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33-606: The treaty was negotiated by representatives of the Salvadoran government, the rebel movement FMLN, and political parties, with observers from the Roman Catholic Church and United Nations . The peace talks were mediated by Álvaro de Soto , the special representative of the UN Secretary-General . The final agreement was divided into 9 chapters that covered 5 fundamental areas: Compliance with

66-1047: A U.N. Agreement on Human Rights signed July 26 by the Cristiani government and the FMLN. The Peace Accords were the result of a long negotiation process between the Government and the FMLN that had begun in the mid-1980s. The first meetings took place in Chalatenango on October 15, 1984, exactly 5 years after the start of the civil war. Further negotiations occurred in La Libertad on November 30, 1984. A third round of negotiations occurred in San Miguel on September 19, 1986. The last negotiations occurred in San Salvador on October 4, 1987, between President José Napoleón Duarte and government officials with delegates of

99-622: A former member of the Revolutionary Government Junta , with Monsignor Arturo Rivera y Damas , Archbishop of San Salvador , acting as a mediator. The statement was brief and vague; without firm agreements and with the sole achievement of constituting a political rapprochement. On November 30, 1984, the second round of negotiations occurred in Ayagualo, La Libertad . The negotiations were headed by government representative Abraham Rodríguez with Rubén Zamora representing

132-738: A meeting to take place, the Legislative Assembly approved a National Reconciliation Law on January 23, by means of which El Salvador refused to open legal cases against the war fighters, opening a national amnesty. The Massive and gradual loss of troops from the Armed Forces took place while ex-guerrilla combatants were deployed from the occupied zones to fifteen areas that had previously been established for that purpose. Guerrilla weapons were deposited in containers controlled by ONUSAL , except those small arms intended for personal defense. Police agents from various countries accompanied

165-605: A new meeting in Caracas , Venezuela , the general agenda for negotiations was established and the issues that would be submitted for discussion. Two negotiating delegations were created: the government under David Escobar Galindo, Abelardo Rodríguez, Oscar Santamaría, and Mauricio Ernesto Vargas, and the FMLN under Schafik Hándal , Joaquín Villalobos , Salvador Sánchez Cerén , José Eduardo Sancho Castañeda , Francisco Jovel, Salvador Samayoa, Nidia Díaz, Juan Ramón Medrano, Ana Guadalupe Martínez, and Roberto Reeds. On January 16, 1992,

198-813: A new peace walk. Roman Catholicism in El Salvador The Catholic Church in El Salvador is part of the worldwide Catholic Church , under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome and the Episcopal Conference of El Salvador . There are almost 5 million Catholics in El Salvador . The country is divided into eight dioceses including one archdiocese , San Salvador . The Constitution explicitly recognizes

231-535: A symbol of reconciliation between the political ideologies of the right and the left. The figure of a dove in his left hand in flight position. In 2017, on the 25th anniversary of the signing of the peace accords in the, President Salvador Sánchez Cerén , an ex-FMLN commander, celebrated with the inauguration of the Monument to the Reconciliation . In January 2024, the monument was demolished to make way for

264-478: Is noted for having members linked to social and reform movements. At times these include followers of what's termed Liberation theology . The most well-known figure in the El Salvadoran church's history is Archbishop of San Salvador Óscar Romero . On March 24, 1980, during the civil war in El Salvador he was assassinated while saying Mass because of his positions regarding the government and demands to

297-595: Is only adhered to by 39% of its populace. Catholicism is most dominant in the San Vicente Department and weakest in Santa Ana . In the fall of 2018, El Salvador had its first saint, Blessed Oscar Romero . Catholicism began in the nation in the sixteenth century with the invasion of Pedro de Alvarado . San Salvador was made an archdiocese on February 11, 1913 with Monsignor Antonio Adolfo Perez as first Archbishop. Prior to that date it had been under

330-494: Is the Jesuit Externado San José whose alumni include ex-president Armando Calderón Sol and Roque Dalton , a Communist poet. A prominent seminary is San José de la Montaña in San Salvador where both Romero and liberation theologian Rutilio Grande studied. Guillermo Ungo Guillermo Manuel Ungo Revelo (September 3, 1931 – February 28, 1991) was a Salvadoran social democratic politician. He

