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43-699: Development of the Rivanna River region under Thomas Jefferson ' s leadership allowed the transport and trade of goods in the early United States. The Charlottesville Woolen Mill was the largest of several brick mills that were built in Albemarle County during the 19th century. Dating to around 1820, the Mills were built along the Rivanna River by William D. Meriwether . The mills processed wool , cotton , flour and timber . The mill

86-819: A Native American tribe historically based in the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia . They spoke a Siouan language , related to the languages of the Tutelo , Biloxi , and Ofo . They were part of the Monacan confederacies. Saponi, Tutelo, and Yesang were collectively called the Nahyssan. The Cayuga adopted the Saponi into the League of the Haudenosaunee in 1753, and some Saponi descendants are part of

129-692: A Native American tribe . They are: Numerous unrecognized tribes and other organizations claim Saponi ancestry. These include the Mahenips Band of the Saponi Nation of Missouri in the Ozark Hills, with headquarters in West Plains, Missouri . In 2000, the Saponi Nation of Missouri submitted a letter of intent to Petition for Federal Acknowledgement of Existence as an Indian Tribe; however, they did not follow through with submitting

172-823: A community of them living near Fort Niagara who was later believed to have joined the Mohawk, whereas others continued into Canada alongside the Cayuga. Since most of the Iroquois sided with the British in the American Revolutionary War , after the victory by the United States, the Saponi and Tutelo who had joined the Iroquois were forced with them into exile in Canada. After that point, recorded history

215-575: A petition. Ohio is home to the second-largest population of people who claim Saponi ancestry. Ohio has no federally recognized or state-recognized tribes. Director of the Haliwa-Saponi Historic Legacy Project, Dr. Marty Richardson wrote, "A large group of Meadows Indians migrated to Ohio after 1835 and took advantage of fewer race-based restrictions." However, 1818 to 1842 marked Indian removals in Ohio . In 1998,

258-551: A variety of businesses, with a particularly strong base in the uniform trade. Military schools, city police departments, and the United States military all ordered uniform cloth from the mill. In 2017, the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors approved the rezoning of the Woolen Mills factory property for mixed-use development. The planned complex will house offices and retail establishments. The records of

301-557: Is a source of drinking water to the Charlottesville area and Lake Monticello. Water supply management and planning have been somewhat controversial. In 2006 a plan to expand water supply by piping water from South Fork Rivanna Reservoir to an enlarged Ragged Mountain Reservoir gained wide endorsement from environmental organizations, the water authority, and permitting agencies. Subsequently, however, some citizens have criticized

344-555: The Cayuga Nation . The origin and meaning of Saponi , sometimes spelled Sappony , is debated. American anthropologist John Reed Swanton wrote that Saponi was "a corruption of Monasiccapano or Monasukapanough." He wrote the name came from moni-seep meaning "shallow water." University of Kansas linguist Robert L. Rankin also suggested that their name derived from sa:p moni meaning "shallow water" or sa:p oni: meaning "shallow tree." Ethnographer James Mooney suggested

387-704: The Charlottesville Woolen Mills . It was the construction of these larger mills which prompted the great "second generation" improvements to navigation which were coordinated by the Rivanna Navigation Company . Union Mills alone featured a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) canal and towpath , one upper and two massive lower locks , all directly upon the river. Where the Rivanna meets the James River at Columbia so too did

430-621: The Chemung River joins the Susquehanna River in north-central Pennsylvania. They also settled as Pony Hollow, just southwest of Newfield, New York , which connected to other Nahyssan and Haudenosaunee communities nearby. "Pony Hollow" is a corruption of Saponi Hollow. An estimated 30 Saponi warriors lived among these communities. Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, Samuel Kirkland noted

473-629: The Colony of Virginia , resettled them in an Indian Reservation at Fort Christanna near Gholsonville, Virginia . The tribes agreed to this for protection from hostile Haudenosaunee. In 1716, the combined Saponi, Tutelo, and Manahoac population at the reservation was 200. Although in 1718 the House of Burgesses voted to abandon the fort and school, the Siouan tribes continued to stay in that area for some time. They gradually moved away in small groups over

