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88-624: Captain Charles Hazlitt Upham VC & Bar (21 September 1908 – 22 November 1994) was a New Zealand soldier decorated for actions during World War II . Born in Christchurch , New Zealand, he attended Christ's College and later the Canterbury Agricultural College , where he earned a diploma in agriculture. Before the outbreak of the war, Upham worked as a sheep farmer and a manager of

176-491: A corporal, now ran 600 yards through the German lines, killing two Germans en route and successfully bringing the company back to safety. The Allies fought a desperate retreat towards the south of the island in the hope of yet another evacuation. During the following two days his platoon occupied an exposed position on forward slopes and was continuously under fire. Upham was blown over by one mortar shell and painfully wounded by

264-426: A defence strongly organised in depth. During this operation his platoon destroyed numerous enemy posts but on three occasions sections were temporarily held up. In the first case, under a heavy fire from a machine gun nest he advanced to close quarters with pistol and grenades, so demoralizing the occupants that his section was able to "mop up" with ease. Another of his sections was then held up by two machine guns in

352-602: A few non-Commonwealth air forces use an air force-specific rank structure in which flight lieutenant is OF-2. A group captain is derived from the naval rank of captain. Canada is a unique exception. Due to the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces in 1968, the air force rank titles are the same as those of the Canadian Army. However, like their Commonwealth counterparts, rank braids are pearl grey and increase in half strip increments. The decision

440-825: A high country station and later at the Government Valuation Department. In 1939, with the advent of World War II, he enlisted in the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force , where he quickly rose through the ranks. Upham's first Victoria Cross was awarded for his actions in the Battle of Crete in May 1941, where he displayed remarkable courage and leadership under fire. Despite being wounded, he led multiple attacks against enemy positions and helped evacuate wounded soldiers. His second Victoria Cross came from his actions during

528-654: A hooked end. In modern times, shepherding has changed dramatically. The enclosure of many common lands in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries shifted some shepherds from independent nomads to employees of massive estates. Some families in Africa and Asia have their wealth in sheep, so a young son is sent out to guard them while the rest of the family tends to other chores. In the US, many sheep herds are flocked over public Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands. Wages are higher than

616-474: A house. He went in and placed a grenade through a window, destroying the crew of one machine gun and several others, the other machine gun being silenced by the fire of his sections. In the third case he crawled to within 15 yards of an M.G. post and killed the gunners with a grenade. When his Company withdrew from Maleme he helped to carry a wounded man out under fire, and together with another officer rallied more men together to carry other wounded men out. He

704-406: A hut-keeper during the night. Shepherds took the sheep out to graze before sunrise and returned them to brush-timber yards at sunset. The hut-keeper usually slept in a movable shepherd's watch box placed near the yard in order to deter attacks on the sheep. Dogs were also often chained close by to warn of any impending danger to the sheep or shepherd by dingoes or natives. In 1839 the usual wage for

792-595: A lieutenant, for the reserve components. The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain , or with the UK-influenced air force rank of group captain , both of which are equivalent to the army rank of colonel . The term ultimately goes back to Late Latin capitaneus meaning "head of [something]"; in Middle English adopted as capitayn in the 14th century, from Old French capitaine . The military rank of captain

880-530: A piece of shrapnel behind the left shoulder by another. He disregarded the wound and remained on duty. He also received a bullet in the foot which he later removed in Egypt. On 25 May at Galatas , Upham's platoon stopped under cover of a ridge, observed the enemy, and brought the platoon forward when the Germans advanced. They killed over forty with fire and grenades and forced the remainder to fall back. Each time

968-400: A position and having the use of only one arm rested his rifle in the fork of a tree and as the Germans came forward he killed them both. The second to fall actually hit the muzzle of the rifle as he fell. On 30th May at Sphakia his platoon was ordered to deal with a party of the enemy which had advanced down a ravine to near Force Headquarters. Though in an exhausted condition he climbed

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1056-418: A professional degree, namely, most medical professionals (doctors, pharmacists, dentists) and lawyers. In the U.S. Army, lawyers who are not already officers at captain rank or above enter as lieutenants during training, and are promoted to the rank of captain after completion of their training if they are in the active component, or after a certain amount of time, usually one year from their date of commission as

