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62-613: Chak Phra takes place in the eleventh lunar month of the traditional Thai lunar calendar on the first day of the waning moon. In the western calendar it usually falls in the month of October. Because the festival is based on a lunar calendar , the exact dates when it takes place change every year. The largest celebration takes place in Mueang Surat Thani , along the Tapi River . This festival lasts nine days and nine nights. Smaller celebrations also take place throughout

124-558: A busabok throne. Chak Phra is assumed to take place in India under the doctrine of Brahmanism which is a popularly used Buddha statue in a procession on various occasion. Later on, Chak Phra transferred to the Southern Thailand and Northern Malaysia and has been put into practice and became a traditional festival for nowadays. People believe that Chak Phra will cause rainfall during the rainy season because people who are in

186-479: A nominal length of twelve months. The Thai lunar calendar does not mark the beginning of a new year when it starts a new 1-to-12 count, which occurs most frequently in December. The Thai solar calendar determines a person 's legal age and the dates of secular holidays , including the civil new year and the three days of the traditional Thai New Year , which begin the next Twelve-year animal cycle. Should

248-690: A day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different. Buddhist Sabbaths , colloquially called วันพระ , are the New, First-quarter, Full, and Third-quarter Moon-days. These are not normally days off ( วันหยุด ), except for butcher , barber , and beautician shops that observe the Eight Precepts . Annual holidays and seasonal festivals collectively are called วันนักขัตฤกษ์ . Festivals or fairs are called เทศกาล ; these may be further styled as ประเพณี " traditional " and as Thai : พิธี , " rite " or " ceremony ". The table shows

310-684: A hollow month is normally 29 days long in years of 354 days, but adds an extra day ( อธิกวาร RTGS :  athikawan ) when required for 355-day-long years ( ปีอธิกวาร , RTGS :  pi athikawan ). The eighth month, "duean 8", is a 30-day full month. Athikamat ( อธิกมาส , Thai pronunciation: [ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt] )) is the extra month needed for a 384-day-long pi athikamat (extra-month year; ปีอธิกมาส , Thai pronunciation: [pī.ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt] ). Month 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ or Month 8/8, variously read as "duean paet thab paet" ( เดือนแปดทับแปด ) or "duean paet lang" ( เดือนแปดหลัง ) Months 9–12, "duean 9–12", complete

372-608: A living text is the work of medieval Indian scholar Utpala , who cites and then quotes ten verses from a version of Surya Siddhanta , but these ten verses are not found in any surviving manuscripts of the text. According to Kim Plofker , large portions of the more ancient Sūrya-siddhānta was incorporated into the Panca siddhantika text, and a new version of the Surya Siddhanta was likely revised and probably composed around 800 CE. Some scholars refer to Panca siddhantika as

434-459: A modern usage (which implies the language of cultured persons); Sanskrit alphabet, language , writing; [presumed] compound of Surya Siddhanta The Surya Siddhanta ( IAST : Sūrya Siddhānta ; lit.   ' Sun Treatise ' ) is a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy dated to 4th to 5th century, in fourteen chapters. The Surya Siddhanta describes rules to calculate

496-450: A stationary globe around which sun, moon and five planets orbit. It makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It presents mathematical formulae to calculate the orbits, diameters, predict their future locations and cautions that the minor corrections are necessary over time to the formulae for the various astronomical bodies. The text describes some of its formulae with the use of very large numbers for " divya-yuga ", stating that at

558-515: A year equal 365 in both Indian (Hindu) and Egyptian–Persian year. Further, adds Ôhashi, the Mesopotamian formula is different than Indian formula for calculating time, each can only work for their respective latitude, and either would make major errors in predicting time and calendar in the other region. Kim Plofker states that while a flow of timekeeping ideas from either side is plausible, each may have instead developed independently, because

620-635: Is intercalated at irregular intervals. The Thai solar calendar ( Thai : ปฏิทินสุริยคติ , RTGS :  patithin suriyakhati , [pà.tì.tʰin sù.rí.já.kʰàʔ.tìʔ] ), Thailand's version of the Gregorian calendar , replaced the patithin chanthrakhati in AD 1888 / 2431 BE for legal and commercial purposes. In both calendars, the four principal lunar phases determine Buddhist Sabbaths ( Uposatha ), obligatory holy days for observant Buddhists. Significant days also include feast days. Note that

