84-471: Çalım Tatar pronunciation: [ɕʌˈlɯm] was a citadel and a staff of Tatar troops, which was constructed during the Kazan War for the restoration of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552-1556. The citadel was constructed by the people under Mameshbirde at the right bank of Volga at the Sundır hill in 1555. It was situated in 160 çaqrım upper than Kazan . In 1556, it was seized by Russian troops and ruined. This Russian history –related article
168-665: A great trade centre of the Russian Empire . In 1896, at a fair , an All-Russia Exhibition was organized. During the Soviet period , the city turned into an important industrial centre, and was known as Gorky. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period. Around this time, the city was given the nickname "Russian Detroit ". Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union
252-565: A municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug . In December 2011, Marat Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin 's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City ( Russian : Нагорная часть , Nagornaya chast , Mountainous part )
336-501: A Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” ( nizhegorodets ) for male or “нижегородка” ( nizhegorodka ) for female, rendered in English as Nizhegorodian . Novgorodian is improper; it refers to a resident of Veliky Novgorod . Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown"), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod (Veliky Novgorod) to
420-562: A foreign witness, Sigismund von Herberstein . Belsky's huge army spent 20 days encamped on an island opposite Kazan, awaiting the arrival of Russian cavalrymen. Then news came that part of the cavalry had been defeated, and the vessels loaded with provisions had been captured by the Tatars. Although the army suffered from hunger, Belsky at once laid siege to the city and soon the Tatars sent their envoys proposing terms. Belsky accepted them and speedily returned to Moscow. Prince Belsky returned to
504-590: A large truck and tractor plant ( GAZ ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther . There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in
588-460: A population of 1,228,199 within city limits and two million in the urban agglomeration, making it the sixth-largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg and Kazan . Russians make up 94.8% of the city's population. Among the remainder are Tatars , Armenians , Azerbaijanis , Ukrainians , Uzbeks , Jews and others. The area operates in what
672-482: A puppet on the throne during the 1466–1469 Kazan succession crisis, the 1469 peace treaty meant 20 years of relative peace between Muscovy and an initially anti-Muscovite khan, Ibrahim . During the 1486–1487 succession dispute, however, Ivan managed to place the Crimean khan Meñli I Giray 's stepson Möxämmädämin (Muhammed Amin) on the throne of Kazan. When Ivan III died in 1505, his will still allocated tributes to
756-458: A small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by grand prince Yuri II of Vladimir in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of East Slavic settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the capture of Kazan in 1552. The independent existence of
840-646: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kazan War The Russo-Kazan Wars were a series of short, intermittent wars fought between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan between 1437 and 1556. Most of these were wars of succession in Kazan, in which Muscovy intervened on behalf of the dynastic interests of its main ally, the Crimean Khanate . For most of
924-459: Is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided: The Lower City ( Russian : Заречная часть , Zarechnaya chast , Over river part ) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts: All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931. Nizhny Novgorod has
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#17327799302531008-592: Is possible that his ex-wife bought two apartments in Miami in 2013 and 2014 for a total of almost $ 2 million. On 23 May 2017, Karnilin wrote a letter of resignation, which was adopted by the City Duma. All this time, an anti-corruption check was going on, which began long before the “investigation” of Alexei Navalny. After Ivan Karnilin, the last position of the head of the city was held by Elizaveta Solonchenko , who held it from 21 June to 20 December 2017. After that,
1092-540: Is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place. During World War II , from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to air raids and bombardments by Germany . The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was a major supplier of military equipment to the front. Of the attacks made in the rear of the Soviet Union , these became the most powerful in
1176-556: Is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of UTC , or UTC+3 . Daylight saving time is no longer observed. In 1834, the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service; since 1978, it has been known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department. The climate in
1260-462: Is short but intense, with strong wind . In September, temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in autumn , and the sky is overcast. Nizhny Novgorod constituency for the State Duma . The city of Nizhny Novgorod is governed by the city administration and the City Duma. The mayor of the city may be the chairman of
