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20-706: Ancient Tiwanaku Qirus sometimes bears Andean crosses with central eye motifs. The central eye sometimes is vertically divided. The anthropologist Scott C. Smith interprets the Andean cross motif as a top view of a platform mound (like the Akapana or Pumapunku ). According to anthropologist Robin Beck the cross motif in Yaya-Mama stone carving may have been a precursor of the Tiwanaku Andean cross. Beck suggests that

40-518: A pan-Andean offering receptacle for blood to be poured on the ground to guarantee a successful farming season. The qirus used for this purpose are different in that they do not follow the same beaker form as traditional qirus and are metal instead of clay or wood. Moquegua Moquegua ( Spanish pronunciation: [moˈkeɣwa] , founded by the Spanish colonists as Villa de Santa Catalina de Guadalcázar del Valle de Moquegua )

60-437: A shallow pattern on the surface of the cup, then filling the pattern with a durable, waterproof mixture of plant resin and pigment such as cinnabar . The finely incised lines would meet at intersection points that collaborated to create shapes such as triangles, squares, and diamonds. The shapes are organized in two to four horizontal registers. One is generally decorated with lavish, hand-painted, geometric designs that follow

80-479: A significant role in these ceremonies. The ritual importance of the kero is emphasized by the enormous stone stelas that can be found at the epicenter of the Tiwanaku state, Bolivia that contain renderings of qirus . Some of these stelas hold a snuff tray and a qiru in each of their hands. The stereotypical representation of the stelas implies that they are not representations of historical people. There

100-535: Is a city in southern Peru, located in the Department of Moquegua , of which it is the capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Province and Moquegua District . It is located 1144 kilometers south of the capital city of Lima . This region was occupied for thousands of years by successive cultures of indigenous peoples . The Wari culture built numerous monuments, and developed terraced fields to support crop cultivation on hillsides hundreds of years before

120-442: Is a strong religious connection with the kero as well. Chicha was known as an important ritual libation and offering in ancient Andean culture. Chicha was served in qirus , where a special goblet version of the qiru was very closely connected to the "Sacrifice Ceremony" depicted on Moche painted ceramics. Many depictions of the qiru show a maize plant emerging from the vessel. These renderings allude to qirus ' use as

140-533: The Chavín culture site of Chavín de Huántar . Construction of Chavín de Huántar began around 1200 BCE and the site continued in use to about 400 BCE. The exact date of the Tello Obelisk is not known, but based on its style it probably dates to the middle of this range, around 800 BCE. The form of the Andean cross may be replicated in the Akapana, a large terraced platform mound with a central reservoir built at

160-578: The Inca conquered them and expanded their territory into this area. Cerro Baúl is the remains of a Wari monumental site, on top of a hill outside of Moquegua. Numerous Tiwanaku sites are also in the area. It was an important colonial center for the Tiwanaku state. The valley is the only area of Peru to house both Wari and Tiwanaku ruins. The Chiribaya culture flourished in the Moquegua area and near

180-738: The French architect, Gustave Eiffel , who designed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. In this main square the Jose Carlos Mariategui Museum and the Contisuyo Museum, are located. The Casa del Regidor Perpetuo de la Ciudad , is a house built in the 18th century. It has a front of carved stone. Operated as a house museum, it is furnished with high quality antiques. The district of Torata , located 24 km away from

200-610: The Indians for their inevitable conversion to Christianity. The stepped motif has received strong attention from various New Age practitioners and contemporary spiritual leaders. These people claim a relationship with the constellation of the Southern Cross and that all corners and steps have special symbolic meanings. According to Jessica Joyce Christie, the Inka may have shared some of those meanings; however Christie notes that

220-541: The New Age claim "[...] is purely speculative and unsubstantiated by any historical sources." Qiru A qiru (also spelled kero , quero , and locally also qero ) is an ancient Andean cup used to drink liquids like alcohol , or more specifically, chicha . They can be made from wood, ceramics, silver, or gold. They were traditionally used in Andean feasts. Qirus were decorated by first cutting

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240-598: The Pacific island coast from about 1000 until 1360. According to Inca Garcilaso de la Vega , the Inca Emperor Mayta Cápac organized the military expedition that extended the Inca domains to the shore of the Pacific. They overcame other indigenous peoples in the 15th century; in the next century they were conquered by the Spanish. There is no definite information about the year of the city's founding by

260-524: The Spanish. Tradition holds that the colonial city was founded on 25 November 1541, by Pedro Cansino and his wife Josefina de Bilbao. This city is located in the mountains of the region of the same name. It has many gardens and other tourist attractions, which make it a popular destination in Peru . The Plaza de Armas , is the Main Square and center of the city. It was designed in the 19th century by

280-520: The Tiwanaku Andean cross is a representation of a "platform-chamber complex". The Andean cross (Chakana) is one of the oldest symbols in the Andes. The oldest complete Chakana was found at an approximately 4,000-year-old temple complex by a team of archaeologists led by archaeologist Pieter Van Dalen. It appears as a prominent element of the decoration of the Tello Obelisk, a decorated monolithic pillar discovered by Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello at

300-465: The city, has traditional houses with mojinete roofs. The parish church has beautiful wood carvings. The Pan-American Highway passes through the city. Moquegua's economy is largely based on mining. Resources include copper, silver, gold and molybdenum . Cuajone and part of Toquepala Mine are located in the Mcal. Nieto Province. A copper smelter and refinery to treat copper concentrates from those mines

320-500: The holy cross, after they heard how Pedro de Candia had miraculously defied a lion and a tiger holding a cross. When the Spaniards captured the city, they transferred the cross to sacristy of the newly built cathedral, where De la Vega saw it in 1560. He was surprised that the clergy had not decorated it with gold or gems. Ongoing stories about indigenous crosses contributed to the idea of a 'natural' religion that would have prepared

340-496: The site of Tiahuanaco by people of the Tiwanaku culture near Lake Titicaca , Bolivia and dating to about AD 400. Tiwanaku was the center of the Tiwanaku Empire , which thrived in the southern Andes from about 400 to 1000 CE. The mestizo historian Garcilaso de la Vega, el Ynga , reports about a holy cross of white and red marble or jasper , which was venerated in 16th-century Cusco . The Incas began to venerate

360-698: The traditional techniques in Písac ceramics. Others, however, may be painted with narrative scenes that show the life of the Inca. Those Qirus which show the life of the Inca were produced in colonial times and are not authentic Incan Qirus. Many times they are solitary, other times they are found together with other types of Peruvian pottery. Qiru production reached its peak between 1000 and 1200 CE but continued after European contact. Qirus are most commonly found in Moquegua , Peru . The Museo Contisuyo in Moquegua has qirus on display. During Inca times,

380-509: The vessels were typically made in identical pairs. This followed the custom that two individuals were required to drink together and both qirus in the pair would have identical size, shape, and decoration. These pairs were typically used for toasts in ceremonies and were also given along with textiles as gifts as a sign of Inca generosity. Qiru production began in the Early Intermediate Period (100-600 CE), which

400-463: Was a time period that witnessed socio-political intensification and saw an increase in the amount of political elites throughout the Andes . This was only furthered by the ritualistic ceremonies of the time. The cultures of the Andes became intermixed through these ceremonies and they contributed to the further stratification of classes because of their emphasis on hierarchy and authority. Qirus played

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