682-536: Is a lunisolar Buddhist calendar . It is used for calculating lunar-regulated holy days. Based on the SuriyaYatra , with likely influence from the traditional Hindu Surya Siddhanta , it has its own unique structure that does not require the Surya Siddhanta to calculate. Lunisolar calendars combine lunar and solar calendars for a nominal year of 12 months . An extra day or an extra 30-day month

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744-420: Is a compendium of astronomy that is easier to remember, transmit and use as reference or aid for the experienced, but does not aim to offer commentary, explanation or proof. The text has 14 chapters and 500 shlokas. It is one of the eighteen astronomical siddhanta (treatises), but thirteen of the eighteen are believed to be lost to history. The Surya Siddhanta text has survived since the ancient times, has been

806-559: Is a text on astronomy and time keeping, an idea that appears much earlier as the field of Jyotisha ( Vedanga ) of the Vedic period. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious dates and times for Vedic rituals. Vedic sacrifices state that the ancient Vedic texts describe four measures of time – savana , solar, lunar and sidereal, as well as twenty seven constellations using Taras (stars). According to mathematician and classicist David Pingree , in

868-468: Is composed of verses made up of two lines, each broken into two halves, or pãds , of eight syllables each. As per al-Biruni , the 11th-century Persian scholar and polymath, a text named the Surya Siddhanta was written by Lāṭadeva , a student of Aryabhatta I . The second verse of the first chapter of the Surya Siddhanta attributes the words to an emissary of the solar deity of Hindu mythology , Surya , as recounted to an asura called Maya at

930-503: Is found in Puranas where as Surya Siddhanta sticks with measurable time. The text measures a savana day from sunrise to sunrise. Thirty of these savana days make a savana month. A solar ( saura ) month starts with the entrance of the sun into a zodiac sign , thus twelve months make a year. The text further states there are nine modes of measuring time. "Of four modes, namely solar, lunar, sidereal, and civil time, practical use

992-428: Is made among men; by that of Jupiter is to be determined the year of the cycle of sixty years; of the rest, no use is ever made". Surya Siddhanta asserts that there are two pole stars, one each at north and south celestial pole . Surya Siddhanta chapter 12 verse 43 description is as following: मेरोरुभयतो मध्ये ध्रुवतारे नभ:स्थिते। निरक्षदेशसंस्थानामुभये क्षितिजाश्रिये॥१२:४३॥ This translates as "On both sides of

1054-505: Is no definitive system for transcription into Roman letters. Here, native Thai words are immediately followed by a vocabulary entry in this pattern: Example: Sanskrit loan words follow different rules [the way English grammatical rules vary for words of Greek and Latin origin ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] Entered below in order of first appearance, these vocabulary entries are in this pattern: Literally means "well done", "polished","cultured" or "perfected" in

1116-469: Is suitable for the temple that is near the river. The main activities during Chak Phra in Mueang Surat Thani include: Khanom tom ( Thai : ขนมต้ม ; literally "boiled snack" ) is a Southern Thai snack made from sticky rice, coconut milk, sugar, and salt. The mixture is wrapped in young Mangrove Fan Palm leaves ( Thai : ใบกะพ้อ ), formed into a triangle shape, and then boiled or steamed until cooked. To show their generosity to those who participate in

1178-550: Is the inclination of the plane of the ecliptic. With radius of 3438 and sine of 1397, the corresponding angle is 23.975° or 23° 58' 30.65" which is approximated to be 24°. Question: How Can the Earth Be a Sphere? Thus everywhere on the terrestrial globe (bhūgola), people suppose their own place higher, yet this globe (gola) is in space where there is no above nor below. — Surya Siddhanta, XII.53 Translator: Scott L. Montgomery, Alok Kumar The text treats earth as

1240-416: Is the value by which each successive sine increases from the previous and similarly the 2nd order difference is the increment in the 1st order difference values. Burgess says, it is remarkable to see that the 2nd order differences increase as the sines and each, in fact, is about 1/225th part of the corresponding sine. The tilt of the ecliptic varies between 22.1° to 24.5° and is currently 23.5°. Following