1144-527: A quiet life dedicated to his family and community. He died on 22 November 1994 at the age of 86. His funeral in the Christchurch Cathedral was conducted with full military honours and was buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Anglican Church . Upham was born in Christchurch on 21 September 1908, the son of John Hazlitt Upham, a lawyer, and his wife, Agatha Mary Coates. His father was a great-grandson of artist John Hazlitt , while his mother

1232-411: A shepherd was about AU£50 per year, plus weekly rations of 12 pounds (5.4 kg) meat, 10 pounds (4.5 kg) flour, 2 pounds (0.91 kg) sugar and 4 ounces (110 g) tea. The wage during the depression of the 1840s dropped to £20 a year. During the 1850s many shepherds left to try their luck on the goldfields causing acute labour shortages in the pastoral industry. This labour shortage leads to

1320-477: A shepherd, a man is the shepherd over his family, and a woman is the shepherd over her husband's house and his children. So all of you are shepherds, and every one of you is responsible for his herd." One of the gentle aspects of the Hindu deity Shiva is called Pashupati , translated as, "the lord of the animals", though more commonly associated with cattle. As Pashupati, the deity is metaphorically regarded to be

1408-399: A shepherd." ( Sahih Bukhari , Chapter 'Prophets', Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith 618) This includes Jesus, Moses, Abraham, and all other prophets according to Islam. Also, 'shepherd' used as a metaphor of leadership and responsibilities that comes with it. A hadith narrated from Ibn Umar says that Muhammad says, "All of you are shepherds and every one of you is responsible for his herd. A leader is

1496-414: A train. During his transfer on the civilian train, while guarded by two Germans, Upham made his final escape attempt. Upham was only allowed to visit the toilet when the train was travelling at high speed to prevent him from jumping through a window. Nevertheless, Upham prised open the toilet window and jumped onto the tracks, knocking himself unconscious. After awakening, he escaped into a nearby orchard, but

1584-429: A tree trunk and as the Germans came close, he opened fire, killing both of them. The second German was so close that as he fell, he fell onto the muzzle of Upham's rifle. On 30 May at Sfakia his platoon was ordered to deal with a party of the enemy which had advanced down a ravine near Force Headquarters. Though in an exhausted condition, he climbed the steep hill to the west of the ravine, placed his men in positions on

1672-533: Is an idyllic and natural countryside. These works are, indeed, called pastoral , after the term for herding. The first surviving instances are the Idylls of Theocritus , and the Eclogues of Virgil , both of which inspired many imitators such as Edmund Spenser 's The Shepheardes Calender . The shepherds of the pastoral are often heavily conventional and bear little relation to the actual work of shepherds. In

1760-605: Is not your only award. I'm told you've just received a mentioned in dispatches for your attempts to escape. Congratulations for that, too. Tell me, though, what have you been doing since you arrived in London?". "Mostly eating, sir" Upham replied. They later walked through St James's Park together. When the recommendation was made for a second VC, the King said to Major-General Howard Kippenberger "What do you think of Upham yourself? Does he deserve another VC?" Kippenberger replied, "I

1848-489: Is one of the thrusts of Biblical scripture. This illustration encompasses many ideas, including God's care for his people. The tendency of humans to put themselves into danger's way and their inability to guide and take care of themselves apart from the direct power and leading of God is also reinforced with the metaphor of sheep in need of a shepherd. According to Muhammad , the Prophet of Islam , every messenger of God had

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1936-661: The First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942, where once again he demonstrated bravery and resilience in the face of intense enemy fire, despite being severely wounded. Upham is one of three people to be awarded a Victoria Cross twice and the only fighting combatant to do so, the others being medical staff Arthur Martin-Leake and Noel Godfrey Chavasse . After the war, Upham returned to New Zealand, where he continued to farm and became involved in veterans' affairs. He famously rejected offers of financial assistance, preferring to live