363-492: Is the current Archbishop of San Salvador . He is in general an opponent of Liberation theology and his appointment in 1995 was viewed with disdain by followers of that school of thought. He has been active in charitable work for earthquake victims and outspoken against violence. El Salvador's first and only Cardinal, Gregorio Rosa Chavez , was an Auxiliary Bishop to the Archbishop of San Salvador Jose Luis Escobar Alas,

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396-711: The 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état which overthrew President Carlos Humberto Romero . The coup had covert support from the United States , who wished to prevent Romero's government from falling to left-wing militant groups in the country, the same fate as did the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in Nicaragua. The coup of 1979 allowed for the rise of militant left-wing groups in the country. The five largest groups, Farabundo Martí People's Forces of Liberation (FPL), Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES), National Resistance (RN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), and

429-819: The Revolutionary Party of the Central American Workers – El Salvador (PRTC) joined forces on October 10, 1980, nearly one year after the coup, to form the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), the most prominent opposition force to the Salvadoran government throughout the Salvadoran Civil War . The group was named after Farabundo Martí , the leader of the Communist Party during an uprising in 1932 which resulted in

462-488: The massacre of 10,000 to 40,000 peasants under the rule of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez . The resulting civil war killed anywhere from 70,000 to 80,000 people and lasted twelve years from 1979 to 1992. After 10 years of war, more than one million people had been displaced out of a population of 5,389,000. 40% of the homes of newly displaced people were completely destroyed and another 25% were in need of major repairs. Death squad activities further escalated in 1990, despite

495-686: The "Joint Communiqué of the Third Dialogue Meeting" was issued which stated the government and guerrillas will to seek a ceasefire and to support the decisions made by the Contadora Group which was seeking peace in Central America . In 1989, the government of President Alfredo Cristiani called for a dialogue meeting which was held on September 15 of that year in Mexico City . There, a joint request for mediation

528-581: The Catholic Church and it has legal status. According to a February 2021 survey by the University of Central America ’s Institute of Public Opinion, 43.3% of the population saw themselves as Catholic, 33.9% as evangelical Christian, and 18.6% had no religious affiliation. Despite its legal status, Catholicism in El Salvador has been in decline for the last 17 years with the most devout members above age 53. According to some sources, Catholicism

561-489: The Catholic Church varying from friendly to anti-clerical. The most overtly Catholic-influenced political party might be the Partido Demócrata Cristiano with José Napoleón Duarte as one of its most noted founding members. The dealings of the government with the Catholic Church or Catholic organizations varied depending on the leadership of church or state at any given time. In modern times El Salvador

594-535: The FMLN's leadership. Despite the attempts to establish peace and end the war, none of them succeeded and the war dragged on. On October 16, 1984, the first round of negotiations occurred in La Palma, Chalatenango . The meeting resulted in the "La Palma Joint Communiqué." The Government delegation was made up of the President, José Napoleón Duarte , while the guerrilla delegation was headed by Dr. Guillermo Ungo ,

627-668: The National Police on patrol tasks, which had ceased to depend on the Ministry of National Defense; said support was given until the creation of the National Civil Police. The distribution of land to ex-combatants took longer than expected, as did the establishment of the National Academy of Public Security and the legalization of the FMLN as a political party. The delays began to create tension among

660-539: The United Nations, ended the peace process in El Salvador, noting that although it was true that not all the agreements had been fully complied with, the degree of compliance was acceptable. The Monument to Peace is a sculpture designed by the sculptor Rubén Martínez that was unveiled in the municipality of San Marcos, El Salvador . The figure of the "Christ of Peace", which was made with bullet casings, brass and cast bronze, and stands with outstretched arms as

693-589: The agreements took place under the supervision of a special mission of the United Nations, which gave a settlement after 3 years of management. On December 31, 1991, the government and the FMLN initialed a preliminary peace agreement under the auspices of UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar . The final agreement was signed in Mexico City on January 16, 1992, at Chapultepec Castle. A nine-month ceasefire took effect on February 1, 1992, and it has never been broken. Civil War Massacres Aftermath The Salvadoran Civil War began on October 15, 1979, with