1302-423: Is time which can be known. This latter type is further defined as having two types: the first is Murta (Measureable) and Amurta (immeasureable because it is too small or too big). The time Amurta is a time that begins with an infinitesimal portion of time ( Truti ) and Murta is a time that begins with 4-second time pulses called Prana as described in the table below. The further description of Amurta time

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1364-627: The Hellenistic period . For example, Surya Siddhanta provides table of sines function which parallel the Hipparchian table of chords , though the Indian calculations are more accurate and detailed. The influence of Greek ideas on early medieval era Indian astronomical theories, particularly zodiac symbols ( astrology ), is broadly accepted by the Western scholars. According to Pingree,

1426-609: The Moon as 2,400 miles (actual ~2,160) and the distance between the Moon and the Earth to be 258,000 miles (now known to vary: 221,500–252,700 miles (356,500–406,700 kilometres). The text is known for some of the earliest known discussions of fractions and trigonometric functions . The Surya Siddhanta is one of several astronomy-related Hindu texts. It represents a functional system that made reasonably accurate predictions. The text

1488-435: The Surya Siddhanta is written in classical Indian poetry tradition, where complex ideas are expressed lyrically with a rhyming meter in the form of a terse shloka . This method of expressing and sharing knowledge made it easier to remember, recall, transmit and preserve knowledge. However, this method also meant secondary rules of interpretation, because numbers don't have rhyming synonyms. The creative approach adopted in

1550-608: The Surya Siddhanta was to use symbolic language with double meanings. For example, instead of one, the text uses a word that means moon because there is one moon. To the skilled reader, the word moon means the number one. The entire table of trigonometric functions, sine tables, steps to calculate complex orbits, predict eclipses and keep time are thus provided by the text in a poetic form. This cryptic approach offers greater flexibility for poetic construction. The Surya Siddhanta thus consists of cryptic rules in Sanskrit verse. It

1612-533: The Surya Siddhanta with fully described models, the Greek influence on Indian astronomy is strongly likely to be pre- Ptolemaic . The Surya Siddhanta was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur . According to Muzaffar Iqbal, this translation and that of Aryabhatta was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship. The contents of

1674-559: The Surya Siddhanta . The various old and new versions of Surya Siddhanta manuscripts yield the same solar calendar. According to J. Gordon Melton, both the Hindu and Buddhist calendars that are in use in South and Southeast Asia are rooted in this text, but the regional calendars adapted and modified them over time. The Surya Siddhanta calculates the solar year to be 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes and 36.56 seconds. On average, according to

1736-415: The principal ones governed by the moon in yellow. Work holidays prescribed by the government are called Thai : วันหยุดราชการ ; those regulated by the moon are red. Weekends are normally days off; if a holiday normally observed by a day off falls on a weekend, the following Monday is a compensatory day off Thai : วันชดเชย . Notes: Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, though there

1798-482: The 2nd-century CE cave inscriptions of Nasik mention sun, moon and five planets in the same order as found in Babylon , but "there is no hint, however, that the Indian had learned a method of computing planetary positions in this period". In the 2nd-century CE, a scholar named Yavanesvara translated a Greek astrological text, and another unknown individual translated a second Greek text into Sanskrit. Thereafter started

1860-865: The Chak Phra parade, the snack is usually made in large volumes by community members the day before the parade at various temples around town, the most prominent being Wat Tha Sai in Kanchanadit District , Surat Thani. Outside of Southern Thailand , khanom tom is usually referred to as "khao tom luk yon" ( Thai : ข้าวต้มลูกโยน ), as “khanom tom” is also the name of Central Thailand snack made from glutinous boiled rice balls covered in shredded coconut. Thai lunar calendar The Thai lunar calendar ( Thai : ปฏิทินจันทรคติ , RTGS :  patithin chanthrakhati , pronounced [pà.tì.tʰīn t͡ɕān.tʰrá(ʔ).kʰā.tìʔ] , literally, Specific days according to lunar norms ), or Tai calendar ,

