uprising; the population faced total slaughter but was spared after Mahmud argued that only a part had been involved. It is likely that Chagatai exploited

3760-439: The resistance against them in the battle for Kashgar. The general Iwaz Beg died in the defense of Yarkand. The Dzungars defeated the Moghul forces without much difficulty and took Ismail and his family prisoner. Galdan installed Abd ar-Rashid Khan II , son of Babak, as puppet khan. The new khan forced Afaq Khoja to flee again, but Abd ar-Rashid's reign was also ended unceremoniously two years later when riots erupted in Yarkand. He

3840-399: The rich city would become part of his domain and wished to damage it as little as possible. Chagatai on the other hand held no such qualms. When Genghis heard about this infighting, he ordered that Ögedei be promoted to command his brothers. The historian Christopher Atwood however argues that the narrative of fraternal conflicts was a later invention designed to buttress Ögedei's right to rule

3920-519: The rule of Chagatai khans forever. Ahmad Alaq 's reduced nomadic realm (known as the Turpan Khanate ) came into frequent conflict with the Oirats , Kyrgyz people , and Kazakhs . According to the Tarikh-i Rashidi , the Oirats called him Alasha , "the Killer". In 1482, Hami was restored to Kara Del under Qanšin, but in 1488, Ahmad killed Qanšin and retook the city. The next year Ahmad

4000-459: The same powers as his father. Chagatai also squabbled with Körgüz , his brother's governor in the region of Khorasan . After Ögedei's death from alcoholism in December 1241, Chagatai was the de facto kingmaker . Ögedei's favourite wife Möge initially assumed control but Töregene , the mother of his presumptive heir Güyük, sought to become regent; she crucially persuaded Chagatai that she

4080-518: The situation to Mahmud's detriment, although the precise details are unknown. Soon afterwards, Chagatai transferred the control of certain lands under Mahmud's jurisdiction to one of his own followers. Mahmud complained to Ögedei, who ordered his brother to explain himself. Upon receiving an apology, Ögedei settled the tense situation to the satisfaction of all by sanctioning Chagatai's initial transfer, moving Mahmud to an important post in north China, and promoting Mahmud's son to govern in his place with

SECTION 50

#1732765022245

4160-551: The state to his wife and minister Beha ad-Din Marghinani. In 1252 he was deposed by Möngke Khan , who installed Qara Hülegü again. Qara Hülegü died on his way home and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah . Mubarak Shah was too young to rule and state affairs were managed by his mother Orghana . In 1260, Ariq Böke replaced Mubarak Shah with Alghu , a grandson of Chagatai Khan . Alghu rebelled against Ariq Böke upon securing power and defected to Kublai Khan 's side in

4240-604: The supremacy of the Great Khan , but by the reign of Kublai Khan , Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids . The reduced realm came to be known as Moghulistan , which lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and Turpan Khanate . In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to

4320-552: The territories which became known as the Chagatai Khanate . Although Chagatai's loyalty to nomadic customs meant that he constructed no more than pools for waterfowl , storehouses, and small villages in his territories, he was a capable ruler who recruited both foreign educated experts and local Uighur officials to help administer his realm. Because Chagatai was a strict upholder of the traditional Mongol law, which forbade various elements of Islamic Sharia law , such as animal slaughter , ritual hygiene , or public prayer , he gained

4400-446: The throne for himself. Ilyas Khoja's brother Khizr Khoja fled to Turpan where he set up his own independent realm and converted the last Uyghurs there to Islam . In 1375, Timur invaded Moghulistan , looting the Ili region . Qamar retaliated by raiding Fergana until Timur put him to flight. Timur fell into an ambush and barely escaped, retreating to Samarkand . Timur attacked again in 1376 and 1383 but both times failed to capture

4480-536: The throne once again. Mubarak Shah was the first Chagatai khan to be converted to Islam. His rule was cut short by his cousin Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq , who deposed him with the support of Kublai Khan. Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq came into conflict with Kublai Khan on the administration of the Tarim Basin . Baraq drove out an agent sent by Kublai to govern the region and when Kublai sent a detachment of 6,000 horsemen, Baraq met them with 30,000 men, forcing them to retreat. Baraq also came into conflict with Kaidu , who enlisted

4560-435: The throne with Esen Buqa II emerging as the victor. Yunus fled to Samarkand. Under Esen Buqa II, the powerful Dughlat Sayyid Ali, who had helped him to the throne, became very influential and held both Kucha and Kashgar . In 1451, Esen Buqa II raided the northern border of the Timurid Empire . The Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza schemed to split the Moghuls in two, so he summoned Yunus in 1456 and supported his authority in

4640-491: The throne. Jochi was also eliminated because of his rumoured illegitimacy, although Genghis himself did not care. Their younger brother Ögedei was eventually designated as heir. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, Chagatai played a role in stabilising the empire before Ögedei's accession in 1229. Tolui, who assumed the regency and who had also been a candidate for succession, considered attempting to gain power himself. Chagatai, who after Jochi's death c.  1225 held

