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Charles Cotton

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121-544: Charles Cotton (28 April 1630 – 16 February 1687) was an English poet and writer, best known for translating the work of Michel de Montaigne from French, for his contributions to The Compleat Angler , and for the influential The Compleat Gamester attributed to him. He was born in Alstonefield , Staffordshire, at Beresford Hall, near the Derbyshire Peak District . His father, Charles Cotton

242-446: A pedagogical plan , that his father had developed, refined by the advice of the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his birth Montaigne was brought to a small cottage, where he lived the first three years of life in the sole company of a peasant family, in order to, according to the elder Montaigne, "draw the boy close to the people, and to the life conditions of the people, who need our help". After these first spartan years Montaigne

363-488: A Civil List pension of £300 a year. Following the death of Robert Southey in 1843, Wordsworth became Poet Laureate . He initially refused the honour, saying that he was too old, but accepted when the Prime Minister, Robert Peel , assured him that "you shall have nothing required of you". Wordsworth thus became the only poet laureate to write no official verses. The sudden death of his daughter Dora in 1847 at age 42

484-563: A Whore , For so she was; and since there are Such, I could wish them all as fair. Pretty she was, and young, and wise, And in her Calling so precise, That Industry had made her prove The sucking School-Mistress  of Love : And Death, ambitious to become Her Pupil, left his Ghastly home, And, seeing how we us'd her here, The raw-bon'd Rascal  ravisht her. Who, pretty Soul, resign'd her Breath, To seek new Letchery in Death. William Oldys contributed

605-418: A character in works of fiction, including: Isaac Asimov 's 1966 novelisation of the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage sees Dr. Peter Duval quoting Wordsworth's The Prelude as the miniaturised submarine sails through the cerebral fluid surrounding a human brain, comparing it to the "strange seas of thought". Taylor Swift 's 2020 album Folklore mentions Wordsworth in her bonus track " The Lakes ", which

726-432: A child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching tool when the child is allowed to explore the things that the child is curious about. Experience also was a key element to learning for Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach students through experience rather than through the mere memorization of information often practised in book learning. He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly obeying and lacking

847-471: A cipher with Cotton's own, were placed over the door of Cotton's fishing cottage on the Dove near Hartington . Cotton contributed a second section "Instructions how to angle for a trout or grayling in a clear stream", to Walton's The Compleat Angler ; the additions consisted of twelve chapters on fishing in clear water, which he understood largely but not exclusively to be fly fishing . Another addition to

968-598: A copious quotation from the "Ode to Winter". The "Retirement" is printed by Walton in the second part of the Compleat Angler . He was a Derbyshire man who loved the Peak District and wrote a long topographic poem describing it: his father had moved there from the south of England, to live on his wife's estates. In Cotton's day, in the decades after the Civil War, the inaccessibility of good fishing spots

1089-520: A cure, establishing himself at Bagni di Lucca , where he took the waters. His journey was also a pilgrimage to the Holy House of Loreto , to which he presented a silver relief (depicting him, his wife, and their daughter, kneeling before the Madonna) considering himself fortunate that it should be hung on a wall within the shrine. He kept a journal, recording regional differences and customs - and

1210-548: A decade later, first in 1597, usually are presumed to be directly influenced by Montaigne's collection, and Montaigne is cited by Bacon alongside other classical sources in later essays. Although not a scientist, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology . In his essays, he developed and explained his observations of these themes. His thoughts and ideas covered subjects such as thought , motivation , fear , happiness , child education , experience , and human action . Montaigne's ideas have influenced psychology and are

1331-406: A few miles above Tintern Abbey " have been a source of critical debate. It was long supposed that Wordsworth relied chiefly on Coleridge for philosophical guidance. However, scholars have recently suggested that Wordsworth's ideas may have been formed years before he and Coleridge became friends in the mid-1790s. In particular, while he was in revolutionary Paris in 1792, the 22-year-old Wordsworth met

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1452-459: A kind of peninsula, with a delicate clear river about it." There Cotton and his friend breakfast on ale and a pipe of tobacco to give them the strength to wield their rods. For a trout river, he says, a rod of five or six yards should be long enough. In fact, "longer, though never so neatly and artificially made, it ought not to be, if you intend to fish at ease". Though he used a light line of carefully tapered horse-hair, Cotton's rod, of solid wood,

1573-435: A king; let each one claim his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their way of thinking, not learn their precepts. And let him boldly forget, if he wants, where he got them, but let him know how to make them his own. Truth and reason are common to everyone, and no more belong to the man who first spoke them than to the man who says them later. It is no more according to Plato than according to me, since he and I see it in

1694-580: A knowledge of the very language his tutor taught him. Montaigne's Latin education was accompanied by constant intellectual and spiritual stimulation. He was familiarized with Greek by a pedagogical method that employed games, conversation, and exercises of solitary meditation, rather than the more traditional books. The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing engendered in him a spirit of "liberty and delight" - that he would later describe as making him "relish...duty by an unforced will, and of my own voluntary motion...without any severity or constraint". His father had

