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36-736: Most of the historical Chané were subjects of and absorbed by the Eastern Bolivian Guarani , commonly called Chiriguanos, while the Guaná were subjects of the Mbayá , a Guaycuruan speaking people. The Chané, together with other Arawak groups, are believed to have originated in northeastern South America, but to have spread southward about 2,500 years ago. They developed an agrarian culture, built densely populated villages, cultivated corn, peanuts, cotton and squash, and are famous for their ceramics and graphics which have been found mainly in

72-401: Is by far the most important variety and it is often referred to simply as Guaraní. This Tupian languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Bolivia -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Salta Province Salta ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsalta] ) is a province of Argentina , located in

108-463: Is home to a number of natural, social and historic attractions. The provincial capital city, also named Salta and nicknamed "La Linda" ("The beautiful") is both an important tourist destination, and the centre point for visiting the rest of the province. The city holds different attractions; among them are its colonial houses and cathedral, and the Museo de Arqueología de Alta Montaña de Salta that holds

144-558: Is sent to the rest of Argentina and other countries. The plant in San Martín de Tabacal is the most important of them. The famous wines of the Valles Calchaquíes region (mainly Torrontés , Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon ) near Cafayate are produced in numerous vineyards of diverse sizes. American breeds of cattle are raised only on the humid subtropical east, along with some sheep and goats . The Salta province

180-473: The Argentine Declaration of Independence , Bolivia annexed Tarija in 1826. In 1834, Jujuy withdrew from Salta and became a separate province. The borders of Salta were further reduced in 1900, with the loss of Yacuiba to Bolivia. The National Government of Los Andes, constituted from the province in 1902 with a capital at San Antonio de los Cobres , was returned to Salta Province in 1943 as

216-518: The Diablillos mine . Agriculture and its derived industries are still an important activity in the province, adding over 10% to output. Tobacco , sugar cane and viticulture are the most important and produce most of the exports from the area. Other crops mostly for local consumption are maize , beans , citrus , bananas , and tomatoes . The sugar cane is processed in plants in Salta before it

252-528: The Muslims have a mosque, both in Salta City. Salta's Jews are mostly of Ashkenazim origin, but there are also a few Sefardim families. The province is governed as representative and republican form of government. The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative ; and the judiciary , headed by

288-596: The Paraguayan Chaco . Avá (Chané, Tapieté ) and Izoceño are dialects. In Argentina it is known as Western Argentine Guaraní , while in Paraguay it is locally known as Ñandeva . However, outside Paraguay and specifically in Brazil, Nhandeva refers to Chiripá Guaraní . Eastern Bolivian Guaraní is one of a number of " Guaraní dialects " sometimes considered distinct languages. Of these, Paraguayan Guaraní

324-674: The Quilmes and Humahuacas among them, which all shared the Cacán language. The Atacamas lived in the Puna , and the Wichís (Matacos), in the Chaco region . The first conquistador to venture into the area was Diego de Almagro in 1535; he was followed by Diego de Rojas. Hernando de Lerma founded San Felipe de Lerma in 1582, following orders of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa ;

360-724: The Tropic of Capricorn , it has a wide range of climates due to variation in altitude and the influence of orography. The orientation of the Andes influences the distribution of precipitation within the province. The easternmost parts of the province have a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) with a rainy season in the summer. The mean annual temperature and precipitation are 20 °C (68.0 °F) and 500 millimetres (19.7 in). Temperatures can reach up to 47 °C or 116.6 °F during summer, while they can fall down to −5 °C or 23 °F during winter. The first slopes of

396-1016: The collapse of the Soviet Union and an Indian Sikh community has been living in Rosario de la Frontera since the 1940s. Other foreign people settled in the province are the Greek Cypriots , the Chinese , the Germans , the Francs , the Chileans , the Bolivians , the Paraguayans and the Slavs from the Adriatic (mainly Serbs and Croats ). The Jewish community has a synagogue and

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432-560: The Altiplano is a plateau at 3,000 to 4,000 metres (9,800 to 13,100 ft) above sea level. This region has a cool semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ): high temperatures vary little (since the warmer season is cloudy, and the cooler sunny), ranging from 14 to 21 °C or 57.2 to 69.8 °F; night temperatures go from 6 °C or 42.8 °F in midsummer, to −8 °C or 17.6 °F in midwinter, and extremes under −15 °C or 5 °F might be recorded. All rain falls exclusively in