2024-615: The Good Shepherd , and ancient Greek mythologies highlighted shepherds such as Endymion and Daphnis . This symbolism and shepherds as characters are at the center of pastoral literature and art. Shepherding is among the oldest occupations, beginning some 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor . Sheep were kept for their milk, their meat and especially their wool . Over the next thousand years, sheep and shepherding spread throughout Eurasia . Henri Fleisch tentatively suggested that

2112-592: The Shepherd Neolithic industry of Lebanon may date to the Epipaleolithic and that it may have been practised by one of the first cultures of nomadic shepherds in the Beqaa Valley . Some sheep were integrated in the family farm along with other animals such as chickens and pigs. However to maintain a large flock, the sheep must be able to move from pasture to pasture. This required

2200-466: The Allied counter-attack failed due to German air superiority. They were forced to withdraw. As they retreated under German fire, Upham carried a wounded man back to safety and then encouraged several of his men to do likewise. While Upham got his platoon out, it now transpired that one company had not received the order to withdraw and was now isolated behind the advancing German lines. Upham, accompanied by

2288-463: The Allies tried to hold a line, the Germans broke through. On one occasion, in this fast-moving situation, Upham left his platoon to retreat under his sergeant, while he went forward to warn another company that was about to be left behind. Suddenly he ran into two Germans who opened fire. Falling to the ground, Upham pretended to be dead. And while feigning death, he managed to rest his gun on the fork of

2376-818: The American combat uniform, fitted on the boots and the U.S. helmet. Then the arms – the Tommy gun , the revolver, two grenades, compass. He prepared to go into action with the Americans. For four days Charles stayed with the U.S. forces in the Colditz area, clothed and equipped as one of them, waiting for the call forward. The pressure of higher orders finally caught him up. "Under no circumstances are released P.O.W.s to be permitted to join active service units, unofficially or otherwise. P.O.W.s are to be evacuated without exception." He could not beat that order, so reluctantly he left

2464-554: The Americans and was soon travelling to England. In England, he was reunited with McTamney, who was then serving as a nurse. They were married at Barton on Sea , Hampshire , on 20 June 1945. He returned to New Zealand in early September, and she followed him in December. King George VI invested Upham with his Victoria Cross at Buckingham Palace on 11 May 1945. In their exchange, King George said "Well, Captain Upham, I believe this

2552-675: The Axis forces swept through Greece, resulting in 50,000 Allied troops having to be evacuated by the Royal Navy. Just over a third of their force was now deployed on the Greek island of Crete. The day after a German landing, Upham's company were part of a counter-attack , the goal of which was to retake the airfield at Maleme. Upham led the 20th and the 28th (Māori) Battalion in an attack on several German machine gun posts. Advancing 3,000 yards under fire with no artillery support, Upham's men took out

2640-706: The Battle of Crete, his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Howard Kippenberger, recommended Upham for the Victoria Cross . Charles Upham was totally against the award, modestly feeling that it was undeserved. Eventually, his commanding officer convinced him that it was for his bravery and the service of the whole unit. He was gazetted for the VC in October 1941. Citation War Office, 14th October, 1941. The KING has been graciously pleased to approve of awards of

2728-567: The Germans and their Italian allies launched a ferocious counterattack, during which Upham was hit in the leg by shrapnel. Unable to move, he and the remaining six men of his company were captured, along with about a thousand fellow New Zealanders. He became a prisoner of war on 15 July 1942. After being taken prisoner of war (POW), he was sent to an Italian hospital where an Italian doctor recommended his wounded arm be amputated, but Upham refused due to lack of anaesthesia , as he had seen other patients die as well as be in severe pain. He later had

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2816-603: The New Zealand Army Territorial Force, in which he held the rank of sergeant, he signed on as a private. He was soon promoted to temporary lance corporal , but initially declined a place in an Officer Cadet Training Unit (OCTU). In December, he was promoted to sergeant and six days later sailed for Egypt. In July 1940, Charles Upham was persuaded to attend the Officer Cadet Training Unit in Egypt. Successfully completing

2904-510: The New Zealanders were in danger of being completely cut off as Rommel swept into Egypt. On the night of 27 June, they desperately made a break for British lines. The ensuing battle saw Captain Upham's company participate in fierce hand-to-hand fighting with the Germans. Upham was using grenades to lethal effect. In fact, he was throwing them at such short range that he was injured in both arms by shrapnel from his own grenades. The breakout

