Chancellor ( Latin : cancellarius ) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries. The original chancellors were the cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli (lattice work screens) of a basilica (court hall), which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery . The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in various settings (government, education, religion ). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe:
32-587: Chancellery is the office of the chancellor , sometimes also referred to as the chancery. Both terms may also refer to: Chancellor The Chancellor of Austria ( Bundeskanzler ), is the head of the Government of Austria. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Austria is Karl Nehammer . The Chancellor of Germany ( Bundeskanzler ) is the head of government in Germany. In German politics ,
64-456: A diocese or eparchy , or their equivalent. The chancellor is a notary, so that he may certify official documents, and often has other duties at the discretion of the bishop of the diocese: he may be in charge of some aspect of finances or of managing the personnel connected with diocesan offices, although his delegated authority cannot extend to vicars of the diocesan bishop, such as vicars general , episcopal vicars or judicial vicars. His office
96-412: A few instances, the term chancellor applies to a student or faculty member in a high school or an institution of higher learning who is either appointed or elected as chancellor to preside on the highest ranking judicial board or tribunal . They handle non-academic matters such as violations of behavior. In Germany many heads of university administration carry the title Kanzler (Chancellor) while
128-458: A more marginal or subsidiary role in determining policy. Similarly, the political powers invested in the foreign minister are often more limited in presidential governments with a strong executive branch . Since the end of World War II, it has been common for both the foreign minister and defense minister to be part of an inner cabinet (commonly known as a national security council ) in order to coordinate defense and diplomatic policy . Although
160-608: Is a State Chancellor who heads the central administrative unit of the cantonal government. In the Canton of Geneva , the first documents attesting to the existence of a Chancellor go back to the 12th century. In the 16th century the Chancery is officially described as the permanent secretariat of the executive and legislature. The first of these functions still constitutes an important part of its activities in Geneva and other cantons. In
192-713: Is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia. In England, the Consistory courts of the Church of England are each presided over by a Chancellor of the Diocese. In the United Methodist Church , each Annual Conference has a Conference Chancellor, who is the Annual Conference's legal adviser and representative. While
224-411: Is within the " chancery ". Vice-chancellors may be appointed to assist the chancellor in busy chanceries. Normally, the chancellor is a priest or deacon, although in some circumstances a layperson may be appointed to the post. In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter (priest) or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by the particular law,
256-562: The Bundeskanzler is equivalent to a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag ("Federal Diet", the directly elected federal parliament) every four years on the beginning of the electoral period after general elections. Between general elections, the Chancellor (together with the whole cabinet) can only be removed from office by a konstruktives Misstrauensvotum ( constructive vote of no confidence ), which consists of
288-675: The Bundestag electing a successor. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) The former German Empire , the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany had the equivalent position of Reichskanzler as the head of the executive. Between 1871 and 1918, the Chancellor was appointed by the German Emperor . During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933),
320-667: The Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler , French: Chancelier fédéral , Italian: Cancelliere della Confederazione ) is not the political head of government, but rather its chief administrator as the Chief of Staff of the Swiss Federal Government. He is elected by the Swiss Federal Assembly (German: Bundesversammlung , French: Assemblée fédérale , Italian: Assemblea federale ) to head
352-602: The Chancellor of Justice ( Oikeuskansleri , Justitiekanslern ) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet , the Finnish Council of State . In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for
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#1732765286165384-681: The District of Columbia Public Schools , who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions, carry the title of Chancellor. New York State also has a Chancellor of the University of the State of New York , the body that licenses and regulates all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (not to be confused with the State University of New York , an actual institution of higher learning). In
416-903: The South Block in New Delhi for India's Ministry of External Affairs ; the Necessidades Palace in Lisbon for Portugal's Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; the Wilhelmstraße , in Berlin, was the location of the German Foreign Office ; and Foggy Bottom , a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., houses the Department of State . The Ministry of External Relations of Brazil is often referred as the "Itamaraty" due to
448-664: The Swedish Government . The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also a Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden . There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler , who leads the National Agency for Higher Education . In the legal system of the United Kingdom,
480-599: The canton of Bern , the Chancellor is elected by the Grand Council (i.e. Parliament) and has the task of supporting the Grand Council and the Executive Council in carrying out their tasks. The Chancellor directs the staff of the Executive Council, supports the President of the Government and the Executive Council in the performance of their duties, and usually participates as an advisor to the President of