1815-653: A larger work called The Recluse . In 1804, he began expanding this autobiographical work, having decided to make it a prologue rather than an appendix. He completed this work, now generally referred to as the first version of The Prelude , in 1805, but refused to publish such a personal work until he had completed the whole of The Recluse . The death of his brother John, also in 1805, affected him strongly and may have influenced his decisions about these works. Wordsworth's philosophical allegiances, as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter works as " Lines written

1936-599: A life of Cotton to Hawkins's edition (1760) of the Compleat Angler . His Lyrical Poems were edited by J. R. Tutin in 1903, from an original edition of 1689. Cotton's translation of Montaigne was edited in 1892, and in a more elaborate form in 1902, by W. C. Hazlitt , who omitted or relegated to the notes the passages in which Cotton interpolates his own matter, and supplied Cotton's omissions. Benjamin Britten set Cotton's The Evening Quatrains to music in his Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in 1943. Andrew Millar ,

2057-512: A musician wake him every morning, playing one instrument or another; and an epinettier (with a zither ) was the constant companion to Montaigne and his tutor, playing tunes to alleviate boredom and tiredness. Around the year 1539 Montaigne was sent to study at a highly regarded boarding school in Bordeaux, the College of Guienne , then under the direction of the greatest Latin scholar of

2178-494: A part of its rich history. Child education was among the psychological topics that he wrote about. His essays On the Education of Children , On Pedantry , and On Experience explain the views he had on child education. Some of his views on child education are still relevant today. Montaigne's views on the education of children were opposed to the common educational practices of his day. He found fault both with what

2299-420: A poetic Prospectus to The Recluse in which he laid out the structure and intention of the whole work. The Prospectus contains some of Wordsworth's most famous lines on the relation between the human mind and nature:                       ... my voice proclaims How exquisitely the individual Mind (And

2420-509: A rustic, woodland air,    And she was wildly clad; Her eyes were fair, and very fair; -    Her beauty made me glad. “Sisters and brothers, little maid,    How many may you be?” “How many? Seven in all,” she said,    And wondering looked at me. “And where are they? I pray you tell.”    She answered, “Seven are we; And two of us at Conway dwell,    And two are gone to sea; “Two of us in

2541-611: A variety of personal episodes, including the dimensions of the stones he succeeded in expelling. This was published much later, in 1774, after its discovery in a trunk that is displayed in his tower. During a visit to the Vatican that Montaigne described in his travel journal, the Essais were examined by Sisto Fabri , who served as Master of the Sacred Palace under Pope Gregory XIII . After Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais ,

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2662-628: A verse tragedy set during the reign of King Henry III of England , when Englishmen in the North Country came into conflict with Scottish border reivers . He attempted to get the play staged in November 1797. However, it was rejected by Thomas Harris , the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre , who proclaimed it "impossible that the play should succeed in the representation". The rebuff was not received lightly by Wordsworth, and

2783-502: A writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine . That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge . He received his BA degree in 1791. He returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge and often spent later holidays on walking tours , visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape . In 1790, he went on a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured

2904-428: Is Cotton's epitaph for "M.H.", a prostitute (spacing, spelling and capitalisation as originally printed) : Epitaph upon M.H In  this cold Monument  lies one, That I know who has lain upon, The happier He : her Sight would charm, And Touch have kept King David  warm. Lovely, as is the dawning East , Was this Marble's frozen Guest; As soft, and Snowy, as that Down Adorns

3025-494: Is also found within the church. Michel de Montaigne Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne ( / m ɒ n ˈ t eɪ n / mon- TAYN ; French: [miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ] ; Middle French: [miˈʃɛl ejˈkɛm də mõnˈtaɲə] ; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592 ), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne , was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance . He

3146-501: Is generally considered to be The Prelude , a semi-autobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published by his wife in the year of his death, before which it was generally known as "The Poem to Coleridge". Wordsworth was Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850. He remains one of the most recognizable names in English poetry and

3267-423: Is known about their marriage. Of his daughter Léonor he wrote: "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has escaped this misfortune, has reached the age of six and more, without having been punished, the indulgence of her mother aiding, except in words, and those very gentle ones." His daughter married François de la Tour and later Charles de Gamaches. She had a daughter by each. Following

3388-475: Is known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre . His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight. Montaigne had a direct influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most influential essays ever written. During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations

3509-441: Is learned and forms a unique perspective on the newly learned information. Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity of students and allow them to question things. He postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged to question new information and study it for themselves, rather than simply accepting what they had heard from the authorities on any given topic. Montaigne believed that

3630-441: Is only if we step outside the divinely ruled moral universe that we can really put our minds to the common ills we inflict upon one another each day. That is what Montaigne did and that is why he is the hero of this book. In spirit he is on every one of its pages..." Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach called Montaigne the first modern man. "Among all his contemporaries", writes Auerbach ( Mimesis , Chapter 12), "he had

3751-469: Is the last green field    That Lucy's eyes surveyed. Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge travelled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually stimulated by the journey, its main effect on Wordsworth was to produce homesickness. During the harsh winter of 1798–99, Wordsworth lived with Dorothy in Goslar , and, despite extreme stress and loneliness, began work on