1344-645: The Baltic Sea for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters to Bothnian Bay climates near the Arctic Circle , but instead has very warm summers for its latitude. Nizhny receives on average 1,775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75% to 80% of
1428-724: The Christianisation of Kievan Rus' was boosted by the conversion of Volodimer in c. 988. In the 1430s, the Khanate of Kazan emerged on the mid-Volga, breaking away from the Golden Horde , and roughly comprising the area of former Volga Bulgaria. Charles J. Halperin (1987) noted: 'Muscovy's relations with the Kazan' khanate were complex, her aggressive intentions tempered by the lure of trade and her own limited military capability.' Both Kazan and Muscovy experienced wars of succession within their reigning families in
1512-701: The Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “ Time of Troubles ” and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty . The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky , although it is locally known simply as Minin Square . Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on 21 October 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky
1596-678: The Qasim Khanate , the Crimean Khanate , the Astrakhan Khanate , and the Khanate of Kazan, although the sums were smaller than those of previous Muscovite princes. Vasily III continued Ivan's pro-Crimean policies, and during their reigns, the Khanate of Kazan, the Principality of Moscow and the Crimea Khanate were allies, the latter being the senior partner of the other two. The boundary between Muscovy and Kazan
1680-508: The Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927. The Marxist activist and Tsarist dissident Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat . When he returned to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin , the city was renamed Gorky . The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home
1764-457: The Tatars of Kazan . The enormous red-brick Kremlin , one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536. In 1612, the so-called "national militia", gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin , and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled
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#17327799302531848-589: The Volga , with their eyes fixed on Kazan, but autumn rains and rasputitsa ("quagmire season") hindered the progress of Russian forces. When frosty winter came, the Russian generals launched an invasion of the northern Vyatka Region. The campaign fell apart for lack of unity of purpose and military capability. The following year, the Russians set out from Kotelnich in the Vyatka Land . They sailed down
1932-808: The Volga Federal District in Russia . The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia , with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia , the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural centre in Russia and
2016-632: The Vyatka River and the Kama towards the Volga, pillaging merchant vessels on their way. In response, Ibrahim mounted a counter-offensive, overran Vyatka, and forced local inhabitants into slavery for the duration of the campaign. In 1469, a much stronger army was raised and, sailing down the Volga and the Oka, linked up in Nizhny Novgorod . The Russians marched downstream and ravaged the neighbourhood of Kazan but did not dare to lay siege to
2100-484: The 15th and 16th century. The Muscovite War of Succession between Vasily Vasilyevich and his uncle Dmitry Shemyaka tore Muscovy apart from 1425 to 1453, while Ulugh Muhammad (Ulu-Mehmed), the first khan of Kazan, was murdered by his son Mäxmüd (Mahmutek), who then expelled his brothers Qasim and Yakub. For most of the decades-long intermittent conflict, neither the Kazanians sought to conquer Moscow, nor did
2184-417: The 800th anniversary. Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative centre (capital) of Volga Federal District and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities , incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As
2268-505: The Arsk Tower but, when the Russians started to celebrate their victory, ventured out and inflicted an excruciating defeat on them (June 25). Although it was the most brilliant Tatar victory in decades, Moxammat Amin – for some reason not clearly understood – resolved to sue for peace and paid homage to Ivan's successor, Vasily III of Russia . A new massacre of Russian merchants and envoys residing in Kazan took place in 1521. Vasily III
2352-467: The City Duma; however, it may be another person. The mayor is at the head of the city. The city administration and the city duma are subordinate to him. There are no direct elections of the mayor for city residents. The mayor is appointed by the decision of the City Duma . Since 28 October 2020, Yuri Shalabaev has been the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod. District heads are not elected. From 1991 to 2009,
2436-720: The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR , the city was awarded the Order of Lenin . Mátyás Rákosi , the former Stalinist General Secretary of Hungary 's communist party , died in exile there in 1971. On 20 November 1985, in the city, the first section of the metro was launched. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to