468-839: The Andes and with other Arawak-speaking groups to the north and east. Chanés and Incas established a truce to join forces against the Eastern Guarani peoples of the Andes foothills, who the Incas and Spaniards called Chiriguanos . The Chiriguanos raided the Chané homeland on a regular basis, and prior to the Spanish conquest, the Chiriguanos defeated the Chanés and halted the Inca advance into

504-412: The Andes force the moist, easterly winds to rise, provoking very high condensation leading to the formation of clouds that generate copious amounts of rain. The eastern slopes of the mountains receive between 1,000 to 1,500 mm (39 to 59 in) of precipitation a year, although some places receive up to 2,500 mm (98 in) of precipitation annually owing to orographic precipitation . Most of

540-746: The Department of Los Andes . Antonio Alice 's painting, La muerte de Güemes , which received a gold medal at the Centenary Exposition, is on display at the offices of the Salta Provincial Government. The total land area of the province is 155,488 km (60,034 sq mi), making it the sixth largest province by area in Argentina. The main rivers of the province are the Pilcomayo , Bermejo , and

576-821: The Guaná had broken their relationship with the Mbayá and were living in the area of Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil. The largest sub-tribe of the Guaná was the Tereno who numbered 3 to 4 thousand at the time. In 2001, they were called the Terêna, and 16,000 if them were living in the same area. There are some Chané communities still living in the Izozog region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia , and in Yacui and Che-Renda near Tartagal, Argentina . In both cases, they have been influenced by

612-608: The Guaná lived in seven large villages of 1,000 or more people on the western side of the Paraguay River between 19 and 22 south latitudes. Later in the 18th century, some of them migrated along with the Mbayá east of the Paraguay River. They were estimated, perhaps generously, in the early 18th century to have numbered 18,000 to 30,000. In 1793 they numbered about 8,200. The Guaná provided Mbayá chiefs with labor, agricultural products, textiles, and wives and in exchange were given protection and European goods such as iron tools by

648-618: The Guaraní language and culture, but still retain their Chane identity. The other descendants of the Chane culture were first mixed with the Guaranis, later with the Spaniards, and in the last two centuries with migration flows of other Europeans, Arabs, and migrants from other parts of Bolivia and Argentina. The Chane culture is an important heritage component of the populations of Santa Cruz,

684-524: The Juramento, which later becomes the Salado River . Salta Province is located at a geologically active region, and suffers from occasional earthquakes . There have been four earthquakes of note in the province: The 1692 earthquake was the inspiration for Salta's annual citywide festival, held on 16 September, in honor of El Señor y la Virgen del Milagro. Although Salta Province is located near

720-520: The Mbayá. The cultures of the Guaná and Mbayá slowly became more similar as the Mbayá adopted agriculture and weaving and the Guaná became equestrian. The Mbayá augmented their numbers, strictly limited by late marriages and abortion , by intermarriage with Guaná and captive women of other ethnic groups. Spanish chroniclers describe the Guaná as docile. The Mbayá, arrogant and ethnocentric, were described by Spanish chroniclers as surprisingly benign and respectful in dealing with their Guaná subjects. By 1850

756-913: The Paraguayan Chaco, Salta Province , Jujuy Province and the Argentine Chaco. Eastern Bolivian Guarani Eastern Bolivian Guaraní , known locally as Chawuncu or Chiriguano (pejorative), is a Guaraní language spoken in South America . In Bolivia 33,670 speakers, called the Ava Guaraní people were counted in the year 2000, in the south-central Parapeti River area and in the city of Tarija . In Argentina , there were approximately 15,000 speakers, mostly in Jujuy , but also in Salta Province , and 304 counted in

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792-630: The Supreme Court. The Constitution of Salta Province forms the formal law of the province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Salta Provincial Police . The province is divided in 23 departments ( Spanish : departamentos ), containing 59 municipalities ( Spanish : municipios ). The capital of

828-545: The city, the capital of the intendency of Salta del Tucumán was moved from San Miguel de Tucumán to Salta. The battle of Salta in 1813 freed the territory from Spain , but occasional attacks were mounted from the Viceroyalty of Peru as late as 1826. Gervasio de Posadas created the province of Salta in 1814, containing the current provinces of Salta, Jujuy , and parts of southern Bolivia and northern Chile . Exploiting internal Argentine conflicts that arose after

864-401: The independence of both Argentina and Bolivia. The Guaná, (also called Layaná) are the eastern branch of the Chané. They were vassals of the Mbayá , a relationship that, according to Spanish accounts, existed in 1548, and possibly much earlier. The Guaná were agricultural and pedestrian as opposed to the nomadic Mbayá who became equestrians by the early 17th century. In the early 18th century

