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36-457: The original form, to which the name relates, was built of four logs, but over time chartaques were built in different sizes depending on the number of defending units. Fundamentally they were places of observation and defence. A characteristic structural feature of chartaques is that they consisted of a lookout tower with a palisade around the base. Other defensive works such as schanzen , abatis , ramparts and ditches were often built in

72-429: A chartaque came at a cost of 28 guilders and 24 kreuzer (plus the "free" socage). For two or three chartaques an overseer was appointed in addition to the crews of each chartaque . For the rebuilding of another chartaque which was burned down to its supporting posts, the cost was estimated at 30 guilders. There were also chartaques that were additionally protected by a small redoubt ( redutierte Tschartaken ),

108-445: A wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length. Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water , forming a moat ). A balustrade or railing is a fence to prevent people from falling over an edge, most commonly found on a stairway , landing, or balcony . Railing systems and balustrades are also used along roofs , bridges , cliffs, pits, and bodies of water. Another aim of using fence

144-517: A defensive structure, palisades were often used in conjunction with earthworks . Palisades were an excellent option for small forts or other hastily constructed fortifications. Since they were made of wood, they could often be quickly and easily built from readily available materials. They proved to be effective protection for short-term conflicts and were an effective deterrent against small forces. However, because they were wooden constructions they were also vulnerable to fire and siege weapons. Often,

180-473: A fence on a boundary varies. The last relevant original title deed (s) and a completed seller's property information form may document which side has to put up and has installed any fence respectively; the first using "T" marks/symbols (the side with the "T" denotes the owner); the latter by a ticked box to the best of the last owner's belief with no duty, as the conventionally agreed conveyancing process stresses, to make any detailed, protracted enquiry. Commonly

216-481: A fine of up to £1000. Distinctly different land ownership and fencing patterns arose in the eastern and western United States. Original fence laws on the east coast were based on the British common law system, and rapidly increasing population quickly resulted in laws requiring livestock to be fenced in. In the west, land ownership patterns and policies reflected a strong influence of Spanish law and tradition, plus

252-777: A large enough gap in which to enter. In contrast, the Romans used smaller and easier to carry stakes which were placed closer together, making them more difficult to uproot. The Iroquoian peoples, who coalesced as tribes around the Great Lakes, often defended their settlements with palisades. Within the palisades the peoples lived in communal groups in numerous longhouses, sometimes in communities as large as 2,000 people. Archeological evidence of such palisades has been found at numerous 15th and 16th-century sites in both Ontario, Canada, and in New York, United States. Many settlements of

288-646: A palisade would be constructed around a castle as a temporary wall until a permanent stone wall could be erected. Both the Greeks and Romans created palisades to protect their military camps. The Roman historian Livy describes the Greek method as being inferior to that of the Romans during the Second Macedonian War . The Greek stakes were too large to be easily carried and were spaced too far apart. This made it easy for enemies to uproot them and create

324-401: A rural fence or hedge has (or in some cases had) an adjacent ditch, the ditch is normally in the same ownership as the hedge or fence, with the ownership boundary being the edge of the ditch furthest from the fence or hedge. The principle of this rule is that an owner digging a boundary ditch will normally dig it up to the very edge of their land, and must then pile the spoil on their own side of

360-481: A total for administrative units not to confirm the actual size of holdings, a rare instance where Ordnance Survey maps often provide more than circumstantial evidence namely as to which feature is to be considered the boundary. On private land in the United Kingdom , it is the landowner's responsibility to fence their livestock in. Conversely, for common land , it is the surrounding landowners' duty to fence

396-421: A variety of reasons such as protecting a strategically valuable area or a town Some palankas evolved into larger settlements.   In the late nineteenth century, when milled lumber was not available or practical, many Adirondack buildings were built using a palisade architecture. The walls were made of vertical half timbers; the outside, rounded half with its bark still on faced Adirondack weather, while