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726-499: The end of the violence in the nation. In 2004 the Church in El Salvador asked for a reinvestigation of the case. A federal judge trying a conspiracy count against a former Salvadoran military officer termed Romero's killing "a crime against humanity ." Despite that, most of the church in El Salvador is more conservative than this and had no sympathy to the rebels during the civil war. Fernando Sáenz Lacalle , originally of Opus Dei ,

759-595: The fairness of the election was widely disputed. He returned from a long exile in November 1987 with the other leading opposition politician, Rubén Zamora , a political ally. Their respective organizations merged in December 1987 into the Democratic Convergence , but this new group did not contribute candidates in the parliamentary elections of 1988. This article about a Salvadoran politician

792-565: The full text of the agreements was signed in the Castle of Chapultepec in a solemn act, with the assistance of Heads of State from friendly countries, as well as official negotiating delegations. Chapter I handled with the Armed Forces of El Salvador which accepted the following terms: Chapter II handled with the police force of the nation to which the government complied with the following terms: Chapter III handled with human rights and

825-477: The guerrillas. Rivera y Damas, Giacomo Otonello, and Gregorio Rosa Chávez acted as mediators. At the meeting, the "Ayagualo Joint Communiqué" was drafted. On September 19, 1986, the third round of negotiations took place in Sesori, San Miguel . Rodolfo Antonio Castillo Claramount represented the government and Jorge Villacorta represented the guerillas with Monsignor Rivera y Damas acting as mediator. The terms of

858-472: The impossibility of military victory for either side in the conflict. On April 4, 1990, a dialogue meeting was held in Geneva , Switzerland , where an agreement was signed that established the set of rules to be followed in the negotiation process and established the will of both parties to reach a negotiated and political solution to end the war. The objectives of the negotiation were set: On May 21, 1990, at

891-445: The judiciary to which the government complied with the following terms: Chapter IV handled the civil and political rights of citizens which both sides agreed to: Chapter V handled economic and social fields to which the government agreed to: The definitive cessation of the fighting occurred on February 1, 1992, under the supervision of COPAZ and the notable presence of former FMLN commanders and their former enemies. In order for such

924-409: The jurisdiction of Guatemala . Archbishop Luis Chávez y González from 1939 to 1977 encouraged priests to study farming cooperatives and made efforts toward improving the poorest sectors of El Salvador (although in other respects he was a conservative who favored film censorship, staunchly opposed Communism , and was devoted to Pope Pius XII ). The governments have had a mixed relationship with

957-480: The negotiations were not carried out however due to a breakdown in the negotiations. It was not until several months later that the process was resumed in a private meeting in Panama . From October 4 to 5, 1987, the final round of negotiations occurred in San Salvador . Fidel Chávez Mena represented the government with Salvador Samayoa representing the guerillas and Monsignor Rivera y Damas as mediator. At that meeting,

990-403: The political forces which led COPAZ to call for a rescheduling which was carried out on June 12, 1992. Said schedule was repeatedly modified to adjust to the actual deadlines that set the pace of progress in the process. Several months later than planned, on December 15, 1992, the definitive end of the armed conflict was officially celebrated. In 1997, Boutros Boutros-Ghali , Secretary General of

1023-594: Was a member of the ruling government junta from 1979 to 1980. Ungo was for a time the unofficial leader of the opposition in his capacity as president of the Revolutionary Democratic Front alliance. He ran in the Salvadoran presidential election of 1972 as the vice presidential running mate of Christian democrat José Napoleón Duarte . Official results showed a victory for the military-backed candidate, Arturo Armando Molina , though

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1056-471: Was addressed to the Secretary General of the United Nations, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar . It was agreed to and Álvaro de Soto was appointed as special representative. On November 11, 1989, the FMLN launched a general offensive to demonstrate its military strength. The offensive was contained by the Armed Forces. After the offensive concluded in a stalemate with 2,500 dead, many analysts considered

1089-656: Was appointed by Pope Francis. He retired in October 2022. A variety of saint days are celebrated as local holidays. The country itself is called "El Salvador" which translates as "The Savior" and takes the Transfigured Jesus, the Divine Savior of the World , as its patron saint, and His Feast Day on August 6 is a national holiday. The nation's co-patroness is Our Lady of Peace. A noted Catholic school

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