512-474: The 19th and early 20th centuries saw many heads of government assume the foreign ministry, this practice has since become uncommon in most developed nations . In some countries, the foreign minister is typically among the highest profiles of cabinet positions. For instance, in the US, its foreign minister is the first member of cabinet in line for the presidential line of succession (with the vice president, speaker of
544-757: The Americas is referred to as the Cancillería or in Portuguese-speaking Brazil as Chancelaria . However, in Spain the term canciller refers to a civil servant in the Spanish diplomatic service responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. As to the German foreign service, the term Kanzler (chancellor) refers to the administrative head of a diplomatic mission. In Finland
576-565: The Annual Conference usually hires outside professional counsel in matters that require legal representation, that hiring and representation is done under the supervision, and with the consent, of the Conference Chancellor. A chancellor is the leader, either ceremonial or executive, of many public and private universities and related institutions. The heads of the New York City Department of Education and
608-548: The Chancellor was chosen by the President and stood under his authority. This continued (formally) during the first year of the Nazi regime until the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934. Between 1934 and 1945, Adolf Hitler combined the roles of head of state, head of government and leader of the ruling party, being officially titled " Führer und Reichskanzler " (literally "Leader and Chancellor"). In Switzerland ,
640-567: The Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzlei ) — the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council , the Swiss federal government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with a consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament (assembly). The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws. In most Swiss cantons there
672-635: The Grand Council in Grand Council sessions. In most countries of Latin America , the equivalents to "chancellor" ( Canciller in Spanish and Chanceler in Portuguese ) are commonly used to refer to the post of foreign minister . It is often used as a synonym to the full titles of the ministers of foreign affairs . Likewise, the ministry of foreign affairs in Spanish-speaking countries in
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#1732765286165704-648: The United States House of Representatives, and president pro-tempore of the United States Senate ahead of the foreign minister). The UK's foreign secretary belongs to the four Great Offices of State (along with the prime minister, chancellor of the exchequer, and home secretary). Along with their political roles, foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders and going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister
736-659: The United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution , a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States . As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a university's chancellor . The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of
768-508: The academical heads carry the title Rektor (Rector). In order to avoid any misunderstanding, the head of the German Federal Government is therefore usually called by the official title Bundeskanzler ( Federal Chancellor). Foreign minister In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA ) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for
800-795: The foreign minister is colloquially called " chancellor " ( canciller in the Spanish-speaking countries and chanceler in the Portuguese-speaking Brazil). Diplomats, themselves, and historians often refer to the foreign ministry by its local address, for example, the Ballhausplatz in Vienna housed the Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary ; the Quai d'Orsay in Paris for France's Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs ;
832-573: The head of government (such as prime minister or president). In some nations, such as India , the foreign minister is referred to as the minister for external affairs ; or others, such as Brazil and the states created from the former Soviet Union , call the position the minister of external relations. In the United States, the secretary of state is the member of the Cabinet who handles foreign relations. Other common titles may include minister of foreign relations. In many countries of Latin America,
864-472: The ministry, comparably to a Permanent Secretary in Great Britain. A ministry can also have one or several Vice-Chancellors ( Asekantsler ), who fulfill the duties of the Chancellor, when they are absent. The Chancellor of Justice ( Õiguskantsler , currently Ülle Madise ) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In
896-517: The state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660 until 1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery", and was replaced in 1730 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs". In Estonia, a Chancellor ( Kantsler ) directs the work of a ministry and coordinates institutions subject to
928-421: The state's foreign policy and relations , diplomacy , bilateral , and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support, including consular services, for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entity is usually headed by a foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs (the title may vary, such as secretary of state who has the same functions). The foreign minister typically reports to
960-403: The term can refer to these officials: Some U.S. states , like Delaware , Tennessee , and Mississippi , still maintain a separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors. In Denmark, the office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of
992-577: The two homonymous palaces that served as its headquarters, the original one in Rio de Janeiro (1899–1970) and the present Itamaraty Palace (since 1970) in Brasília . Indonesians also often refer to their Ministry of Foreign Affairs as "Pejambon", since the ministry's main headquarters is located at Pejambon Street, Central Jakarta . During the Russian Empire , which lasted until 1917, the term used
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1024-655: Was the Choristers' Bridge in Saint Petersburg . In contrast, the Italian ministry was called the Consulta . A foreign minister's powers vary from government to government. In a classic parliamentary system , a foreign minister can potentially exert significant influence in forming foreign policy but when the government is dominated by a strong prime minister , the foreign minister may be limited to playing
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