24-438: See text. Charadriiformes ( / k ə ˈ r æ d r i . ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / , from Charadrius , the type genus of family Charadriidae ) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds . It includes about 390 species and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water and eat invertebrates or other small animals; however, some are pelagic (seabirds), others frequent deserts, and
48-597: A consequence of sexual conflict between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex. The Anseriformes and the Galliformes ( pheasants , etc.) belong to a common group, the Galloanserae . They are the most primitive neognathous birds, and as such they should follow the palaeognathae ( ratites and tinamous ) in bird classification systems. Several unusual extinct families of birds like
72-409: A considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in
96-539: A few are found in dense forest. Members of this group can also collectively be referred to as shorebirds . The order was formerly divided into three suborders: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy lumps all the Charadriiformes together with other seabirds and birds of prey into a greatly enlarged order Ciconiiformes . However, the resolution of the DNA-DNA hybridization technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist
120-531: A generally Mesozoic form taxon formerly believed to constitute the common ancestors of charadriiforms, waterfowl and flamingos . They are now assumed to be mostly basal taxa of the charadriiforms and/or "higher waterbirds", which probably were two distinct lineages 65 mya already, and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct waterfowl. Taxa formerly considered graculavids are: Other wader- or gull-like birds incertae sedis , which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are: Shorebirds pursue
144-419: A larger diversity of parental care strategies than do most other avian orders. They therefore present an attractive set of examples to support the understanding of the evolution of parental care in avians generally. The ancestral avian most likely had a female parental care system. The shorebird ancestor specifically evolved from a bi-parental care system, yet the species within the clade Scolopacidae evolved from
168-496: A male parental care system. These transitions might have occurred for several reasons. Brooding density is correlated with male parental care. Male care systems in birds are shown to have a very low breeding density while female care systems in birds have a high breeding density. (Owens 2005). Certain rates of male and female mortality, male and female egg maturation rate, and egg death rate have been associated with particular systems as well. It has also been shown that sex role reversal
192-491: Is motivated by the male-biased adult sex ratio. The reason for such diversity in shorebirds, compared to other birds, has yet to be understood. Charadrius See text Charadrius is a genus of plovers , a group of wading birds . The genus name Charadrius is a Late Latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate . They are found throughout the world. Many Charadrius species are characterised by breast bands or collars. These can be (in
216-429: Is now generally considered to be a juvenile shore plover whose location was incorrectly recorded. Waterfowl Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae , the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them
240-600: Is probably due to convergent evolution brought about by semiaquatic habits. Specimen VI 9901 ( López de Bertodano Formation , Late Cretaceous of Vega Island , Antarctica) is probably a basal charadriiform somewhat reminiscent of a thick-knee . However, more complete remains of undisputed charadriiforms are known only from the mid- Paleogene onwards. Present-day orders emerged around the Eocene - Oligocene boundary, roughly 35-30 mya . Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are: The "transitional shorebirds" (" Graculavidae ") are
264-512: The ducks , geese , and swans . Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, males have penises , a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves . Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed. Anseriformes are one of only two types of modern bird to be confirmed present during the Mesozoic alongside
SECTION 10
#1732773108323288-617: The Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Alongside the Anseriformes , the Charadriiformes are the only other order of modern bird to have an established fossil record within the late Cretaceous, alongside the other dinosaurs. Much of the Neornithes ' fossil record around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is made up of bits and pieces of birds which resemble this order. In many, this
312-589: The Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1603 for the common ringed plover . The word is Late Latin and is mentioned in the Vulgate Bible . It derives from the Ancient Greek χαραδριος /kharadrios , an unidentified plain-coloured nocturnal bird that was found in ravines and river valleys (from kharadra , "ravine"). The type species is the common ringed plover. However, it once appeared that
336-461: The adult) single complete bands (ringed, semipalmated, little ringed, long-billed),or double or triple bands (killdeer, three-banded, Forbes'). They have relatively short bills and feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates, depending on habitat, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. They hunt by sight, rather than by feel as do longer-billed waders like snipe . Species of
360-404: The albatross-like pseudotooth birds and the giant flightless gastornithids and mihirungs have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region. The genus Vegavis for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform crown group but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in
384-499: The common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and screamers , the last group once thought to be galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago. Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as
408-533: The dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. The Anatinae consists of tribes Anatini , Aythyini , Mergini and Tadornini . The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and John Boyd's website. Unassigned Anatidae: In addition,
432-457: The family Vegaviidae . Below is the general consensus of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives. † Pelagornithidae (pseudo-tooth birds) [REDACTED] † Gastornithidae [REDACTED] † Dromornithidae (mihirungs) [REDACTED] † Vegaviidae Anseriformes (screamers and waterfowl) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in
456-552: The genera Aegialites (or Aegialitis ), Thinornis , and Elseyornis are now subsumed within Charadrius . The former genus name Thinornis combined the Ancient Greek this meaning "beach" or "sand" with ornis meaning "bird". The genus Charadrius was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae . The name had been used (as Charadrios sive Hiaticula ) by
480-549: The open, a condition that took centuries to recover from. The anseriformes and galliformes are thought to have survived in the cover of burrows and water, and not to have needed trees for food and reproduction. The earliest known stem anseriform is the presbyornithid Teviornis from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia . Some members apparently surviving the KT extinction event , including presbyornithids , thought to be
504-468: The other dinosaurs, and in fact were among the very few birds to survive their extinction, along with their cousins the galliformes . These two groups only occupied two ecological niches during the Mesozoic, living in water and on the ground, while the toothed enantiornithes were the dominant birds that ruled the trees and air. The asteroid that ended the Mesozoic destroyed all trees as well as animals in
SECTION 20
#1732773108323528-512: The taxonomy of “ Charadrius ” was erroneous, as for example the Kentish plover is more closely related to lapwings than it is to, say, the greater ringed plover. Hence, either all members of Charadriidae, excluding Pluvialis are grouped in a single genus, Charadrius , or the genus is reduced to the Common ringed plover , Piping plover , Semipalmated plover , and Killdeer . The latter option
552-606: Was chosen. The genus originally contained 33 species. However, in December 2023, The International Ornithologists' Union incorporated all species under Thinornis and Elseyornis into Charadrius , and some species of Charadrius are now placed in the genus Anarhynchus . As a result, Charadrius now consists of only 11 species: Another species, the Auckland Islands shore plover ( Charadrius ( Thinornis ) rossii ), known from just one specimen collected in 1840,
576-1264: Was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the Charadriiformes constitute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own. The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving. The order Charadriiformes contains 3 suborders , 19 families and 391 species. Burhinidae – stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species) Pluvianellidae – Magellanic plover Chionidae – sheathbills (2 species) Pluvianidae – Egyptian plover Charadriidae – plovers (69 species) Recurvirostridae – stilts, avocets (10 species) Ibidorhynchidae – ibisbill Haematopodidae – oystercatchers (12 species) Scolopacidae – sandpipers, snipes (98 species) Rostratulidae – painted-snipes (3 species) Jacanidae – jacanas (8 species) Pedionomidae – plains-wanderer Thinocoridae – seedsnipes (4 species) Turnicidae – buttonquails (18 species) Dromadidae – crab-plover Glareolidae – coursers, pratincoles (17 species) Laridae – gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species) Stercorariidae – skuas (7 species) Alcidae – auks (25 species) That
#322677