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3872-642: Is thought to be about the Lake District . In April 2020, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps to mark the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wordsworth. Ten 1st class stamps were issued featuring Wordsworth and all the major British Romantic poets, including William Blake , John Keats , Lord Byron , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Percy Bysshe Shelley and Walter Scott . Each stamp included an extract from one of their most popular and enduring works, with Wordsworth's " The Rainbow " selected for

3993-547: Is unmistakable". Most parallels between the two may be explained, however, as commonplaces : as similarities with writers in other nations to the works of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their own study of Latin moral and philosophical writers such as Seneca the Younger , Horace , Ovid , and Virgil . Much of Blaise Pascal 's skepticism in his Pensées has been attributed traditionally to his reading Montaigne. Pascal listed Montaigne and Epictetus as

4114-475: The Essais as a new "means of communication", and that "the reader takes the place of the dead friend". Montaigne married Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably in an arranged marriage . She was the daughter and niece of wealthy merchants of Toulouse and Bordeaux. They had six daughters, but only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy. He wrote very little about the relationship with his wife, and little

4235-512: The Alps extensively and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy. In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who, in 1792, gave birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britain 's tense relations with France forced him to return to England alone

4356-696: The English Civil War the rest of his life was spent chiefly in quiet country pursuits, in Cotton's case in the Peak District and North Staffordshire . His Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque (1670) states that he held a Captain's commission and served in Ireland. His friendship with Izaak Walton began about 1655, and contradicts any assumptions about Cotton's character based on his coarse burlesques of Virgil and Lucian . Walton's initials, made into

4477-524: The Essays number more than 500. Ever since Edward Capell first made the suggestion in 1780, scholars have suggested Montaigne to be an influence on Shakespeare. The latter would have had access to John Florio 's translation of Montaigne's Essais , published in English in 1603, and a scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Florio [translating Of Cannibals ] so closely that his indebtedness

4598-484: The Essays of M. de Montaigne (1685–1686, 1693, 1700, etc.), has often been reprinted, and still maintains its reputation; his other works include The Scarronides , or Virgil Travestie (1664–1670), a gross burlesque of the first and fourth books of the Aeneid , which ran through fifteen editions; Burlesque upon Burlesque, ... being some of Lucian's Dialogues newly put into English fustian (1675); The Moral Philosophy of

4719-535: The Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited Annette and Caroline in Calais . The purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson. Afterwards, he wrote the sonnet " It is a beauteous evening, calm and free ", recalling a seaside walk with the nine-year-old Caroline, whom he had never seen before that visit. Mary

4840-640: The Rhineland together. Dorothy suffered from a severe illness in 1829 that rendered her an invalid for the remainder of her life. Coleridge and Charles Lamb both died in 1834, their loss being a difficult blow to Wordsworth. The following year saw the passing of James Hogg . Despite the death of many contemporaries, the popularity of his poetry ensured a steady stream of young friends and admirers to replace those he lost. Wordsworth's youthful political radicalism, unlike Coleridge's, never led him to rebel against his religious upbringing. He remarked in 1812 that he

4961-520: The University of Durham . The following year he was awarded the same honorary degree by the University of Oxford, when John Keble praised him as the "poet of humanity", praise greatly appreciated by Wordsworth. (It has been argued that Wordsworth was a significant influence on Keble's immensely popular book of devotional poetry, The Christian Year (1827). ) In 1842, the government awarded him

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5082-817: The Wars of Religion in France, Montaigne, a Roman Catholic, acted as a moderating force, respected both by the Catholic King Henry III and the Protestant Henry of Navarre , who later converted to Catholicism . In 1578 Montaigne, whose health had always been excellent, started suffering from painful kidney stones , a tendency he inherited from his father's family. Throughout this illness he would have nothing to do with doctors or drugs. From 1580 to 1581 Montaigne traveled in France, Germany , Austria , Switzerland , and Italy , partly in search of

5203-520: The Ancient Mariner ". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author and included a preface to the poems. It was augmented significantly in the next edition, published in 1802. In this preface, which some scholars consider a central work of Romantic literary theory, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of verse, one that is based on the ordinary language "really used by men" while avoiding

5324-541: The Blow-balls ; frizled Crown; As straight and slender as the Crest, Or Antlet  of the one beam'd Beast; Pleasant as th' odorous Month  of May : As glorious, and as light as Day . Whom I admir'd, as soon as knew, And now her Memory pursue With such a superstitious Lust, That I could fumble with her Dust. She all Perfections had, and more, Tempting, as if design'd

5445-550: The Elder, was a friend of Ben Jonson , John Selden , Sir Henry Wotton and Izaak Walton . The son was apparently not sent to university, but was tutored by Ralph Rawson, one of the fellows ejected from Brasenose College, Oxford , in 1648. Cotton travelled in France and perhaps in Italy, and at the age of twenty-eight he succeeded to an estate greatly encumbered by lawsuits during his father's lifetime. Like many Royalist gentlemen after

5566-576: The Lake District. This was the immediate cause of the brother and sister's settling at Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, this time with another poet, Robert Southey , nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey came to be known as the " Lake Poets ". Throughout this period, many of Wordsworth's poems revolved around themes of death, endurance, separation and grief. In 1802, Lowther's heir, William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale , paid