2992-569: The VC for either occasion independently, but because of the excessive rarity of multiple VC awards, he opted to combine the citations into a single one forwarded to the King. Citation War Office, 26th September, 1945. The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of a Bar to the VICTORIA CROSS to: — Captain Charles Hazlitt UPHAM, V.C. (8077), New Zealand Military Forces. Captain C. H. Upham, V.C.,

3080-574: The Victoria Cross to the undermentioned: — Second Lieutenant Charles Hazlitt Upham (8077), New Zealand Military Forces. During the operations in Crete this officer performed a series of remarkable exploits, showing outstanding leadership, tactical skill and utter indifference to danger. He commanded a forward platoon in the attack on Maleme on 22nd May and fought his way forward for over 3,000 yards unsupported by any other arms and against

3168-526: The ancient practices and knowledge that have been passed down through generations. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture in China, leading to efforts to preserve and revitalize traditional shepherding practices. Some initiatives aim to support and empower local shepherds, recognizing the cultural and environmental importance of their role in maintaining China's pastoral landscapes. European exploration led to

3256-707: The campaign and Upham helped rebuild it as commander of C Company. He was promoted to lieutenant at the time. Upham and the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force now formed part of the British Eighth Army , based in Egypt. Upham would stay in the Eighth Army until the end of the war, first in North Africa . In late 1941 and early 1942, the Eighth Army were on the defensive, being pushed back by Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps . In late June 1942,

3344-566: The cold. In the more temperate and arable southern regions, shepherds utilized different strategies for grazing and protection. Shepherding practices in China have evolved over the centuries, adapting to changes in agricultural and pastoral systems. With the modernization of agriculture and the growth of urbanization, the traditional role of shepherds has declined significantly in many parts of China. However, there are still regions, particularly in remote and mountainous areas, where shepherds continue to maintain their traditional way of life, preserving

3432-571: The course, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 2 November and given command of a platoon in 20th Battalion . Upham quickly won the respect of his men as a capable officer who was greatly concerned for their safety and comfort. In March 1941, the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was deployed to Greece as part of the Allied attempt to counter the German-Italian invasion there. In a short-lived campaign ,

3520-474: The development of an occupation separate from that of the farmer. The duty of shepherds was to keep their flock intact, protect it from predators and guide it to market areas in time for shearing . In ancient times, shepherds also commonly milked their sheep, and made cheese from this milk; a few shepherds still do this today. In many societies, shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners, being paid to watch

3608-403: The enemy and brought the platoon forward when the Germans advanced. They killed over 40 with fire and grenades and forced the remainder to fall back. When his platoon was ordered to retire he sent it back under the platoon Sergeant and he went back to warn other troops that they were being cut off. When he came out himself he was fired on by two Germans. He fell and shammed dead, then crawled into

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3696-437: The even rows of trees and lack of undergrowth provided poor cover and was soon recaptured. As the war drew to a close in 1945, Colditz Castle was liberated by the advancing Allied forces. Upham, along with the other prisoners, was freed, bringing an end to his nearly three-year ordeal as a POW. He headed for the headquarters of the American unit that had captured the town. Upham selected the goods he had come for. He changed into

3784-432: The fertile plains of the central and eastern regions. The shepherds employed their knowledge of the land and the behavior of their animals to select optimal grazing grounds and water sources. Traditional Chinese shepherds used tools and equipment suited to their specific regions and needs. In the north, where winters could be harsh, they often relied on yurts or portable shelters to protect themselves and their livestock from

3872-420: The final assault. During the opening stages of the attack on the ridge Captain Upham's Company formed part of the reserve battalion, but, when communications with the forward troops broke down and he was instructed to send up an officer to report on the progress of the attack, he went out himself armed with a Spandau gun and, after several sharp encounters with enemy machine gun posts, succeeded in bringing back

3960-409: The first machine gun using grenades and pistols. Upham himself then crept up to a house where another machine gun was based and tossed in some grenades to end their resistance. A further machine gun now opened up on the New Zealanders. Once more, their officer took it upon himself to crawl to within 15 yards of the Germans, lobbing some grenades into the enemy position. However, despite Upham's successes,