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516-898: The Tutelo language in Brantford, Ontario . At the time of European contact up to the early 18th century, the Saponi lived in present-day Virginia and North Carolina . Their settlements extended into the New River in West Virginia . In the 17th and 18th centuries, some Saponi settled along the Roanoke River , its tributary the Staunton River , and the Yadkin River . Lands in the Virginia Piedmont were dominated by oak, hickory, and pine forests. In

559-693: The United States . The Rivanna's tributaries originate in the Blue Ridge Mountains ; via the James River, it is part of the watershed of Chesapeake Bay . According to the Geographic Names Information System , the Rivanna has also been known as "Mountain Falls Creek" and "River Anna". The Rivanna River is formed in Albemarle County about 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Charlottesville by

602-626: The "Occononacheans and Nessoneicks" living on Roanoke River. The "Nessoneicks" were Saponi. In 1670, John Lederer visited what he described as "Sapon, a Village of the Nahyssans," who were the Saponi. Lederer wrote about the Saponi: "The nation is governed by an absolute Monarch; the People of a high stature, warlike and rich." In 1671 Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam led an expedition that passed through several Saponi villages. After their visit,

645-578: The 4.5-mile-long (7.2 km) Rivanna Connexion canal merge with the James River and Kanawha Canal , itself an altogether impressive work intended to connect Richmond with the Ohio River and the West. The series of locks which connected the two works lie just outside the town, and are mostly buried by sediment today. In the batteaux era Milton was the head of navigation along the river, but by

688-595: The Cayuga homelands. Distinct from the Person County Indians , a group of Saponi who remained in North Carolina merged with the Tuscarora , Meherrin , and Machapunga and migrated north into New York with them by 1802. North Carolina has three state-recognized tribes that identify as descendants of the historical Saponi people. None of these organizations are federally recognized as

731-540: The City of Charlottesville), resource management agencies (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Thomas Jefferson Soil and Water Conservation District) and quasi-governmental organizations (Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority, Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission). 37°45′04″N 78°09′49″W  /  37.75098°N 78.16361°W  / 37.75098; -78.16361 Monasukapanough The Saponi are

774-593: The Rivanna Conservation Society and StreamWatch merged into a single nonprofit: The Rivanna Conservation Alliance (RCA). In 2006 The Nature Conservancy raised funds and approached local governments to successfully facilitate the establishment of the Rivanna River Basin Commission, a multi-jurisdictional body composed of local elected officials, Soil and Water Conservation District representatives, and citizens. In 2008

817-536: The Rivanna River Basin Commission Technical Advisory Committee identified altered hydrology and sediment pollution as principal threats to the health of the system. (In general, altered hydrology refers changes in flow regime due to impervious land cover, withdrawals, and dams. The Technical Committee’s findings regarding the Rivanna were limited to land-cover mediated hydrological alteration). The Rivanna

860-471: The Rivanna basin as “one of the finest remaining freshwater river and stream systems in the Piedmont .” In 2002 a local scientist, John Murphy, founded a community-based monitoring program named StreamWatch . The StreamWatch benthic water quality monitoring program created a watershed-wide intensive data collection at permanent stream monitoring sites throughout the Rivanna and its tributaries. Note: In 2016

903-580: The Saponi and Tutelo moved downriver and settled with Occaneechi people. Nathanial Bacon led an attack against the tribes in 1676. This move was likely to avoid increasing attacks from Haudenosaunee people. Nearly decimated, the Saponi relocated to three islands at the confluence of the Dan and Staunton rivers in Clarksville with their allies, the Occaneechi, Tutelo, and Nahyssans. In 1677,

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946-434: The Saponi and allied tribes, often collectively referred to as Nahyssan, Saponi, or Tutelo, had begun moving to the location of present-day Salisbury, North Carolina to gain distance from the colonial frontier. By 1711 they were just east of the Roanoke River and west of modern Windsor, North Carolina . In 1712, they asked Virginia to prohibit alcohol sales in their settlement. In 1714, Alexander Spotswood , governor of