2520-504: The Muscovites make any attempt to conquer Kazan. The foreign policy of Ivan III centred on his alliance with the Crimean Khanate , and both Ivan III and Vasily III used their military might to uphold the dynastic interests of the Crimean khans in Kazan. The princes of Moscow contented themselves with maintaining a pro-Crimean khan on the Kazan throne whenever they could exploit a dynastic conflict. Although Ivan III failed to put
2604-535: The Russians used Qasim Tatars to contain him. After his advance was stalled near Murom , Safa Giray was forced to withdraw towards his own borders. These reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali , gained enough popular support to usurp the throne more than once. In 1545, Ivan IV mounted an expedition to the Volga River, mainly in order to flex muscles and to show his support for pro-Russian factions. Little
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2688-661: The Tatar capital because Qasim's widow had pledged to negotiate an advantageous peace with Ibrahim (her son). In the meantime, the units from Yaroslavl and Veliky Ustyug vainly attempted to win Vyatka to the Russian side. After negotiations were broken, the Tatars clashed with the Russians in two bloody but indecisive battles. In autumn 1469 Ivan III launched a third invasion of the khanate. The Russian commander, Prince Daniil Kholmsky , besieged Kazan, cut off water supplies, and compelled Ibrahim to surrender. Ivan failed to get Qasim on
2772-481: The Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan. It was used as the Russian place d'armes during the decisive campaign of 1552. On 16 June 1552 Ivan IV led a 150,000-strong Russian army from Moscow towards Kolomna . They routed the Crimean Tatars under Devlet Giray near Tula before turning to the east. The tsar pressed on towards Kazan, and the final siege of the Tatar capital commenced on 30 August. Under
2856-566: The Volga from Nizhny Novgorod and laid siege to Kazan on 18 May. The city fell to the Russians on 9 June. Ilham was sent in chains to Moscow before being imprisoned in Vologda , while Moxammat Amin was proclaimed the new khan. In reference to this victorious campaign, Ivan III proclaimed himself "Lord of Volga Bulgaria ". The last war of Ivan's reign was instigated by Ilham's widow, who married Moxammat Amin and persuaded him to assert his independence from Moscow in 1505. The rebellion broke out into
2940-462: The centre of all-Russian merchants. On 15 July 1822 the largest Nizhny Novgorod fair was solemnly opened on the left bank of the Oka . Then Nizhny Novgorod became the main city of all-Russian and international trade. In 1929, the Fair was closed, and the city's economy began to develop in a completely different direction. The Soviet city of Gorky became one of the largest industrial centres in Russia,
3024-561: The cities of Europe and Central Asia. In May 1767, during the royal visit of Empress Catherine II , she ordered the creation of a new enterprise, the Nizhny Novgorod Trading Company. The main factor in the formation of Nizhny Novgorod as the main trading centre of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century was the transfer here in 1817 of the Makariev Fair . At the expense of the treasury, under
3108-535: The city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro was opened. In 2016, Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant , which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air and Space Defence Corporation. The Kremlin – the historic centre of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The demonym for
3192-490: The city's incorporation into the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuysky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily I of Moscow . After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against
3276-800: The end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. Snow first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In spring there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in
3360-537: The enemy after setting the fortress on fire. On 7 July 1445, the Russians and the Tatars clashed in the Battle of Suzdal near the walls of St. Euphemius Monastery . The battle was a resounding success for the Tatars, who took Vasily II prisoner. It took four months (July–November 1445) and an enormous ransom to recover the monarch from captivity. Ulugh Muhammad (Ulu-Mehmed) died in late 1445, murdered by his eldest son Mäxmüd of Kazan (Mahmutek). A conflict arose over
3444-470: The entire duration of the war. During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists travelling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by
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3528-622: The general project and under the leadership of Augustine de Betancourt , the largest guest complex in Europe was created. At the stage before 1822, the Cathedral of the Savior was built according to the project of Auguste de Montferrand , 3 administrative, 4 “Chinese” wooden and 56 brick buildings with thousands of shops, hotels, taverns and a summer theatre. For the first time in Europe , sewerage
