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25-703: The site of Chalcedon is located on a small peninsula on the north coast of the Sea of Marmara , near the mouth of the Bosphorus . A stream, called the Chalcis or Chalcedon in antiquity and now known as the Kurbağalıdere (Turkish: stream with frogs ), flows into Fenerbahçe Bay. There, Greek colonists from Megara in Attica founded the settlement of Chalcedon in 685 BC, some seventeen years before Byzantium. The Greek name of

50-531: A metropolitan see , but without suffragans . There is a list of its bishops in Le Quien , completed by Anthimus Alexoudes , revised for the early period by Pargoire . Among others are: The Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Chalcedon holds senior rank (currently third position) within the Greek Orthodox patriarchal synod of Constantinople . The incumbent is Metropolitan Athanasios Papas. The cathedral

75-644: A decade thereafter, Chalcedon furnished an encampment to the Persians under Chosroes II (cf. Siege of Constantinople (626) ). It later fell for a time to the Arabs under Yazid (cf. Siege of Constantinople (674) ). Chalcedon was badly damaged during the Fourth Crusade (1204). It came definitively under Ottoman rule under Orhan Gazi a century before the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople . Chalcedon

100-512: A part of the kingdom of Bithynia , whose king Nicomedes willed Bithynia to the Romans upon his death in 74 BC. The city was partly destroyed by Mithridates . The governor of Bithynia, Cotta , had fled to Chalcedon for safety along with thousands of other Romans. Three thousand of them were killed, sixty ships captured, and four ships destroyed in Mithridates' assault on the city. During

125-660: Is commonly referred to as the Marmara Earthquake since its epicentre lay under the Sea and most of the places worst affected by the quake and ensuing tsunami lay along its shores. During a storm on 29 December 1999, the Russian oil tanker Volgoneft broke in two in the Sea of Marmara, spilling more than 1,500 tonnes of oil into the water. In 2021 the shores of the Sea of Marmara were disfigured by marine mucilage - nicknamed 'sea snot' - caused, at least in part, by

150-636: Is that of St. Euphemia . After the Great Schism , the Latin Church retained Chalcedon as a titular see with archiepiscopal rank, with known incumbents since 1356. Among the titular bishops named to this see were William Bishop (1623–1624) and Richard Smith (1624–1632), who were appointed vicars apostolic for the pastoral care of Catholics in England at a time when that country had no Catholic diocesan bishops. Such appointments ceased after

175-549: The Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, separating Turkey’s European and Asian sides. It has an area of 11,350 km (4,380 sq mi), and its dimensions are 280 km × 80 km (174 mi × 50 mi). Its greatest depth is 1,370 m (4,490 ft). The Sea of Marmara is named after the largest island on its south side, called Marmara Island because it is rich in marble ( Greek μάρμᾰρον , mármaron 'marble'). In classical antiquity , it

200-583: The Gulf of Bandırma ( Turkish : Bandırma Körfezi ), and the Gulf of Erdek ( Turkish : Erdek Körfezi ). The surface salinity of the Marmara averages about 22 parts per thousand, which is slightly more than that of the Black Sea , but only about two-thirds that of most oceans . The water is much more saline at the bottom of the sea, averaging a salinity of around 38 parts per thousand, similar to that of

225-649: The Mediterranean Sea . This high-density saline water does not migrate to the surface as is also the case with the Black Sea. Water from the Susurluk , Biga (Granicus), and Gönen Rivers also reduces the salinity of the sea, though with less effect than on the Black Sea. With little land in Thrace draining southward, almost all of these rivers flow from Anatolia . There are two main groups of islands in

250-603: The Second Vatican Council and the titular see has not been assigned since 1967. Chalcedon has also been a titular archbishopric for two Eastern Catholic church dioceses: Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara , also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea , is a small inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey . It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via

275-575: The 6th-century BC Persian general Megabazus allegedly remarked that Chalcedon's founders must have been blind. Indeed, Strabo and Pliny relate that the oracle of Apollo told the Athenians and Megarians who founded Byzantium in 657 BC to build their city "opposite to the blind", and that they interpreted "the blind" to mean Chalcedon, the "City of the Blind". Nevertheless, trade thrived in Chalcedon;

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300-887: The Byzantines and later the Ottoman Turks used it as a quarry for building materials for Constantinople 's monumental structures. Chalcedon also fell repeatedly to armies attacking Constantinople from the east. In 361 AD it was the location of the Chalcedon tribunal , where Julian the Apostate brought his enemies to trial. In 451 AD an ecumenical council of Christian leaders convened here. See below for this Council of Chalcedon . The general Belisarius probably spent his years of retirement on his estate of Rufinianae in Chalcedonia. Beginning in 616 and for at least

325-462: The Empire, Chalcedon recovered, and was given the status of a free city. It fell under the repeated attacks of the barbarian hordes who crossed over after having ravaged Byzantium, including some referred to as Scythians who attacked during the reign of Valerian and Gallienus in the mid 3rd century . Chalcedon suffered somewhat from its proximity to the new imperial capital at Constantinople . First