5687-526: The Pastor, who dominates the last third of the poem. Behler has pointed out the fact that Wordsworth wanted to invoke the basic feeling that a human heart possesses and expresses. He had reversed the philosophical standpoint expressed by his friend S. T. Coleridge , of 'creating the characters in such an environment so that the public feels them belonging to the distant place and time'. And this philosophical realisation by Wordsworth indeed allowed him to choose

5808-877: The Stoicks (1667), from the French of Guillaume du Vair ; The History of the Life of the Duke d'Espernon (1670), from the French of G Girard; the Commentaries (1674) of Blaise de Montluc ; the Planter's Manual (1675), a practical book on arboriculture , in which he was an expert; The Wonders of the Peake (1681); the Compleat Gamester and The Fair one of Tunis , both dated 1674, are also assigned to Cotton. Here

5929-502: The Stoics or Epicureans. Let this variety of ideas be set before him; he will choose if he can; if not, he will remain in doubt. Only the fools are certain and assured. "For doubting pleases me no less than knowing." [Dante]. For if he embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions by his own reasoning, they will no longer be theirs, they will be his. He who follows another follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed he seeks nothing. "We are not under

6050-504: The ability to think on their own. Nothing of importance would be retained and no abilities would be learned. He believed that learning through experience was superior to learning through the use of books. For this reason he encouraged tutors to educate their students through practice, travel, and human interaction. In doing so, he argued that students would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves. Montaigne's views on child education continue to have an influence in

6171-514: The age of 59 in 1592 at the Château de Montaigne. In his case the disease "brought about paralysis of the tongue", especially difficult for one who once said: "the most fruitful and natural play of the mind is conversation. I find it sweeter than any other action in life; and if I were forced to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight than my hearing and voice." Remaining in possession of all his other faculties, he requested Mass, and died during

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6292-683: The autobiographical piece that was later titled The Prelude . He wrote several other famous poems in Goslar, including " The Lucy poems ". In the Autumn of 1799, Wordsworth and his sister returned to England and visited the Hutchinson family at Sockburn. When Coleridge arrived back in England, he travelled to the North with their publisher, Joseph Cottle, to meet Wordsworth and undertake a proposed tour of

6413-680: The basis to establish National Essay Day in the United States. The humanities branch of the University of Bordeaux is named after him: Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3 . William Wordsworth William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge , helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Wordsworth's magnum opus

6534-517: The best trouts in the river." And he concludes his advice with a note of earthy practicality not to be found as the sport becomes more refined: a recipe for fresh trout boiled with beer and horseradish. Cotton loved nothing more than that his friends should share his delight. In the gorge of the Dove he had a private garden "with a delicate clear river about it" where the world was reduced to its simplest and best essentials. His masterpiece in translation,

6655-407: The book, in some former life, so sincerely it spoke to my thought and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche judged of Montaigne: "That such a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on this Earth". Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to restore lucidity and proportion to our judgments, let us read every evening a page of Montaigne." Stefan Zweig drew inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to give

6776-558: The bushy productions of London tackle-dealers. The flies which catch fish will always look wrong to the untrained eye, because they look too small and too delicate. Cotton's dressings are made with bear hair and camel 's under fur, the soft bristles from inside a black hog's ear, and from dog's tails. "What a heap of trumpery is here!" cries his visitor, when Cotton's dubbing bag is opened. "Certainly never an angler in Europe has his shop half so well-finished as you have." Cotton replies with

6897-459: The celebration of that Mass. He was buried nearby. Later his remains were moved to the church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. The church no longer exists. It became the Convent des Feuillants , which also has disappeared. His humanism finds expression in his Essais , a collection of a large number of short subjective essays on various topics published in 1580 that were inspired by his studies in

7018-570: The churchyard lie,    My sister and my brother; And, in the churchyard cottage, I    Dwell near them with my mother.” “My stockings there I often knit;    My kerchief there I hem; And there upon the ground I sit,    And sing a song to them. “And often after sunset, sir,    When it is light and fair, I take my little porringer,    And eat my supper there. “How many are you, then,” said I,    “If they two are in heaven?” Quick

7139-494: The classics , especially by the works of Plutarch and Lucretius . Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and especially himself, with utter frankness . Inspired by his consideration of the lives and ideals of the leading figures of his age, he finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features. He describes his own poor memory, his ability to solve problems and mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, his disdain for

7260-587: The clearest conception of the problem of man's self-orientation; that is, the task of making oneself at home in existence without fixed points of support". The Musée d'Aquitaine announced on 20 November 2019 that the human remains, which had been found in the basement of the museum a year earlier, might belong to Montaigne. Investigation of the remains, postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic , resumed in September 2020. The birthdate of Montaigne served as

7381-575: The collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches . In 1795, he received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert and was able to pursue a career as a poet. It was also in 1795 that he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. For two years from 1795, William and his sister Dorothy lived at Racedown House in Dorset—a property of the Pinney family—to