3612-428: The head of the city and the head of the administration. Oleg Sorokin was elected mayor of the city. At an extraordinary meeting of the City Duma on 3 December 2010, Oleg Kondrashov was approved as the head of the administration of Nizhny Novgorod. On 22 July 2015, by the decision of the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod, Kondrashov was removed from his post. Since then, he has been wanted by the police . On 19 December 2017,
3696-573: The khan of Kazan, Ulugh Muhammad , defeated Muscovite troops in the Battle of Belyov . In 1439, Ulugh advanced on Moscow with a large army. Vasily II of Moscow fled from his capital across the Volga River . Tatars devastated the outskirts of Moscow for 10 days and on their way back to Kazan burned Kolomna ; they also took many captives. The campaign of 1445 was disastrous for Muscovy and had major repercussions in Russian politics. Hostilities broke out when khan Ulugh Muhammad (Ulu-Mehmed) took
3780-496: The khan's brother-in-law was killed in action and the horde retreated. Ivan's death prevented hostilities from being renewed until May 1506, when Prince Fyodor Belsky led Russian forces against Kazan. After the Tatar cavalry attacked his rear, many Russians took flight or drowned in the Foul Lake (22 May). Prince Vasily Kholmsky was sent to relieve Belsky and defeated the khan on Arsk Field on June 22. Moxammat Amin withdrew to
3864-438: The leading role in which belonged to the enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking and information technology. At the same time, the first auto giant, the Gorky Automobile Plant , was built. The very foundation of the city at the confluence of two navigable rivers predetermined both its military-strategic and commercial significance. Local merchants traded not only with Moscow, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan, but also with
3948-432: The mayor of the city was elected by the townspeople for a term of 5 years. During this time, four people have been in this post: Dmitry Bednyakov, Ivan Sklyarov , Yuri Lebedev, Vadim Bulavinov (twice). In recent years, the role of the regional government headed by the governor in city affairs has significantly increased. On 25 October 2010, the position of mayor was abolished and instead two formal positions appeared -
4032-491: The mayor of the city, Oleg Sorokin, was arrested. On 7 March 2019, the Nizhny Novgorod District Court sentenced him to 10 years in a strict regime colony with a fine of 460.8 million rubles. On 7 October 2015, Ivan Karnilin became the head of the city. In December 2016, opposition blogger Alexei Navalny published a video of his investigation, featuring Karnilin as the hero. As it turned out, it
4116-622: The medieval fort was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed. After the death of Yuri II on 4 March 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River , the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers. Along with Moscow and Tver , Nizhny Novgorod
4200-470: The mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire . The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics,
4284-478: The open on Saint John's Day, when the Tatars massacred Russian merchants and envoys present at the annual Kazan Fair. A huge army of the Kazan and Nogai Tatars then advanced towards Nizhny Novgorod and besieged the city. The affair was decided by 300 Lithuanian archers, who had been captured by Russians in the Battle of Vedrosha and lived in Nizhny in captivity. They managed to put the Tatar vanguard into disarray:
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#17327799302534368-588: The period, neither side sought to conquer the other, until Ivan the Terrible decided to annex Kazan upon the successful 1552 siege , which was followed by a rebellion lasting until 1556 . Before it separated from the Golden Horde, the Kazan region was part of Volga Bulgaria (c. 630–1240) and then the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde (c. 1240–1438). They adopted Islam in 921, several decades before
4452-630: The population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000. The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moskovsky railway station in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build
4536-670: The post of mayor of the city returned, which was taken by Vladimir Panov . He held this position from 17 January 2018 to 6 May 2020. Panov resigned ahead of schedule in connection with the transfer to a new position of Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for the Development of the Arctic. Since 6 May 2020, Yury Shalabaev has taken the post of mayor. He introduced the practice of weekly online meetings with city residents in his Telegram channel. This significantly affected
4620-451: The region is continental, specifically humid continental ( Dfb ), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow , although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from
4704-535: The region. In revenge, Ivan III sent his generals to sack the neighbourhood of Kazan. At that time Ibrahim died and was succeeded by Ilham , whilst his half-brother Moxammat Amin fled to Moscow. Ivan III allowed him to settle in Kashira and pledged his support for Moxammat's claims to the Tatar throne. In 1484 Russia placed Moxammat Amin on the throne, but within a year Ilham regained power. In 1487 Ivan again found it prudent to intervene in Kazan affairs and replace Ilham with Moxammat Amin. Prince Kholmsky sailed down