4720-570: The title Chagatai . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chagatai&oldid=1208124188 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Chagatai Khan Chagatai Khan ( Mongolian : ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠶ ; c.  1184 – 1242)

4800-476: The tribes of Mongolia , Temüjin held a large assembly called a kurultai where he was acclaimed as "Genghis Khan". He began to reorder his new nation, dividing it between members of his ruling dynasty. Chagatai was granted territories near the Altai Mountains , where the Naiman tribe had previously ruled. He also received either 4,000 or 8,000 subjects, drawn from the Jalayir , Barlas , Suldus , Sonit, and Dughlat tribes. Chagatai's two primary wives were

4880-421: The two Muslim factions and drove out the Aq Taghliq leader, Afaq Khoja . Afaq fled to Tibet , where the 5th Dalai Lama aided him in enlisting the help of Galdan Boshugtu Khan , ruler of the Dzungar Khanate . In 1680, Galdan led 120,000 Dzungars into the Yarkent Khanate. They were aided by the Aq Taghliqs and Hami and Turpan , which had already submitted to the Dzungars. Ismail's son Babak Sultan died in

SECTION 60

#1732765022245

4960-440: The uncle of Tamerlane . Hajji drove out Abdullah to the Hindu Kush , where he died. From then on the Chagatayid khans of Transoxania served as nothing more but figureheads until it was annexed by the Timurid Empire . The Timurids likewise continued to portray descendants of Chaghatai khans as khans (i.e. rulers) but in reality they were confined in their castles with no authority. They were political prisoners in Samarkand . In

5040-438: The way back he fell from his horse and was crippled so he spent the winter in Bukhara where he died not long after. He converted to Islam before his death. Baraq's four sons and two sons of Alghu rebelled against Kaidu in the wake of Baraq's death, but they were continually defeated. Kaidu enthroned Negübei as the khan in Transoxania. When Negübei rebelled, he was killed and replaced with another khan, Buqa Temür in 1274. It

5120-554: The will of the khan. According to some sources, Genghis entrusted him and his adopted brother Shigi Qutuqu with administering the legal code known as the Yasa . Medieval chroniclers such as Juzjani noted his strictness in interpreting the law and the harshness of his temperament. Alongside his brothers Jochi and Ögedei, Chagatai commanded the right wing in the 1211 invasion of the Chinese Jin dynasty . The Mongols marched southwards from Genghis's campaign headquarters in modern Inner Mongolia in November 1211: first they attacked

5200-435: Was a son of Genghis Khan and a prominent figure in the early Mongol Empire . The second son of Genghis's wife Börte , Chagatai was renowned for his masterful knowledge of Mongol custom and law , which he scrupulously obeyed, and his harsh temperament. Because Genghis felt that he was too inflexible in character, most notably never accepting the legitimacy of his elder brother Jochi , he excluded Chagatai from succession to

5280-465: Was aided by his retainer Zhang Rong (1158–1230). He and Ögedei took charge of the siege of the city of Otrar , whose governor Inalchuq had provoked the invasion, while their father and brothers moved on. Its inhabitants fought fiercely for five months but were weakened by the defection of a leading general, who was executed by Ögedei and Chagatai because of his disloyalty. The city eventually fell in February 1220; Inalchuq held out for another month in

5360-616: Was appointed ruler of Shahr-i Sebz . After Tughlugh left Transoxania, Hajji Beg returned in force, only to be driven away again by Tughlugh. Hajji Beg was killed near Sebzewar . Tughlugh expanded his territory into Afghanistan by defeating Amir Husayn. Thus the Chagatai Khanate was restored under Tughlugh. Following Tughlugh's death in 1363, Timur and Amir Husayn took over Transoxiana. Timur and Amir Husayn forced Tughlugh's successor Ilyas Khoja out of Transoxania, and then Timur eliminated Amir Husayn as well, gaining mastery over Transoxiana (1369–1405). Like his predecessors, Timur maintained

5440-540: Was captured again in 1508 and put to death, marking the last time the Chagatayids were ejected from Transoxania. In 1514, Mansur Khan 's brother Sultan Said Khan captured Kashgar, Yarkand , and Khotan from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , who had ruled in Mahmud's absence, and forced him to flee to Ladakh . This marked the final separation of Moghulistan into two realms, with Said situated in Kashgar, and Mansur in Turpan, otherwise known as Uyghuristan . In 1529, Said attacked Badakhshan , and in 1531, he invaded Ladakh. During

5520-416: Was captured but released soon after. He died of paralysis in Aksu a year later. His brother Mansur Khan succeeded him. His reign began with difficulties with the powerful Dughlat of Kashgar, Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , plundering the cities of Kucha and Aksu. In 1514, Mansur's brother Sultan Said Khan captured Kashgar, Yarkand , and Khotan from Abu Bakr and forced him to flee to Ladakh . This marked