4048-425: The herdsman or the shepherd of the souls of men. Sikhism also has many mentions of shepherd tales. There are many relevant quotations, such as "We are the cattle, God almighty is our shepherd." This concept has also been used frequently by critics of organized religion to present an unflattering portrayal. The shepherd, with other such figures as the goatherd , is the inhabitant of idealized Arcadia , which

4136-471: The high ground. Once more, Upham inspired his men to press home their attack. And once more, grenades were key to their assault. Upham was credited with personally destroying several machine gun posts and a tank as they stormed the ridge. In the process, he was shot in the elbow by one of the machine guns. Refusing to leave the battlefield, he got his wounds dressed as best they could at a regimental aid post and then he went back to his men. The following day,

4224-407: The hills, gullies, and plains of Canterbury . He worked as shepherd , musterer and farm manager. In 1935, at Riccarton Park Racecourse , he met Molly McTamney, who was a distant relative of Noel Godfrey Chavasse . She was a dietitian working at Christchurch Hospital , after four years of hospital nursing . She was described as "brunette, pretty, and gay". They danced together that evening, and

4312-588: The land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died". Metaphorically, the term "shepherd" is used for God , especially in the Judeo-Christian tradition (e.g. Psalm 23 , Ezekiel 34), and in Christianity especially for Jesus , who called himself the Good Shepherd . The Ancient Israelites were a pastoral people and there were many shepherds among them. It may also be worth noting that many biblical figures were shepherds, among them

4400-627: The lowlands and river valleys, it was far more efficient to grow grain and cereals than to allow sheep to graze; thus the raising of sheep was confined to rugged and mountainous areas. In pre-modern times shepherding was thus centered on regions such as the Middle East, Greece, the Pyrenees , the Carpathian Mountains , Scotland and Northern England. The shepherd's crook is a strong multi-purpose stick or staff, often fashioned with

4488-550: The monarch would sell his commission to another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire. Many air forces, such as the United States Air Force , use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army. However, the United Kingdom 's Royal Air Force , many other Commonwealth air forces and

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4576-528: The next day Upham was waiting as she came off duty. He had an armful of red roses for her and he proposed marriage, but she declined, although they both continued in a relationship. In March 1937, he joined the Government Valuation Department, firstly under supervision, then alone, where Upham quickly assimilated the techniques of land valuation . He was aided by the scientific knowledge gained at Canterbury Agricultural College, but much more by his extensive experience of Canterbury land during his six years' work in

4664-513: The occupation of being a shepherd at one point in their lives, as he himself was as a young man. Narrated by Jabir bin Abdullah: We were with Allah 's Apostle picking the fruits of the Arak trees , and Allah's Apostle (peace and blessings of Allah be to him) said, "Pick the black fruit, for it is the best." The companions asked, "Were you a shepherd?" He replied, "There was no prophet who was not

4752-720: The outbreak of the Second World War , he enlisted in the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF) at the age of 30, and was posted to the 20th Canterbury-Otago Battalion, part of the New Zealand 2nd Division. Dear Sir, A young man by the name of Upham has left the College to join your unit. I commend him to your notice, as, unless I am greatly mistaken, he should be an outstanding soldier. —Professor Eric Hudson, Canterbury Agricultural College Principal, October 1939 Although he already had five years' experience in

4840-537: The patriarchs Abraham and Jacob , the twelve tribes , the prophet Moses , King David , and the Old Testament prophet Amos , who was a shepherd in the rugged area around Tekoa . In the New Testament , angels announced the birth of Jesus to shepherds . The same metaphor is also applied to priests , with Roman Catholic , Church of Sweden and other Lutheran , and Anglican bishops having

4928-484: The poem "The passionate shepherd to his love", by Christopher Marlowe, a shepherd is depicted as a partaker of rural paradise, and capable of giving things worth more than that a town resident could give. Many tales involving foundlings portray them being rescued by shepherds: Oedipus , Romulus and Remus , the title characters of Longus 's Daphnis and Chloe , and The Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare . These characters are often of much higher social status than