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7502-431: The couple and grew close to Mary. The following year, Mary gave birth to the first of five children, three of whom predeceased her and William: Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts, which he intended to call The Recluse . In 1798–99 he started an autobiographical poem, which he referred to as the " poem to Coleridge " and which he planned would serve as an appendix to

7623-552: The era, George Buchanan , where he mastered the whole curriculum by his thirteenth year. He finished the first phase of his educational studies at the College of Guienne in 1546. He then began his study of law (his alma mater remains unknown, since there are no certainties about his activity from 1546 to 1557) and entered a career in the local legal system. Montaigne was a counselor of the Court des Aides of Périgueux , and in 1557 he

7744-474: The essays in the " familiar " style in his own Table-Talk , Hazlitt tried to follow Montaigne's example. Ralph Waldo Emerson chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a subject of one of his series of lectures entitled, Representative Men , alongside other subjects such as Shakespeare and Plato . In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes of his experience reading Montaigne, "It seemed to me as if I had myself written

7865-897: The festivals around Easter, May Day and Shrove Tuesday . Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator , but little else. At the school in Penrith, he met the Hutchinsons, including Mary Hutchinson, who later became his wife. After the death of Wordsworth's mother, in 1778, his father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire (now in Cumbria ) and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire . She and William did not meet again for nine years. Wordsworth debuted as

7986-498: The fish still rise to stoneflies until the water is "continually all over circles", but in the UK it is an anachronism. Cotton's Derbyshire is more remote from modern England, and closer to the wilderness than Montana or Alaska are now. He is quite unashamed of bait fishing, whether with flies or with grubs. He kills fish until weary. "I have in this very river that runs by us, in three or four hours taken thirty, five and thirty, and forty of

8107-506: The following year. The circumstances of his return and subsequent behaviour raised doubts about his declared wish to marry Annette. However, he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. The Reign of Terror left Wordsworth thoroughly disillusioned with the French Revolution, and the outbreak of armed hostilities between Britain and France prevented him from seeing Annette and his daughter for some years. With

8228-436: The following years. Not long after the accident he relinquished his magistracy in Bordeaux, his first child was born (and died a few months later), and by 1571 he had retired from public life completely, to the tower of the château – his so-called "citadel" – where he almost totally isolated himself from every social and family affair. Locked up in his library, which contained a collection of some 1,500 volumes, he began work on

8349-545: The human mind. In response to Wordsworth's poetic program that, “when we look / Into our Minds, into the Mind of Man- / My haunt, and the main region of my song” ( The Excursion ), William Blake wrote to his friend Henry Crabb Robinson that the passage " caused him a bowel complaint which nearly killed him”. Following the death of his friend, the painter William Green in 1823, Wordsworth also mended his relations with Coleridge. The two were fully reconciled by 1828 when they toured

8470-444: The human pursuit of lasting fame, and his attempts to detach himself from worldly things to prepare for his timely death. He writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time. He believed that humans are not able to attain true certainty . The longest of his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond , marking his adoption of Pyrrhonism , contains his famous motto, "What do I know?" Montaigne considered marriage necessary for

8591-421: The identical emotion that the poet and his sister nourish: "We leave you here in solitude to dwell/ With these our latest gifts of tender thought; Thou, like the morning, in thy saffron coat,/ Bright gowan, and marsh-marigold, farewell!" (L.19–22). This kind of conversational tone persists throughout the poet's poetic journey, which positions him as a man in society who speaks to the purpose of communion with

8712-445: The information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question the information ; but Montaigne, in general, took the position that to learn truly, a student had to take the information and make it their own: Let the tutor make his charge pass everything through a sieve and lodge nothing in his head on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles be principles to him any more than those of

8833-421: The language and structural patterning of the poetry that a common person used every day. Kurland wrote that the conversational aspect of a language emerges through social necessity. Social necessity posits the theme of possessing the proper knowledge, interest and biases also among the speakers. William Wordsworth has used conversation in his poetry to let the poet 'I' merge into 'We'. The poem "Farewell" exposes

8954-444: The mid-1810s, perhaps because most of the concerns that characterised his early poems (loss, death, endurance, separation and abandonment) had been resolved in his writings and his life. By 1820, he was enjoying considerable success accompanying a reversal in the contemporary critical opinion of his earlier works. The poet and artist William Blake, who knew Wordsworth's work, was struck by Wordsworth's boldness in centring his poetry on

9075-717: The mysterious traveller John "Walking" Stewart (1747–1822), who was nearing the end of his thirty years of wandering, on foot, from Madras , India, through Persia and Arabia , across Africa and Europe, and up through the fledgling United States. By the time of their association, Stewart had published an ambitious work of original materialist philosophy entitled The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many of Wordsworth's philosophical sentiments may well be indebted. In 1807, Wordsworth published Poems, in Two Volumes , including " Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood ". Until now, Wordsworth

9196-591: The pair moved to Alfoxton House , Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey . Together Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement . The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, " Tintern Abbey ", was published in this collection, along with Coleridge's " The Rime of

9317-546: The petition of his father, Montaigne started to work on the first translation of the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond 's Theologia naturalis , which he published a year after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Prologue was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of its declaration that the Bible is not the only source of revealed truth ). Montaigne also published a posthumous edition of