989-611: The Saponi were governed by a headman, an elders' council, and, when necessary, a war chief. Historically, Saponi people hunted deer, bear, beaver, squirrel, turkey, and other fowl. They may have hunted woodland bison and elk. They fished in rivers and the Atlantic Ocean . They farmed maize, beans, and squash and harvested wild plants including various nuts, berries, and stone fruits. Chiefs used staffs of hickory wood. In 1600, James Mooney estimated there were 2,700 Saponi. English explorer Edward Bland wrote in 1650 about

1032-510: The State of Virginia . Several major population centers of the tribe were located along the Rivanna, including Monasukapanough , near the headwaters of the river, and Rassawek , the principal town of the tribe, located at the confluence of the Rivanna and James rivers. In the late eighteenth century the river was made navigable , partially by the efforts of the Jeffersons who owned much of

1075-537: The Virginia colonial government named the Saponi as tributary Indians under the colonial governor's protection. English explorer John Lawson wrote about the Saponi in 1701. He noted they fought against the Seneca and trapped beaver for the fur trade . Shortly after his visit, the Saponi migrated to North Carolina. A band of Saponi returned to Virginia in 1708. There Occaneechi and Stukanox joined them. By 1701,

1118-550: The Woolen Mills are held at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia . 38°01′14″N 78°27′22″W  /  38.02042869778613°N 78.45619256430989°W  / 38.02042869778613; -78.45619256430989 Rivanna River The Rivanna River / r ɪ ˈ v æ n ə / is a 42.1-mile-long (67.8 km) tributary of the James River in central Virginia in

1161-509: The city's parks and the wooded lands surrounding it, totaling over 20 miles (32 km) in length. The Rivanna River is the focus of considerable conservation efforts. In the early 1990s a group of concerned citizens (Roger Black, David Carter, Chet Maxey and Steve Pence) joined together to create the Rivanna Conservation Society, (RCS) a nonprofit with the mission of preserving the Rivanna’s scenic, cultural, historic and ecological attributes. In

1204-484: The confluence of two tributaries: Below this confluence, the Rivanna flows southeast through Albemarle County, skirting the eastern edge of Charlottesville and breaching the Southwest Mountains near Monticello . The Rivanna continues southeast through Fluvanna County , passing the communities of Lake Monticello and Palmyra ; it enters the James River at the town of Columbia . Monacan Indians were

1247-438: The inhabitants of the Rivanna valley at the time of first contact by Europeans . The locations of several sites from the period are known, and some have been explored by archaeologists . One in particular, a mound postulated to be the site of ritual burial and of spiritual significance to the tribe, is located near the confluence of the two forks of the river and was documented by Thomas Jefferson in his 1781 work Notes on

1290-455: The lands along its upper course, including Shadwell where Peter Jefferson had built a small mill complex on the river, overlooked by a lofty hill now known as Monticello . Improvements included in the first generation (through approximately 1830) were sluice cuts, small dams , and batteaux locks. Second generation (approx. 1840-1870) improvements had long stretches of canal , serviced by large locks , many of which are still visible along

1333-565: The late 1990s the Thomas Jefferson Planning District Commission convened an EPA-funded multi-stakeholder conservation planning effort, and in 1998 this Rivanna River Roundtable published its State of the Basin report identifying key management and conservation needs. In 2001, The Nature Conservancy, noting its many endemic and rare species including the endangered James River spinymussel , identified

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1376-649: The late twentieth century the river saw the establishment of the Rivanna Trail, a greenbelt trail that encircles the city of Charlottesville. As its name suggests the trail was originally envisioned as a river-front promenade , after the San Antonio River Walk , but the plan was soon enlarged under the guidance of the Rivanna Trails Foundation. It now takes hikers all the way around Charlottesville, passing through many of

1419-761: The majority of the Saponi and Tutelo moved to Shamokin in Pennsylvania . In 1753, the Cayuga people adopted them into their nation during the Grand Council of the Haudenosaunee. In 1711 the majority of Saponi migrated with the Cayuga to near Ithaca, New York , while some remained in Pennsylvania until 1778. A band with 28 adult Saponi remained near Granville County, North Carolina until 1755. In 1765, Saponi settled at Tioga Point , where