350-537: The Sea of Marmara. To the north lie the Princes' Islands , an archipelago made up of the inhabited islands of Kınaliada , Burgazada , Heybeliada , Büyükada and Sedef Adası and several uninhabited islands including Sivriada , Yassıada , Kaşıkadası and Tavşanadası . The inhabited islands are readily accessible by ferry from both the European and Asian shores of İstanbul and the entire archipelago forms part of

375-493: The ancient town is from its Phoenician name qart-ħadaʃt , meaning "New Town", whence Karkhēd(ōn), as similarly is the name of Carthage . The mineral chalcedony is named after the city. The mound of Fikirtepe has yielded remains dating to the Chalcolithic period (5500–3500 BC) and attest to a continuous settlement since prehistoric times. Phoenicians were active traders in this area. Pliny states that Chalcedon

400-648: The conurbation. To the south lie the Marmara Islands , an archipelago made up of the eponymous Marmara Island and three other inhabited islands – Avşa , Paşalimanı and Ekinlik – as well as of seventeen largely uninhabited islands including the prison island of Imralı whose most famous prisoner, since 1999, has been the PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan . These islands lie within Balıkesir province and are most readily accessible from Tekirdağ in Thrace or Erdek on

425-418: The dumping of untreated waste into the water. Towns and cities on the coast of the Sea of Marmara include: Bursa Province Çanakkale Province Tekirdağ Province Chalcedon tribunal Shortly after the death of Roman emperor Constantius II , his successor Julian held a tribunal at the city of Chalcedon , which was then a suburb of Constantinople . Saturninius Secundus Salutius , who

450-508: The limits of the Sea of Marmara as follows: On the West . The Dardanelles limit of the Aegean Sea [A line joining Kum Kale (26°11'E) and Cape Helles ]. On the Northeast . A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli (41°13′N). The sea's south coast is heavily indented and includes the Gulf of İzmit ( Turkish : İzmit Körfezi ), the Gulf of Gemlik ( Turkish : Gemlik Körfezi ),

475-677: The sea" in Chalcedonia lies "the fountain Azaritia, which contains small crocodiles". In its early history Chalcedon shared the fortunes of Byzantium. Later, the 6th-century BC Persian satrap Otanes captured it. The city vacillated for a long while between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interests. Darius the Great 's bridge of boats, built in 512 BC for his Scythian campaign, extended from Chalcedonia to Thrace . Chalcedon formed

500-701: The southern shore of the Sea of Marmara. In high summer additional ferries travel to Avşa and Marmara Islands from the centre of İstanbul to facilitate a growing tourist trade. There are also a few individual islands elsewhere in the Sea of Marmara, such as Koç Adası, off Tuzla , which is privately owned by the Koç family of industrialists. The North Anatolian Fault runs under the sea and has triggered several major earthquakes , such as those in Izmit and Düzce in August and November 1999 respectively. The August 1999 earthquake

525-674: The town flourished and built many temples, including one to Apollo , which had an oracle. Chalcedonia, the territory dependent upon Chalcedon, stretched up the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus at least as far as the temple of Zeus Urius , now the site of Yoros Castle , and may have included the north shore of the Bay of Astacus which extends towards Nicomedia . Important villages in Chalcedonia included Chrysopolis (the modern Üsküdar ) and Panteicheion ( Pendik ). Strabo notes that "a little above

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550-415: Was an episcopal see at an early date and several Christian martyrs are associated with Chalcedon: It was the site of various ecclesiastical councils. The Fourth Ecumenical Council , known as 'the' Council of Chalcedon , was convened in 451 and defined the human and divine natures of Jesus , which provoked the schism with the churches composing Oriental Orthodoxy . After the council, Chalcedon became

575-484: Was first named Procerastis, a name which may be derived from a point of land near it: then it was named Colpusa, from the harbour probably; and finally Caecorum Oppidum, or the town of the blind. Chalcedon originated as a Megarian colony in 685 BC. The colonists from Megara settled on a site that was viewed in antiquity as so obviously inferior to that visible on the opposite shore of the Bosphorus (with its small settlements of Lygos and Semistra on Seraglio Point ), that

600-790: Was known as the Propontis , from the Greek words pro 'before' and pontos 'sea', reflecting the fact that the Ancient Greeks used to sail through it to reach the Black Sea , which they called Pontos . In Greek mythology , a storm on the Propontis brought the Argonauts back to an island they had left, precipitating a battle in which either Jason or Heracles killed King Cyzicus , who had mistaken them for his Pelasgian enemies. The International Hydrographic Organization defines

625-409: Was raised to the rank of Praetorian Prefect was given the chief oversight and with him were associated Claudius Mamertinus (another civilian), and four military commanders, Arbitio , Agilo , Nevitta and Jovinus . The first two were ex-officers of Constantius, while the other two had served with Julian. At this tribunal a large part of Constantius's ministers were brought to trial. In charge of

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