1922-573: The Greeks had adopted 60 relative units for the radius, and 360 for circumference", the Indians chose 3,438 units and 60x360 for the circumference thereby calculating the "ratio of circumference to diameter [pi, π] of about 3.1414". The Surya Siddhanta was one of the two books in Sanskrit that were translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur . The tradition of Hellenistic astronomy ended in

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1984-575: The Hindu text Atharvaveda (~1000 BCE or older) the idea already appears of twenty eight constellations and movement of astronomical bodies. According to Pingree, the influence may have flowed the other way initially, then flowed into India after the arrival of Darius and the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley about 500 BCE. The mathematics and devices for time keeping mentioned in these ancient Sanskrit texts, proposes Pingree, such as

2046-606: The Meru (i.e. the north and south poles of the earth) the two polar stars are situated in the heaven at their zenith. These two stars are in the horizon of the cities situated on the equinoctial regions". The Surya Siddhanta provides methods of calculating the sine values in chapter 2. It divides the quadrant of a circle with radius 3438 into 24 equal segments or sines as described in the table. In modern-day terms, each of these 24 segments has angle of 3.75°. differences differences differences differences The 1st order difference

2108-670: The Thai and the Chinese lunar calendars do not directly correspond. Thai Chinese likewise observe their Sabbaths and traditional Chinese holidays according to solar terms , two of which correspond to one lunar phase. These also move with respect to the solar calendar, and so it is common for Thai calendars to incorporate both Thai and Chinese lunar calendar-based events. Mundane astrology also figures prominently in Thai culture , so modern Thai birth certificates include lunar calendar dates and

2170-778: The Thai year. As in other Buddhist calendars , these months have names that derive from Sanskrit , but for the most part are only known by Thai astrologers. Two successive lunations take slightly more than 59 days. The Thai lunar calendar approximates this interval with "normal-month" pairs ( ปกติมาส , RTGS :  pakatimat ) that are alternately 29 and 30 days long. 29-day " hollow months " ( เดือนขาด , RTGS :  duean khat , [dɯ̄ːan kʰàːt] ) are odd-numbered ( เดือนคี่ , RTGS :  duean khi , [dɯːan.kʰî] ); 30-day "full months" ( เดือนถ้วน , RTGS :  duean thuan , [dɯ̄ːan tʰûan] ) are even-numbered ( เดือนคู่ , RTGS :  duean khu , [dɯ̄ːan kʰûː] ). To keep

2232-517: The West after Late Antiquity . According to Cromer, the Surya Siddhanta and other Indian texts reflect the primitive state of Greek science, nevertheless played an important part in the history of science , through its translation in Arabic and stimulating the Arabic sciences. According to a study by Dennis Duke that compares Greek models with Indian models based on the oldest Indian manuscripts such as

2294-713: The appropriate Thai Zodiacal animal year-name for Thai Hora ( Thai : โหราศาสตร์ , RTGS :  horasat ). The Thai Zodiac is similar to the Chinese, though the Dragon is replaced by the Naga (งูใหญ่), and in Northern Thailand the Pig is occasionally replaced with an Elephant. To keep the years in sync with the seasons, Thai lunar years may add a day to the 7th month or repeat the 8th month. Therefore, years may have one of three lengths – 354, 355 or 384 days – yet retain

2356-428: The astronomical and mathematical methods developed by Greeks related arcs to chords of spherical trigonometry. The Indian mathematical astronomers, in their texts such as the Surya Siddhanta, developed other linear measures of angles, made their calculations differently, "introduced the versine, which is the difference between the radius and cosine, and discovered various trigonometrical identities". For instance "where

2418-474: The beginning of a new year. Ai , an archaic word in Thai but not in other dialects, means first . An odd-numbered hollow month, it is 29 days long. Month 2, "duean yi", ( เดือนยี่ , [dɯ̄an jîː] , from archaic ญี่ meaning 2 ) is an even-numbered full month. Months 3–6, "duean 3–6", use the modern reading of Thai numerals , as do all remaining months. Months 3–6, alternate between 29-day hollow months and 30-day full months. Month 7, "duean 7",