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432-424: A wood defensive wall. (see 'pale' , English: Etymology 2 on Wiktionary). Typical construction consisted of small or mid-sized tree trunks aligned vertically, with as little free space in between as possible. The trunks were sharpened or pointed at the top, and were driven into the ground and sometimes reinforced with additional construction. The height of a palisade ranged from around a metre to as high as 3–4 m. As

468-476: Is to limit the intrusion attempt into a property by malicious intruders. In support of these barriers there are sophisticated technologies that can be applied on fence itself and strengthen the defence of territory reducing the risk. The elements that reinforce the perimeter protection are: In most developed areas the use of fencing is regulated, variously in commercial, residential, and agricultural areas. Height, material, setback , and aesthetic issues are among

504-537: The Eppingen Lines . Palisade A palisade , sometimes called a stakewall or a paling , is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall . Palisades can form a stockade . Palisade derives from pale , from the Latin word pālus , meaning stake, specifically when used side by side to create

540-877: The Nodena sites in northeastern Arkansas , and the Etowah site in Georgia . Palisaded settlements were common in Colonial North America, for protection against indigenous peoples and wild animals. The English settlements in Jamestown, Virginia (1607), Cupids, Newfoundland (1610) and Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) were all originally fortifications that were surrounded by palisades. Such defensive palisades were also frequently used in New France . In addition, colonial architecture used vertical palings as

576-618: The Styrian - Hungarian border area and were adopted, in turn, by their opponents. At first they were built by the Styrians and Lower Austrians as part of their defence against the Ottomans and later strengthened to defend their lands against the Kurucs . Chartaques were usually erected in lines in order to be able to relay warning shots and other visual and audible messages. Depending on

612-669: The native Mississippian culture of the Midwestern United States used palisades. A prominent example is the Cahokia Mounds site in Collinsville, Illinois . A wooden stockade with a series of watchtowers or bastions at regular intervals formed a three-kilometre-long (2 mi) enclosure around Monk's Mound and the Grand Plaza. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of

648-677: The area and indications that it was rebuilt several times, in slightly different locations. The stockade seems to have separated Cahokia's main ceremonial precinct from other parts of the city, as well as being a defensive structure. Other examples include the Angel Mounds site in southern Indiana , Aztalan State Park in Wisconsin , the Kincaid site in Illinois , the Parkin site and

684-520: The common's livestock out such as in large parts of the New Forest . Large commons with livestock roaming have been greatly reduced by 18th and 19th century Acts for enclosure of commons covering most local units, with most remaining such land in the UK's National Parks. A 19th-century law requires railways to be fenced to keep people and livestock out. It is also illegal to trespass on railways, incurring

720-464: The considerations subject to regulation. The following types of areas or facilities often are required by law to be fenced in, for safety and security reasons: Servitudes are legal arrangements of land use arising out of private agreements. Under the feudal system, most land in England was cultivated in common fields, where peasants were allocated strips of arable land that were used to support

756-689: The construction of fences. However, the remaining vast tracts of unsettled land were often used as a commons, or, in the American West , " open range " as degradation of habitat developed due to overgrazing and a tragedy of the commons situation arose, common areas began to either be allocated to individual landowners via mechanisms such as the Homestead Act and Desert Land Act and fenced in, or, if kept in public hands, leased to individual users for limited purposes, with fences built to separate tracts of public and private land. Ownership of

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792-415: The ditch to avoid trespassing on their neighbour. They may then erect a fence or hedge on the spoil, leaving the ditch on its far side. Exceptions exist in law, for example where a plot of land derives from subdivision of a larger one along the centre line of a previously existing ditch or other feature, particularly where reinforced by historic parcel numbers with acreages beneath which were used to tally up

828-404: The inside half was sanded and varnished for a finished wood look. Typically, the cracks between the vertical logs were filled with moss and sometimes covered with small sticks. Inside, the cracks were covered with narrow wooden battens. This palisade style was much more efficient to build than the traditional horizontal log cabin, since two half logs provided more surface area than one whole log and