9438-709: The play was not published until 1842, after substantial revisions. I travelled among unknown men I travelled among unknown men,    In lands beyond the sea; Nor, England! did I know till then    What love I bore to thee. 'T is past, that melancholy dream!    Nor will I quit thy shore A second time, for still I seem    To love thee more and more. Among thy mountains did I feel    The joy of my desire; And she I cherished turned her wheel    Beside an English fire. Thy mornings showed, thy nights concealed,    The bowers where Lucy played; And thine too

9559-411: The poetic diction of much 18th-century verse. Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility", and calls his own poems in the book "experimental". A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805. Between 1795 and 1797, Wordsworth wrote his only play, The Borderers ,

9680-894: The present. Variations of Montaigne's ideas on education are incorporated into modern learning in some ways. He argued against the popular way of teaching in his day, encouraging individualized learning. He believed in the importance of experience, over book learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have a successful life by practising an active and socially interactive lifestyle. Thinkers exploring ideas similar to Montaigne include Erasmus , Thomas More , John Fisher , and Guillaume Budé , who all worked about fifty years before Montaigne. Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia , and most critically, all of his quotations from Socrates . Plutarch remains perhaps Montaigne's strongest influence, in terms of substance and style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch in

9801-401: The progressive powers perhaps no less Of the whole species) to the external World Is fitted:—and how exquisitely, too— Theme this but little heard of among Men, The external World is fitted to the Mind; And the creation (by no lower name Can it be called) which they with blended might Accomplish ... Some modern critics suggest that there was a decline in his work beginning around

9922-464: The prominent 18th century London bookseller, purchased a copyright share from John Osborne in a new, fifth, edition of Cotton's The Genuine Poetical Works . Thus, Cotton's poetry remained popular and profitable well into the eighteenth century, partly due to his clever "burlesques" of famous works from classical literature. Charles Cotton was buried in St James's Church, Piccadilly . A memorial to him

10043-495: The raising of children but disliked strong feelings of passionate love because he saw them as detrimental to freedom . In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge intended to be accepted uncritically. His essay "On the Education of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix . The Essais exercised an important influence on both French and English literature , in thought and style. Francis Bacon 's Essays , published over

10164-432: The rules Cotton had described earlier. The book was considered the "standard" English-language reference work on the playing of games – especially gambling games, and including billiards , card games , dice , horse racing and cock fighting , among others – until the publication of Edmond Hoyle 's Mr. Hoyle's Games Complete in 1750, which outsold Cotton's then-obsolete work. At Cotton's death in 1687 he

10285-422: The same way. The bees plunder the flowers here and there, but afterward they make of them honey, which is all and purely their own, and no longer thyme and marjoram. At the foundation, Montaigne believed that the selection of a good tutor was important for the student to become well educated. Education by a tutor was to be conducted at the pace of the student. He believed that a tutor should be in dialogue with

10406-404: The servitude of the court and of public employments, while still entire, retired to the bosom of the learned virgins, where in calm and freedom from all cares he will spend what little remains of his life, now more than half run out. If the fates permit, he will complete this abode, this sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated it to his freedom, tranquility, and leisure. During this time of

10527-444: The stipend of £400 a year made him financially secure, albeit at the cost of political independence. In 1813, he and his family, including Dorothy, moved to Rydal Mount , Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water), where he spent the rest of his life. In 1814, Wordsworth published The Excursion as the second part of the three-part work The Recluse even though he never completed the first or third parts. He did, however, write

10648-442: The student, letting the student speak first. The tutor also should allow for discussions and debates to be had. Such a dialogue was intended to create an environment in which students would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary. Individualized learning was integral to his theory of child education. He argued that the student combines information already known with what

10769-508: The text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Montaigne had apologized for references to the pagan notion of " fortuna ", as well as for writing favorably of Julian the Apostate and of heretical poets, and was released to follow his own conscience in making emendations to the text. While in the city of Lucca in 1581 he learned that, like his father before him, he had been elected mayor of Bordeaux. He thus returned and served as mayor. He

10890-420: The time, it has since come to be widely recognised as his masterpiece. Margaret Louisa Woods portrayed the young Wordsworth in her novel A Poet's Youth (1923). Ken Russell 's 1978 film William and Dorothy portrays the relationship between William and his sister Dorothy. Wordsworth and Coleridge's friendship is examined by Julien Temple in his 2000 film Pandaemonium . Wordsworth has appeared as

11011-545: The title to one of his autobiographical novels, " A Conscience Against Violence ." The American philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Montaigne both stylistically and in thought. In Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined , he said of Montaigne, "He was writing about me. He knew my innermost thoughts." The British novelist John Cowper Powys expressed his admiration for Montaigne's philosophy in his books, Suspended Judgements (1916) and The Pleasures of Literature (1938). Judith N. Shklar introduces her book Ordinary Vices (1984), "It

11132-471: The touchiness of a true obsessive: "Let me tell you, here are some colours, contemptible as they seem here, that are very hard to be got; and scarce any one of them, which, if it should be lost, I should not miss and be concerned about the loss of it too, once in the year." Cotton devotes a whole chapter to collection of flies for every month of the year. Few have modern analogues, but they are based on accurate observation, as with his stonefly : In Montana ,