4788-422: The seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved there from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Primary Chronicle , the Laurentian Codex , was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377. After
4872-432: The second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. Summer comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves . Summer rain
4956-439: The sides and bottom with a ribbon of the Order of Lenin. Above the upper part of the coat of arms there is a five-toothed crown, showing that Nizhny Novgorod is an urban district - the capital of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . The unofficial historical symbols of the city are also the Dmitrievskaya Tower of the Kremlin , the Spit and the Chkalov Stairs . Since the reign of Emperor Alexander III , Nizhny Novgorod has become
5040-399: The speed of execution of various instructions and control. Shalabaev works closely with Governor Gleb Nikitin . Under his mayorship, a large-scale modernization of public transport continues: the purchase of new transport, the introduction of contactless payment, the construction of new metro stations. The quality of roads has also improved. The system of Nizhny Novgorod central diameters
5124-415: The strategic fortress of Nizhny Novgorod and invaded Muscovy. Vasily II mustered an army and defeated the Tatars near Murom and Gorokhovets . Thinking the war over, he disbanded his forces and returned to Moscow in triumph, only to learn that the Tatars had besieged Nizhny Novgorod again. A new army was mustered and marched towards Suzdal , where they met the Russian generals who had surrendered Nizhny to
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#17327799302535208-454: The subject of the longest poem in the Russian language, Mikhail Kheraskov 's epic Rossiada (1771–1779). After the fall of Kazan, a guerrilla uprising known as the Kazan rebellion or Kazan War (1552–1556) started in the region, lasting several years until its final suppression in 1556. The Tsar responded with a policy of Christianization and Russification of his Tatar subjects and other indigenous peoples, an approach not reversed until
5292-433: The supervision of Prince Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky , the Russians used ram weapons, a battery-tower , mines , and 150 cannons. The Russians had the advantage of efficient military engineers , such as Ivan Vyrodkov , Nemchin Erazm ("Rozmysl") from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the English engineer Butler. The besiegers blocked the city's water supply and breached the walls before the final storming on 2 October led to
5376-429: The taking of the city of Kazan, and the razing of its fortifications. The conquest of Kazan had as its primary effect the assertion of Moscow's control over the Middle Volga . The Bashkirs accepted Ivan IV's authority two years later. The tsar celebrated his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, most famously Saint Basil's Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. The siege of Kazan forms
5460-431: The throne of Kazan, and had to recognise Ibrahim as the legitimate successor in a 1469 peace treaty. Under the terms of the peace settlement, the Tatars set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. Qasim died soon after. The Vyatka Region remained the principal bone of contention between Kazan and Moscow for decades to come. In 1478, shortly before his death, Ibrahim devastated
5544-399: The throne of Kazan, and in 1447, Mäxmüd expelled two brothers named Qasim (Kasim) and Iakub, who fled to Muscovy and offered to aid Vasily in his bid for the throne against Dmitry Shemyaka. It was in part due to these renegade Kazan princes' help that Vasily was able to regain the Muscovite throne. In 1452, Vasily would grant the former a small fiefdom known as the Qasim Khanate , centred on
5628-403: The time of Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–1796). Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod ( / ˌ n ɪ ʒ n i ˈ n ɒ v ɡ ə r ɒ d / NIZH -nee NOV -gə-rod ; Russian: Нижний Новгород , IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət] , lit. 'Lower Newtown'; colloquially shortened to Nizhny ) is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and
5712-424: The time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster (' cumulus cloud '), and disappear towards the evening. In spring, temperatures set above zero around 5 April and stay until
5796-456: The town of Kasimov on the Oka River , with revenues collected from neighbouring Ryazan . Since its formation in the 1430s and 1440s, the Khanate of Kazan had claimed tribute from peoples living on the (upper) Kama river and Vyatka river ( left-bank tributaries of the Volga ), as well as controlling access to the best routes across the Ural Mountains into western Siberia . To disrupt this control, Muscovy performed several raids into
5880-429: The turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of order of Lenin and gold crown from above. In 1817, the Makaryev Fair , one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By