5600-415: Was censured after feuding with Jochi during the Siege of Gurganj . After the campaign, Chagatai was granted large tracts of conquered land in Central Asia, which he ruled until his death. He quarrelled with civil officials such as Mahmud Yalavach over matters of jurisdiction and advised Ögedei on questions of rulership. Chagatai died shortly after Ögedei in 1242; his descendants would rule his territories as

5680-449: Was cut short in 1695 when both he and his father were killed while suppressing local rebellions. In 1696, Akbash Khan was placed on the throne, but the begs of Kashgar refused to recognize him, and instead allied with the Kyrgyz to attack Yarkand, taking Akbash prisoner. The begs of Yarkand went to the Dzungars, who sent troops and ousted the Kyrgyz in 1705. The Dzungars installed a non-Chagatayid ruler Mirza Alim Shah Beg, thereby ending

5760-641: Was defeated both times in 1479 and 1480, after which Abu Bakr also seized Kashgar. In the west, Yunus captured Hami from Kara Del , which was then a tributary of the Ming dynasty . A Ming army evicted the Moghuls from the city but failed to catch them, and they soon returned to Hami afterwards. Yunus also took advantage of political infighting in the west to vassalize Umar Shaikh Mirza II 's realm in Fergana . Yunus moved to Tashkent in 1484 and settled down, giving up

5840-630: Was driven out of Hami. In 1493, Ahmad captured Kara Del's ruler Šamba and held him prisoner. Šamba received support from the Ming dynasty , which closed its borders to Turpan and expelled its traders from their markets, which eventually forced Ahmad to give up his ambitions in Hami due to unrest in his realm. In 1499 Ahmad retook Kashgar and Yengisar from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat . Around 1500, Muhammad Shaybani attacked Ahmad's brother Mahmud Khan , who appealed to Ahmad for help. Muhammad defeated both Ahmad and Mahmud, seizing Tashkent and Sairam . Ahmad

5920-705: Was enthroned in 1335. One of his sons was baptized. Pope Benedict XII appointed the Franciscan bishop Richard of Burgundy to Almalik in 1339. But during the reign of 'Ali-Sultan , Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions. He is the one who ordered the extermination of the Franciscan congregation at Almaliq, and the killing of six Franciscan monks in 1339 (including bishop Richard of Burgundy, Pascal of Spain, Raymond of Provence and three others), as depicted in

6000-564: Was lengthy, lasting between four and seven months, and exceptionally fierce: the defiant Khwarazmian defenders forced the Mongol army to engage in bitter house-by-house urban warfare , with much of the city destroyed either by burning naphtha or flooding from collapsed dams. After the city's eventual fall in April 1221, its inhabitants were either killed or enslaved. The usual narrative of the siege recounts that Jochi and Chagatai quarrelled on how best to conduct its progress, as Jochi presumed that

6080-645: Was replaced by his brother Muhammad Imin Khan. Muhammad sought help from the Qing dynasty , Khanate of Bukhara , and the Mughal Empire in combating the Dzungars. In 1693, Muhammad conducted a successful attack on the Dzungar Khanate, taking 30,000 captives. Unfortunately Afaq Khoja appeared again and overthrew Muhammad in a revolt led by his followers. Afaq's son Yahiya Khoja was enthroned but his reign

6160-539: Was succeeded by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) in 1631. Pulat was overthrown by Abdallah (Moghul Khan) in 1636. Abdallah stabilized the court and exiled a number of old nobles to India . He repelled Oirat inroads in the Khotan and Aksu regions, and entered a tributary relationship with the Qing dynasty in 1655. Friendly relations were also established with Bukhara and the Mughal Empire . In 1667, Abdallah's son Yulbars Khan removed his father from power. From

6240-463: Was suitable, and with his support attained the position. Chagatai died in 1242; he was replaced as the senior Genghisid prince by Jochi's son Batu . Yesülün accused one of Chagatai's stewards, an Uighur from North China named Vajir, of poisoning him, and had him executed. Chagatai was succeeded in Central Asia by Qara Hülegü , the son of Mutukan, but he was usurped by his drunkard uncle Yesü-Möngke between 1246 and 1250, causing long-term weaknesses in

6320-569: Was taken to Turpan , where he was proclaimed khan. Four years later, he was put to death by his followers and brought to Yunus. Yunus thus became the sole ruler of Moghulistan in 1472. Yunus' reign began with a raid by the Oirats under Esen Taishi's son Amasanj, who forced Yunus to flee to the Syr Darya. Yunus returned after the Oirats left with their pillage. In 1465, Yunus faced a rebellion by Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat , who seized Yarkand and Khotan . Yunus attempted twice to remove to Abu Bakr but

6400-404: Was too strict and narrow-minded, indicating a degree of inflexibility that did not suit a ruler. Genghis was also concerned about Chagatai's intense dislike for Jochi, whom Chagatai regarded as illegitimate: at one family meeting, he reportedly called his brother a "Merkit bastard" and started brawling with him in front of their father. For these reasons, Genghis excluded Chagatai from succession to

#244755