11253-419: The translation of Pierre Corneille 's Horace in 1671. In 1675, he married Mary Cromwell, the dowager Countess of Ardglass ; she had a jointure of £1500 a year, but he did not have the power to spend it. The 1674 first edition of The Compleat Gamester is attributed to Cotton by publishers of later editions, to which additional, post-Cotton material was added in 1709 and 1725, along with some updates to

11374-434: The two philosophers he was most familiar with. The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration for Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was the first who had the courage to say as an author what he felt as a man. ... He was neither a pedant nor a bigot. ... In treating of men and manners, he spoke of them as he found them, not according to preconceived notions and abstract dogmas". Beginning most overtly with

11495-826: The very common mass of that society. Again; "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" [1] is the evidence where the poet expresses why he is writing and what he is writing and what purpose it will serve humanity. Wordsworth remained a formidable presence in his later years. In 1837, the Scottish poet and playwright Joanna Baillie reflected on her long acquaintance with Wordsworth. "He looks like a man that one must not speak to unless one has some sensible thing to say. However, he does occasionally converse cheerfully & well, and when one knows how benevolent & excellent he is, it disposes one to be very much pleased with him." In 1838, Wordsworth received an honorary doctorate in Civil Law from

11616-541: The volume was Cotton's well-known poem "The Retirement", which appeared from the 5th edition onwards. In 1656, he married his cousin Isabella Hutchinson, the daughter of Thomas Hutchinson , M.P. for Nottingham . She was a half-sister of Col. John Hutchinson ; They had one child, Catherine Cotton, who married Sir Berkeley Lucy, 3rd Baronet . Isebella (Hutchinson) Cotton, died in 1670. At the request of his wife's sister, Miss Stanhope Hutchinson, he undertook

11737-440: The west of Pilsdon Pen . They walked in the area for about two hours daily, and the nearby hills consoled Dorothy as she pined for the fells of her native Lakeland. She wrote, "We have hills which, seen from a distance, almost take the character of mountains, some cultivated nearly to their summits, others in their wild state covered with furze and broom. These delight me the most as they remind me of our native wilds." In 1797,

11858-608: The works of his friend, Boétie . In 1570 he moved back to the family estate, the Château de Montaigne, which he had inherited. He thus became the Lord of Montaigne. Around this time he was seriously injured in a riding accident on the grounds of the château when one of his mounted companions collided with him at speed, throwing Montaigne from his horse and briefly knocking him unconscious. It took weeks or months for him to recover, and this close brush with death apparently affected him greatly, as he discussed it at length in his writings over

11979-431: The writings that would later be compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), first published in 1580. On the day of his 38th birthday, as he entered this almost ten-year period of self-imposed reclusion, he had the following inscription placed on the crown of the bookshelves of his working chamber: In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, on the last day of February, his birthday, Michael de Montaigne, long weary of

12100-411: The £4,000 (equivalent to £451,114 in 2023) owed to Wordsworth's father through Lowther's failure to pay his aide. It was this repayment that afforded Wordsworth the financial means to marry. On 4 October, following his visit with Dorothy to France to arrange matters with Annette, Wordsworth married his childhood friend, Mary Hutchinson, at All Saints' Church, Brompton . Dorothy continued to live with

12221-482: Was a French Catholic soldier in Italy for a time, and had also been the mayor of Bordeaux. Although there were several families bearing the patronym "Eyquem" in Guyenne, his father's family is thought to have had some degree of Marrano (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins, while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a convert to Protestantism. His maternal grandfather, Pedro López, from Zaragoza ,

12342-588: Was a key figure of the Romantic poets. The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in what is now named Wordsworth House in Cockermouth , Cumberland (now in Cumbria), part of the scenic region in northwestern England known as the Lake District . William's sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth , to whom he was close all his life,

12463-680: Was a legal representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections, lived in a large mansion in the small town. He was frequently away from home on business, so the young William and his siblings had little involvement with him and remained distant until he died in 1783. However, he did encourage William in his reading, and in particular, set him to commit large portions of verse to memory, including works by Milton , Shakespeare and Spenser which William would pore over in his father's library. William also spent time at his mother's parents' house in Penrith , Cumberland, where he

12584-458: Was anxious that Wordsworth should do more for Caroline. Upon Caroline's marriage, in 1816, Wordsworth settled £30 a year on her (equivalent to £2,400 in 2021), payments which continued until 1835, when they were replaced by a capital settlement. We Are Seven I met a little cottage girl:    She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl    That clustered round her head. She had

12705-897: Was appointed counselor of the Parlement in Bordeaux, a high court. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier at the court of Charles IX , and he was present with the king at the siege of Rouen (1562) . He was awarded the highest honour of the French nobility , the collar of the Order of Saint Michael . While serving at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became a very close friend of the humanist poet Étienne de La Boétie , whose death in 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Frame - in his introduction to The Complete Essays of Montaigne - that because of Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", after losing Étienne, he began