5964-438: The upper Kama and Vyatka river regions between 1458 and 1462. A Kazan counter-raid at outposts near Ustyug failed. One of the Kazan tributaries that the Muscovites sought to take control of was Great Perm . The death of Mäxmüd of Kazan in 1466 or 1467 triggered a war of succession in the khanate between his son Ibrahim and his brother Qasim , the vassal of Ivan III (succeeded Vasily in 1462). Ivan's army sailed down
6048-496: The vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and the main centre of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theatres, museums and churches. The city was founded on 4 February 1221 by Prince George II of Vladimir . In 1612, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow and all Russia from the Poles and Lithuanians . In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became
6132-401: The walls of Kazan in July 1530. The khan had fortified his capital and built a new wall, yet the Russians set the city ablaze, massacring their rivals utterly (according to Rus' chronicles ) and causing their enemy, Safa Giray , to withdraw to Arsk. The Tatars sued for peace, promising to accept any khan appointed from Moscow. The tsar put Shahgali's younger brother, Canghali , on the throne. He
6216-476: The west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands," or “Lower Newtown.” This land was named “lower” ( nizhniy (нижний) ), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom . It was known from 1932 to 1990 as Gorky ( Горький , [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj] ). The city traces its origin from
6300-461: The “closed” status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990. The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on 21 August 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city's 800th Anniversary Gala Show. Natalia Vodianova gave a speech and Vladimir Putin was in attendance. The Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins to honor
6384-423: Was a minor, border skirmishes continued unabated, but the leaders of both powers were reluctant to commit their troops to open conflicts. In 1536, the Russians and Tatars were on the brink of a new war and met near Lyskovo , but the battle was averted. Over the following years, the Crimean khan constructed an offensive alliance with Safa Giray of Kazan , his relative. When Safa Giray invaded Muscovy in December 1540,
6468-475: Was achieved during the campaign of 1547-48 and the story was much the same for 1549-50. In 1551, detailed schemes for the eventual conquest of Kazan started to be aired. The tsar sent his envoy to the Nogai Horde and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. The Ar begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian authority as well. In 1551, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down
6552-591: Was among several newly founded towns that escaped devastation during the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centres in Russian political life during the hegemony of the Golden Horde . With the agreement of the Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when
6636-423: Was launched. The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod was approved on 16 August 1781. The coat of arms and flag of the city depicts a red deer, which is a symbol of nobility, purity and greatness, life, wisdom and justice. The current city coat of arms and flag were adopted on 20 December 2006. The coat of arms of the city of Nizhny Novgorod is an image of a deer on a French heraldic shield , framed on
6720-449: Was murdered by the anti-Russian faction in 1535 . Rus' chronicles record about forty attacks of Kazan khans on northeastern Rus' territories (mainly the regions of Nizhniy Novgorod , Murom , Vyatka, Vladimir , Kostroma , Galich ) in the first half of the 16th century. Half of Kazan raids occurred in the 1530s and 1540s. Besides 1521, most ruinous Kazan attacks occurred in 1522, 1533, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, and 1541. While Ivan IV
6804-485: Was near Nizhny Novgorod , about halfway between the two cities. The land east of Nizhny Novgorod was fairly difficult. Whenever the Tatars attacked, they would first hit Nizhny Novgorod and then move on Murom, Ryazan, and other places, only twice approaching Moscow. When the Rus' attacked, they would usually send two armies, one down the Volga, and one over land. As Muscovy grew stronger, fighting shifted eastward. In 1437,
6888-610: Was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed. In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs , the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov school , developed there at
6972-569: Was provided here. At the second stage, the complex of the Cathedral of the Savior was completed, a mosque and an Armenian-Gregorian church were built. The third stage marked a strict rectangular redevelopment of the fair with the paving of all streets, the creation of a number of new places of worship, including the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral , a three-story commercial building, called the Persian Caravanserai,
7056-468: Was so enraged that he forbade his subjects to visit the Kazan Fair again. Instead, the famous Makariev Fair was inaugurated downstream from Nizhny Novgorod, an establishment which undermined the economical prosperity of Kazan, thus contributing to its eventual downfall. In 1524, Prince Ivan Belsky led the 150,000-strong Russian army against the Tatar capital. This campaign is described in detail by
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