2480-462: The beginning of the month in sync with the new moon, from time to time either the normally "hollow" Month 7 takes an extra day, or an extra "full" Month 8 follows a normal "full" Month 8. Months 1 and 2 are named in archaic alternate numbers , with the remainder being named in modern numbers. Month 1, "duean ai" ( เดือนอ้าย , [dɯ̄ːan ʔâːj] ), begins the cycle of counting the months anew, most frequently in December, but does not signify

2542-523: The benefit of hearing the Dhamma . Upon his return to earth, the Buddha descended upon a ladder of crystal accompanied by two Hindu gods who acted as his witnesses and acolytes: Brahma on a ladder of gold at right and Indra on a ladder of silver at left. It is said, that once Buddha had returned to earth , a large crowd gathered to welcome him. He was offered large amounts of food and was invited to ride in

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2604-458: The best known and the most referred astronomical text in the Indian tradition. The fourteen chapters of the Surya Siddhanta are as follows, per the much cited Burgess translation: The methods for computing time using the shadow cast by a gnomon are discussed in both Chapters 3 and 13. The author of Surya Siddhanta defines time as of two types: the first which is continuous and endless, destroys all animate and inanimate objects and second

2666-492: The ceremony are mainly farmers. There are two types for this festival. Pulling the Buddha on the land or in the river. Pulling the Buddha Statue on the land is to invite the Buddha statue to the destination which is the temple. This festival is suitable for the temple which is far away from the river. Dragging in the river is to invite the Buddha statue enshrined on the boat and then flock to the destination. This festival

2728-615: The diffusion of Greek and Babylonian ideas on astronomy and astrology into India. The other evidence of European influential on the Indian thought is Romaka Siddhanta , a title of one of the Siddhanta texts contemporary to Surya Siddhanta , a name that betrays its origin and probably was derived from a translation of a European text by Indian scholars in Ujjain , then the capital of an influential central Indian large kingdom. According to mathematician and historian of measurement John Roche,

2790-401: The end of Satya Yuga , the first golden age from Hindu texts, around two million years ago. The text asserts, according to Markanday and Srivatsava, that the Earth is of a spherical shape. It treats Earth as stationary globe around which Sun orbits, and makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It calculates the Earth's diameter to be 8,000 miles (modern: 7,928 miles), the diameter of

2852-409: The end of this yuga , Earth and all astronomical bodies return to the same starting point and the cycle of existence repeats again. These very large numbers based on divya-yuga , when divided and converted into decimal numbers for each planet, give reasonably accurate sidereal periods when compared to modern era western calculations. The solar part of the luni-solar Hindu calendar is based on

2914-435: The holidays fall on a weekend , it also accommodates these as well as some of the principal lunar festivals with a compensatory day off ( Thai : วันชดเชย , RTGS :  wan chotchoei ). 13 April of the solar calendar occasions the beginning of the traditional Thai New Year (Songkran) and is the day that a year assumes the name of the next animal in the twelve-year animal cycle; Thai Chinese communities may observe

2976-587: The loan-words typically seen when ideas migrate are missing on both sides as far as words for various time intervals and techniques. It is hypothesized that contacts between the ancient Indian scholarly tradition and Hellenistic Greece via the Indo-Greek Kingdom after the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great , specifically regarding the work of Hipparchus (2nd-century BCE), explain some similarities between Surya Siddhanta and Greek astronomy in

3038-469: The longitudinal changes of the orbits, and also includes supporting evidence and calculation methods. In a work called the Pañca-siddhāntikā composed in the sixth century by Varāhamihira , five astronomical treatises are named and summarised: Paulīśa-siddhānta , Romaka-siddhānta , Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta , Sūrya-siddhānta , and Paitāmaha-siddhānta . Most scholars place the surviving version of

3100-555: The lunar cycle. Months divide into two periods designated by whether they are waxing or waning : A week is called Sapda/Sappada ( Thai : สัปดาห์ , [sàp.dāː, sàp.pà.dāː] ). The term is defined by the Royal Institute Dictionary (RID) as a 7-day period beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday. When referring to lunations, however, it is the 7-, 8- or (rarely) 9-day interval between quartile lunar phases ; that is, from one wan phra ( วันพระ ) to