1462-576: The mid-18th century, most surviving Saponi migrated to Pennsylvania and New York . Their primary town was called Saponi. In 1670 Lederer visited their nearby settlement, Pintahae, near present-day Lynchburg, Virginia . The Saponi were an Eastern Siouan people with a matrilineal society. They had settled villages and built houses of post-and-pole frames with central hearths. In the 17th century, men wore breechclouts and women wore deerhide aprons. Important leaders, such as medicine men , wore feather cloaks. British explorer John Lawson wrote that

1505-562: The mid-nineteenth century horse-drawn canal boats were traveling all the way upstream to Charlottesville , where the head of navigation was located at the very point where the Fredericksburg Road (now VA 20 ) and Three Chopt Road ( U.S. Route 250 ), the primary road to Richmond (before the construction of Interstate 64), meet and enter the city over the Free Bridge, establishing the city as a major commercial hub. During

1548-574: The names of some local creeks. Byrd's scant list has been found to have included several names from unrelated Indian tribes. By the time linguistic data was recorded, many related eastern Siouan tribes had settled together at Fort Christanna in Brunswick County, Virginia , where the colonists sometimes referred to them as the Christanna Indians. In 1870, philologist Horatio Hale recorded an elder Nikonha 's information about

1591-667: The plan on the basis of cost, and have encouraged further research about dredging the South Fork Rivanna Reservoir. In most respects, Rivanna management and conservation efforts have been marked by significant cooperation among diverse stakeholders. The Rivanna River Basin Commission and the community monitoring program (StreamWatch) feature substantial participation by citizens, the conservation community ( e.g. Rivanna Conservation Alliance), local governments (Albemarle County, Fluvanna County, Greene County, and

1634-597: The river today. Shortly after the completion of the initial Rivanna navigational works, Virginia requested that the river be opened to public usage. It is said Jefferson at first refused, but the Commonwealth would not be denied, and the Rivanna became an integral part of the central Virginian transportation network. The route served a large community of farmsteads and plantations throughout Albemarle and Fluvanna counties. It also bore ever-growing numbers of industrial facilities, like those at Union Mills and

1677-455: The word might come from the Siouan term sapa meaning "black." German explorer John Lederer suggested their name came from Sepy, a female immortal in their religion. He wrote that either four tribes or clans were named for this spirit and three other closely related female spirits from whom the Saponi believed they descended. Evidence came from a short list of names given by the missionary Samuel Kirkland . The Saponi language, now extinct,

1720-437: The years 1730 to 1750. One record from 1728 indicated that Colonel William Byrd II made a survey of the border between Virginia and North Carolina , guided by Ned Bearskin, a Saponi hunter. Byrd noted several abandoned fields of corn, indicating serious disturbance among the local tribes. Hostilities between the Haudenosaunee and the Saponi and their neighbors ceased with the signing of the 1722 Treaty of Albany . In 1740,

1763-502: Was a Siouan language , closely related to Tutelo . The Saponi dialect is known from only two sources. One is a word list of 46 terms and phrases recorded by John Fontaine at Fort Christanna in 1716. This contains a number of items showing it to be virtually the same language as recorded by Hale. The other source is William Byrd II's History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (1728), in which he recorded

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1806-603: Was one of several local companies that produced Uniforms for the Confederate States of America and was burned by U.S. soldiers on March 3, 1865, when the town fell to the Union. The Mills were rebuilt by Henry Clay Marchant three years after the Civil War , but beginning in 1870 the Mills suffered a series of floods and fires until they were destroyed in 1882. The Woolen Mills thrived, providing woolen textiles to

1849-522: Was silent about the tribe. Americans destroyed Saponi communities in Pennsylvania and New York in 1779. In 1779, most of the Saponi were driven to Fort Niagara, where the Saponi separated from the Tutelo, who migrated north to Ontario, Canada . Those Saponi settled in Seneca County, New York in 1780. and they were forced to cede their lands to the state of New York in 1789, but some remained in

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