12826-508: Was assassinated in 1589, Montaigne, despite his aversion to the cause of the Reformation, was anxious to promote a compromise that would end the bloodshed and gave his support to Henry of Navarre , who would go on to become King Henry IV. Montaigne's position associated him with the politiques , the establishment movement that prioritised peace, national unity, and royal authority over religious allegiance. Montaigne died of quinsy at

12947-464: Was born in the Guyenne ( Aquitaine ) region of France, on the family estate Château de Montaigne in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne , close to Bordeaux . The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, had made a fortune as a herring merchant - and had bought the estate in 1477, thus becoming the Lord of Montaigne. His father, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne,

13068-555: Was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. They had three other siblings: Richard, the eldest, who became a lawyer; John Wordsworth, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and died in 1805 when the ship of which he was captain, the Earl of Abergavenny , was wrecked off the south coast of England; and Christopher , the youngest, who entered the Church and rose to be Master of Trinity College, Cambridge . Wordsworth's father

13189-544: Was brought back to the château. Another objective was for Latin to become his first language. The intellectual education of Montaigne was assigned to a German tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father hired only servants who could speak Latin, and they also were given strict orders always to speak to the boy in Latin . The same rule applied to his mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use only Latin words he employed; and thus they acquired

13310-433: Was difficult for the ageing poet to take, and in his depression, he ultimately gave up writing new material. William Wordsworth died at home at Rydal Mount from an aggravated case of pleurisy on 23 April 1850, and was buried at St Oswald's Church, Grasmere . His widow, Mary, published his lengthy autobiographical "Poem to Coleridge" as The Prelude several months after his death. Though it failed to interest people at

13431-574: Was exposed to the moors but did not get along with his grandparents or uncle, who also lived there. His hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide. Wordsworth was taught to read by his mother, and he first attended a tiny school of low quality in Cockermouth, then a school in Penrith for the children of upper-class families. He was taught there by Ann Birkett, who instilled in her students traditions that included pursuing scholarly and local activities, especially

13552-553: Was from a wealthy Marrano ( Sephardic Jewish ) family, that had converted to Catholicism. His maternal grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from a Catholic family in Gascony , France. During a great part of Montaigne's life his mother lived near him, and even survived him; but she is mentioned only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship with his father however is frequently reflected upon and discussed in his essays. Montaigne's education began in early childhood, and followed

13673-467: Was heavy. His description of the sport differs from modern fly-casting, which began with the arrival of heavy dressed-silk lines 200 years later. On windy days, he advises his guest to fish the pools because in the rapids, where the gorge of the Dove is narrower, the wind will be too strong for fishing. Some of Cotton's advice is still useful, as when he tells his guest to fish "fine and far off"; and he argues for small and neat flies, carefully dressed, over

13794-513: Was insolvent and left his estates to his creditors. He was buried in St James's Church , Piccadilly, on 16 February 1687. Cotton's reputation as a burlesque writer may account for the neglect with which the rest of his poems have been treated. Their excellence was not, however, overlooked by good critics. Coleridge praises the purity and unaffectedness of his style in Biographia Literaria , and Wordsworth ( Preface , 1815) gave

13915-409: Was known only for Lyrical Ballads , and he hoped this new collection would cement his reputation. Its reception was lukewarm. In 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter's opium addiction, and in 1812, his son Thomas died at the age of 6, six months after the death of 3-year-old Catherine. The following year, he received an appointment as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, and

14036-502: Was physical as well as legal. The opening chapters of his section of the Compleat Angler draw Cotton and his friend across a savage and mountainous landscape. The friend, who will be taught fly-fishing, expresses doubt as to whether they are still in Christendom: They come at length to the sheltered valley in which stands Cotton's house and fishing hut. It is the first description of paradise in fishing history. "It stands in

14157-650: Was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating between Catholics and Protestants. The plague broke out in Bordeaux toward the end of his second term in office, in 1585. In 1586 the plague and the French Wars of Religion prompted him to leave his château for two years. Montaigne continued to extend, revise, and oversee the publication of the Essais . In 1588 he wrote its third book - and also met Marie de Gournay , an author, who admired his work, and later edited and published it. Montaigne later referred to her as his adopted daughter. When King Henry III

14278-620: Was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that "I am myself the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt that began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, " Que sçay-je? " ("What do I know?", in Middle French ; now rendered as " Que sais-je ? " in modern French). Montaigne

14399-409: Was taught and how it was taught. Much of education during Montaigne's time focused on reading the classics and learning through books. Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books. He believed it was necessary to educate children in a variety of ways. He also disagreed with the way information was being presented to students. It was being presented in a way that encouraged students to take

14520-408: Was the little maid’s reply:    “O Master! we are seven.” “But they are dead; those two are dead!    Their spirits are in heaven!” - ’T was throwing words away; for still The little maid would have her will,    And said, “Nay, we are seven!” From the "We Are Seven" poem The year 1793 saw the first publication of poems by Wordsworth in

14641-582: Was willing to shed his blood for the established Church of England , reflected in his Ecclesiastical Sketches of 1822. This religious conservatism also colours The Excursion (1814), a long poem that became extremely popular during the nineteenth century. It features three central characters: the Wanderer, the Solitary, who has experienced the hopes and miseries of the French Revolution , and

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