900-453: The name of the city was soon changed to "San Felipe de Salta". By 1650, the city had around five hundred inhabitants. An intendency of "Salta del Tucumán" was created within the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . In 1774, San Ramón de La Nueva Orán was founded between Salta and Tarija (Tarija was added to the intendency later, in 1807). In 1783, in recognition of the growing importance of

936-574: The national average. In 2012, its economy was estimated at $ 30.613 billion pesos (about US$ 6.743 billion) or $ 23,971 pesos (about US$ 5,280) per capita. Manufacturing plays a significant role in Salta, adding 20% to the economy. Gas and petroleum from the Tartagal , Aguas Blancas , Madrejones and Campo Durán centres is transported to Buenos Aires and Rosario by pipes. There is also an oil refinery located at Campo Durán. Mining includes uranium at Iruya , La Poma and San Carlos ; and silver at

972-496: The northwest of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the east clockwise Formosa , Chaco , Santiago del Estero , Tucumán and Catamarca . It also surrounds Jujuy . To the north it borders Bolivia and Paraguay and to the west lies Chile . Before the Spanish conquest , numerous native peoples (now called Diaguitas and Calchaquíes ) lived in the valleys of what is now Salta Province; they formed many different tribes,

1008-539: The pampas of Bolivia surrounding the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and in Samaipata , Portachuelo , Valle Abajo, Okinawa, Cotoca , El Pari, Mataral and Warnes. They also craft wooden masks and fabric clothing. An ancient Chané religious site dating from about 300 CE is El Fuerte de Samaipata , now a UNESCO World Heritage Site . They were a rather peaceful culture and traded with the Quechua -speaking Incas in

1044-483: The plains and valleys of what is now the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia . Some Chane were forced into slavery by the Chiriguanos, others migrated to less fertile regions to the southeast. Many Chané women were taken as wives by Chiriguano men, thus starting a process of assimilation. Both Guaraní and Guaraní -speaking Chané also assimilated and mixed with Europeans during the colonial period and after

1080-404: The precipitation is concentrated in the summer, with winters being dry. The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges, creating an area of great species diversity. At higher altitudes on these slopes, the climate is cooler and more humid, with the vegetation consisting of deciduous and pine trees. Between the high altitudes to

1116-584: The province are the Wichí , which make up 24.9% of the total indigenous population followed by the Kolla (21.6%), and the Guaraní (13.7%). As well, only 4,189 persons declared themselves to be Afro-Argentine . The province hosts a diverse foreign community: Christian Levantines of Syrian - Lebanese origin, Spaniards and Italians make up the largest groups. A small Ukrainian community has been there since

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1152-608: The province. Many visit the Cachi mountains and the villages (such as Payogasta ) around it. There are three national parks in Salta: El Rey National Park in the Yungas jungle, Baritú National Park and Los Cardones National Park . Ethno-racial groups in Salta (2022 census) According to the results from the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , the province has a population of 1,214,441. It constitutes 3.0% of

1188-456: The summer, with annual totals between 200 and 400 millimetres or 8 and 16 inches. Several salt flats exist in this area. The highest altitudes found in the western parts of the province have a cool arid climate ( Köppen BWk ), with large diurnal ranges (temperature range between day and night). Salta's economy is relatively underdeveloped, yet diverse. Its economy in 2006 was estimated at US$ 5.141 billion or, US$ 4,764 per capita, 45% below

1224-571: The three frozen Inca mummies found at the Llullaillaco volcano and known as the Children of Llullaillaco . The Tren a las Nubes ("Train to the Clouds") crosses canyons and cliffs before arriving at the 3,775 metres altitude (12,500 feet) of San Antonio de los Cobres . The red-rock formations of the Valles Calchaquíes and the wine-town of Cafayate are the second most visited place in

1260-451: The total population in Argentina. This represented a 12.5% increase in the population compared to 2001 census [ INDEC ] which had 1,079,051 inhabitants. 6.5% of the population or 79,204 persons declared themselves as having Indigenous background , making it one of the provinces that has a high percentage of indigenous people, being ranked 5th behind Chubut , Neuquén , Jujuy and Río Negro . The most populous indigenous groups in

1296-483: The west and the low plains to the east lie the valleys. The climate of these valleys is either humid subtropical with dry winters ( Köppen Cwa ) or subtropical highland ( Cwb ), favouring human settlement and agricultural activities. Mean annual precipitation is around 1,000 mm (39 in), most of it during summer. Mean temperatures exceed 20 °C (68.0 °F) during the summer, while during winter, they are below 14 °C (57.2 °F). Further west,

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