5016-596: The province. The following year, he became engaged to McTamney. In February 1939, granted leave from the Valuation Department, Upham returned to Canterbury Agricultural College to take a course in valuation and farm management. Now somewhat of an elder statesman, by virtue of his earlier days at the college and his wide farming experience, Upham became a popular favourite of his fellow students. He helped them liberally with their own studies, he played football with just as much vigour as before. The course he took

5104-512: The required information. Just before dawn the reserve battalion was ordered forward, but, when it had almost reached its objective, very heavy fire was encountered from a strongly defended enemy locality, consisting of four machine gun posts and a number of tanks. Captain (armed forces) In some militaries, such as United States Army and Air Force and the British Army, captain is the entry-level rank for officer candidates possessing

5192-457: The sheep from straying too far, to keep the mobs as healthy as possible and to prevent attacks from dingoes and introduced predators such as feral dogs and foxes. Lambing time further increased the shepherd's responsibilities. Shepherding was an isolated, lonely job that was firstly given to assigned convict servants. The accommodation was usually poor and the food was lacking in nutrition, leading to dysentery and scurvy . When free labour

5280-881: The sheep of others. Shepherds also lived apart from society, being largely nomadic. It was mainly a job for solitary males without children, and new shepherds thus needed to be recruited externally. Shepherds were most often the younger sons of farming peasants who did not inherit any land. In other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child, youth or an elder who could not help much with harder work; these shepherds were fully integrated in society. Shepherds would normally work in groups: either looking after one large flock, or each bringing their own and merging their responsibilities. They would live in small cabins, often shared with their sheep, and would buy food from local communities. Less often shepherds lived in covered wagons that traveled with their flocks. Shepherding developed only in certain areas. In

5368-645: The sheep when necessary at times like lambing or shearing. The first Shepherd's Fair was announced to take place in the Cyprus Village of Pachna, on August 31, 2014, in the printed editions of Cyprus Weekly and in the Greek-language daily, Phileleftheros . Shepherding in China dates back thousands of years. Traditional Chinese shepherds played a vital role in the country's agrarian society, tending to flocks of sheep and goats in various regions. These herders were responsible for not only ensuring

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5456-554: The shepherd's crook among their insignia (see also Lycidas ). In both cases, the implication is that the faithful are the "flock" who have to be tended. This is in part inspired by Jesus's injunctions to Peter, "Feed my sheep", which is the source of the pastoral image in Lycidas . The term " Pastor ", originally the Latin word for "shepherd", is now used solely to denote the clergy of most Christian denominations. The Good Shepherd

5544-414: The slope overlooking the ravine and himself went to the top with a Bren gun and two riflemen. By clever tactics, he induced the enemy party to expose itself and then at a range of 500 yards shot twenty-two and caused the remainder to disperse in panic. During the whole of the operations he suffered from diarrhoea and was able to eat very little, in addition to being wounded and bruised. For his actions in

5632-601: The spread of sheep around the world, and shepherding became especially important in Australia and New Zealand where there was great pastoral expansion. In Australia squatters spread beyond the Nineteen Counties of New South Wales to elsewhere, taking over vast holdings called properties and now stations . Once driven overland to these properties, sheep were pastured in large unfenced runs. There, they required constant supervision. Shepherds were employed to keep

5720-501: The start of the 20th century. Dumuzid , later known as Tammuz, was an important rural deity in ancient Mesopotamian religion , who was revered as the patron god of shepherds. In his role as Dumuzid sipad ("Dumuzid the Shepherd"), he was believed to be the provider of milk, which was a rare, seasonal commodity in ancient Sumer due to the fact that it could not easily be stored without spoiling . Under this same title, Dumuzid

5808-648: The steep hill to the west of the ravine, placed his men in positions on the slope overlooking the ravine and himself went to the top with a Bren Gun and two riflemen. By clever tactics he induced the enemy party to expose itself and then at a range of 500 yards shot 22 and caused the remainder to disperse in panic. During the whole of the operations he suffered from dysentery and was able to eat very little, in addition to being wounded and bruised. He showed superb coolness, great skill and dash and complete disregard of danger. His conduct and leadership inspired his whole platoon to fight magnificently throughout, and in fact