3162-430: The moon's revolution is right within a second; those of Mercury, Venus and Mars within a few minutes; that of Jupiter within six or seven hours; that of Saturn within six days and a half". The Surya Siddhanta was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into Arabic during the reign of 'Abbasid caliph al-Mansur ( r.  754–775 CE ). According to Muzaffar Iqbal , this translation and that of Aryabhata

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3224-406: The motions of various planets and the moon relative to various constellations , diameters of various planets, and calculates the orbits of various astronomical bodies . The text is known from a 15th-century CE palm-leaf manuscript , and several newer manuscripts . It was composed or revised probably c. 800 CE from an earlier text also called the Surya Siddhanta . The Surya Siddhanta text

3286-478: The name-change earlier in accordance with the Chinese New Year . The Thai names of the months were borrowed from Khmer, which were in turn borrowed from Archaic Vietnamese. In the modern Thai calendar, months ( Thai : เดือน , RTGS :  duean , [dɯ̄ːan] , meaning "month" or " Lunation ") are defined by lunar cycles. Successive months (or lunations) are numbered from 1 to 12 within

3348-425: The next. While solar-calendar weekdays have names, lunar-calendar days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15 in two segments depending on whether the moon is waxing or waning. For example, "raem 15 kham duean 12 แรม ๑๕ ค่ำ เดือน ๑๒ " means "Waning of the 15th Night of the 12th Lunar Month". Kham ค่ำ , evening, is considered to be the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of

3410-404: The old Surya Siddhanta and date it to 505 CE. Based on a study of the longitude variation data from the text, Indian scientist Anil Narayanan (2010) concludes that the text has been updated several times in the past, with the last update around 580 CE. Narayan obtained a match for the nakshatra latitudinal data in the period 7300-7800 BCE based on a computer simulation. The Surya Siddhanta

3472-467: The sine tables and methods of calculating the sines, Surya Siddhanta also attempts to calculate the Earth's tilt of contemporary times as described in chapter 2 and verse 28, the obliquity of the Earth's axis , the verse says "The sine of greatest declination is 1397; by this multiply any sine, and divide by radius; the arc corresponding to the result is said to be the declination". The greatest declination

3534-584: The south including: Nakhon Si Thammarat , Phatthalung , Pattani , and Ko Samui . "Chak" ( Thai : ชัก ) means "to pull" and "Phra" ( Thai : พระ ) can refer to a monk, god, or Buddha image. The tradition is based on the following Buddhist legend: The Buddha’s mother, Maya , had died seven days after the Buddha-to-be was born. As she had no access to the Buddha’s teachings, he went up to Tavatimsa heaven , where she had been reborn, in order to give her

3596-417: The text variously from the 4th-century to 5th-century CE, although it is dated to about the 6th-century BCE by Markandaya and Srivastava. According to John Bowman, the version of the text existed between 350 and 400 CE wherein it referenced fractions and trigonometric functions, but the text was a living document and revised through about the 10th-century. One of the evidence for the Surya Siddhanta being

3658-404: The text, the lunar month equals 27 days 7 hours 39 minutes 12.63 seconds. It states that the lunar month varies over time, and this needs to be factored in for accurate time keeping. According to Whitney, the Surya Siddhanta calculations were tolerably accurate and achieved predictive usefulness. In Chapter 1 of Surya Siddhanta , "the Hindu year is too long by nearly three minutes and a half; but

3720-406: The water clock may also have thereafter arrived in India from Mesopotamia. However, Yukio Ôhashi considers this proposal as incorrect, suggesting instead that the Vedic timekeeping efforts, for forecasting appropriate time for rituals, must have begun much earlier and the influence may have flowed from India to Mesopotamia. Ôhashi states that it is incorrect to assume that the number of civil days in

3782-417: Was influential on the solar year computations of the luni-solar Hindu calendar . The text was translated into Arabic and was influential in medieval Islamic geography . The Surya Siddhanta has the largest number of commentators among all the astronomical texts written in India. It includes information about the mean orbital parameters of the planets, such as the number of mean revolutions per Mahayuga ,

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3844-470: Was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship. The historical popularity of Surya Siddhanta is attested by the existence of at least 26 commentaries, plus another 8 anonymous commentaries. Some of the Sanskrit-language commentaries include the following; nearly all the commentators have re-arranged and modified the text: Mallikarjuna Suri had written

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