5896-440: The two fences. When a guard pointed a pistol at his head and threatened to shoot, Upham calmly ignored him and lit a cigarette. This scene was photographed by the Germans as evidence. Due to his persistent escape attempts, Upham was eventually transferred to Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle in late 1943, a fortress renowned for housing persistent and high-profile Allied escapees. On the trip to Colditz, Upham tried to escape while on

5984-404: The well-being of their animals but also safeguarding them from natural predators such as wolves and protecting them from theft. Shepherding in ancient China was often a communal effort, with families or communities collectively managing their herds. These communities developed techniques and methods to graze their flocks in the vast and varied landscapes of China, from the high plateaus of Tibet to

6072-528: The widespread practice of fencing properties, which in turn reduced the demand for shepherds. Over 95% of New South Wales sheep were grazing in paddocks by the mid-1880s. An 1890s census of fencing in New South Wales recorded that 2.6 million kilometres of fencing had been erected there with a contemporary cost of A$ 3 billion. Boundary riders and stockmen replaced shepherds working on foot, who have not been employed in Australia and New Zealand since

6160-402: The work. He plunged into the farm and study courses with an enthusiasm that convinced his parents that, after all, it was the right choice. For two years he was first in agriculture and gained firsts also in veterinary science and economics. With a diploma of agriculture , Upham left Canterbury Agricultural College in 1930 to begin life on the land. For the next six years, he learnt his craft in

6248-561: The wound dressed by an Allied POW doctor. After recovering enough to be moved, Upham was transferred to Campo P.G. 47 in Modena, Italy in March 1943. This camp, like many others, was harsh and strictly monitored. Upham made his first serious escape attempt here. His cell had one weakness – they had plaster board ceilings. Moving his bed vertically, he smashed it into the ceiling, but a secondary ceiling wired together prevented him from escaping. He

6336-480: Was a granddaughter of pioneer colonist Guise Brittan . He grew up a quiet, shy boy, very gentlemanly and courteous, and "no trouble at all". He wasn't a strong child physically, as well as having a slightly shorter leg than the other, leading to a doctor suspecting Upham of having a mild case of poliomyelitis . He boarded at Waihi School, near Winchester , South Canterbury, between 1917 and 1922 and boarded at Christ's College, Christchurch , from 1923 to 1927. [Upham]

6424-464: Was a nobleman who purchased the right to head a company from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant . The funding to provide for the troops did not come from the monarch or their government; the captain responsible for feeding, housing, and provisioning their company. If he was unable to support the company, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed (" cashiered "), and

6512-584: Was a success and the New Zealand Division was moved into the defensive line centred on the small railway town of El Alamein . The New Zealanders were positioned to the south of the town and ordered to take the high ground at the El Ruasat Ridge. The attack began at 11 pm on 14 July. Along the ridge, they met fierce resistance from the Germans. Upham's own company found themselves facing four machine gun nests and several tanks holding

6600-524: Was an inspiration to the Battalion. General Sir Claude Auchinleck presented Upham with his VC ribbon at a ceremonial parade by 4 Brigade on 4 November 1941. In November 1941 he was annoyed when his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel H. K. Kippenberger, decided to leave him out of the second Libyan campaign . Kippenberger believed that Upham "was fretting for more action" and "would get himself killed too quickly". The battalion suffered heavy losses in

6688-450: Was blown over by one mortar shell, and painfully wounded by a piece of shrapnel behind the left shoulder, by another. He disregarded this wound and remained on duty. He also received a bullet in the foot which he later removed in Egypt. At Galatas on 25th May his platoon was heavily engaged and came under severe mortar and machine-gun fire. While his platoon stopped under cover of a ridge Second-Lieutenant Upham went forward, observed

6776-608: Was caught soon after. In September 1943, following the Italian Armistice , many POWs in Italy were moved to German camps. While Upham was being transported in a truck, he jumped in a bend and managed to get 400 yards (370 m) away before being recaptured. He also broke his ankle in the process. Upham arrived at Weinsberg Camp (Oflag Va). On one occasion, he tried to escape the camp by climbing its fences in broad daylight. He became entangled in barbed wire when he fell between

6864-558: Was commanding a Company of New Zealand troops in the Western Desert during the operations which culminated in the attack on El Ruweisat Ridge on the night of 14th–15th July, 1942. In spite of being twice wounded, once when crossing open ground swept by enemy fire to inspect his forward sections guarding our mine-fields and again when he completely destroyed an entire truck load of German soldiers with hand grenades, Captain Upham insisted on remaining with his men to take part in

6952-418: Was disappointed when his only son elected not to study law and join his father's practice, Charles stating, "I'd always be jealous of my friends on farms". So Upham's father enrolled Charles at Canterbury Agricultural College (now known as Lincoln University ), where the practical and theoretical sciences of farming are taught at the university level, joining in 1928. Upham rapidly found himself enthralled with

7040-575: Was his Brigadier in North Africa, sir. He did so many brave things, in my respectful opinion, Captain Upham won the VC several times over". Colonel Burrows approached Kippenberger after the Minqar Qaim action and was already mooting the nomination for a second VC even before the battle at Ruweisat Ridge and Upham's capture. General Lindsay Inglis received citations for both Minqar Qaim and Ruweisat that each individually suggested Upham merited

7128-481: Was in use from the 1560s, referring to an officer who commands a company. The naval sense, an officer who commands a man-of-war , is somewhat earlier, from the 1550s, later extended in meaning to "master or commander of any kind of vessel". A captain in the period prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the French Revolution , during the early modern period ,

7216-399: Was more readily available others took up this occupation. Some shepherds were additionally brought to Australia on the ships that carried sheep and were contracted to caring for them on their arrival in the colony. Sheep owners complained about the inefficiency of shepherds and the shepherds' fears of getting lost in the bush . Typically sheep were watched by shepherds during the day, and by

7304-575: Was quiet and unassuming, despite his nickname of "Puggie". Rather shy, not a very good mixer, he would walk over to school with a group of boys, not talking and chaffing with them, but head down and brow furrowed, completely wrapped up in his own thoughts. He took things more seriously than others. He was a lone ranger. Though normally placid, now and then he showed he was capable of a deep fierce temper if he were aroused. But you could rely on him implicitly. I would risk anything on his word – and once having given his word, nothing would budge him. Upham's father

7392-551: Was restricted to men of wide practical backgrounds and was designed primarily to train men for managerial posts in government departments. At the end of the year, he had no trouble with the necessary exams, obtaining his Diploma in Valuation and Farm Management. But the darkening months of 1939 saw Upham thinking more and more deeply about events on the other side of the world. With the call for volunteers in September 1939, after

7480-577: Was taken not to restore the historic rank titles for the RCAF due to it being deemed 'too confusing'. Shepherd A shepherd is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards flocks of sheep . Shepherding is one of the world's oldest occupations; it exists in many parts of the globe, and it is an important part of pastoralist animal husbandry . Because the occupation is so widespread, many religions and cultures have symbolic or metaphorical references to shepherds. For example, Jesus called himself

7568-489: Was the case in the past. Keeping a shepherd in constant attendance can be costly. Also, the eradication of sheep predators in parts of the world has lessened the need for shepherds. In places like Britain, hardy breeds of sheep have frequently been left alone without a shepherd for long periods. More productive breeds of sheep can be left in fields and moved periodically to fresh pasture when necessary. Hardier breeds of sheep can be left on hillsides. The sheep farmer will attend to

7656-437: Was then sent to bring in a company which had become isolated. With a Corporal he went through enemy territory over 600 yards, killing two Germans on the way, found the company, and brought it back to the Battalion's new position. But for this action it would have been completely cut off. During the following two days his platoon occupied an exposed position on forward slopes and was continuously under fire. Second Lieutenant Upham

7744-523: Was thought to have been the fifth antediluvian king of the Sumerian city-state of Bad-tibira . In the Sumerian poem Inanna Prefers the Farmer , Dumuzid competes with the farmer Enkimdu for the affection of the goddess Inanna and ultimately wins her favor. Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant, but, during the summer months, when

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