864-538: The means by which land is used, resulting in the modern law of servitudes. In the United States, the earliest settlers claimed land by simply fencing it in. Later, as the American government formed, unsettled land became technically owned by the government and programs to register land ownership developed, usually making raw land available for low prices or for free, if the owner improved the property, including

900-409: The mesh or panelling is in mid-position. Otherwise it tends to be on non-owner's side so the fence owner might access the posts when repairs are needed but this is not a legal requirement. Where estate planners wish to entrench privacy a close-boarded fence or equivalent well-maintained hedge of a minimum height may be stipulated by deed. Beyond a standard height planning permission is necessary. Where

936-457: The needs of the local village or manor . By the sixteenth century the growth of population and prosperity provided incentives for landowners to use their land in more profitable ways, dispossessing the peasantry. Common fields were aggregated and enclosed by large and enterprising farmers—either through negotiation among one another or by lease from the landlord—to maximize the productivity of the available land and contain livestock. Fences redefined

972-608: The present day. They were also installed as part of the Baroque lines of fortification in southwest Germany, where they were also called chartaques . Today only a very few chartaques have survived. In several places, however, they have been faithfully reconstructed. For example, in Burgau in 1995, a chartaque was reconstructed on the Lafnitz , once the border river between Austria and Hungary . Other reconstructions are found on

1008-522: The redoubt costing an estimated 40 guilders. For larger chartaques for 12-15 men, 32 construction-quality logs ( Stubenbäume ), six rafter logs ( Gesparrbäume ), four complete trees for the posts, 75 standard boards and 1,500 batten nails were needed. The Ottomans took over these installations from their eastern neighbours, the Persians , who had long been their enemies, and used the idea against their western enemies. Thus chartaques found their way to

1044-544: The state of the terrain, they might be arranged at intervals of about one to three kilometres. They were supporting elements of defensive lines. For example, between Radkersburg and Fehring , a distance of about 27 kilometres as the crow flies , 13 chartaques were built, and between Fehring and Fürstenfeld from the Raab valley to the Lafnitz valley, a distance of about 15 kilometres, 18-19 chartaques were erected. The description of these military installations has survived to

1080-553: The surveyed property line as precisely as possible. Today, across the nation, each state is free to develop its own laws regarding fences. In many cases for both rural and urban property owners, the laws were designed to require adjacent landowners to share the responsibility for maintaining a common boundary fenceline. Today, however, only 22 states have retained that provision. Some U.S. states, including Texas , Illinois , Missouri , and North Carolina , have enacted laws establishing that purple paint markings on fences (or trees) are

1116-438: The town of Radkersburg , the following was assessed to be needed: 20 workers ( socagers from the surrounding villages), eight log posts each of three fathoms (ca. 18 feet long), 24 logs for beams and wall benches, 18 logs for the upper and lower floors, 25 battens, 75 wide boards, 400 batten nails, 1,000 shingle nails, 67 carts and, as for tradesmen, master carpenter : 18 man days and carpenter's apprentices: 54 man days. Such

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1152-472: The use of palisade fencing over opaque, usually brick, walls, as criminals cannot hide as easily behind the fence. Its manual on safety includes guidance, such as avoiding having vegetation alongside the fence, as this allows criminals to make an unseen breach. Fence A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is usually constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire , rails or netting . A fence differs from

1188-441: The vast land area involved made extensive fencing impractical until mandated by a growing population and conflicts between landowners. The "open range" tradition of requiring landowners to fence out unwanted livestock was dominant in most of the rural west until very late in the 20th century, and even today, a few isolated regions of the west still have open range statutes on the books. More recently, fences are generally constructed on

1224-659: The vertical alignment meant a stronger structure for supporting loads like upper stories and roofs. It also presented a more finished look inside. Examples of this architectural style can still be found in the Adirondacks, such as around Big Moose Lake . In areas with extremely high rates of violent crime and property theft, a common means to prevent crime is for residential houses to be protected by perimeter defenses such as ornamental iron bars, brick walls, steel palisade fences, wooden palisade fences and electrified palisade fences ( railings ). The City of Johannesburg promotes

1260-620: The vicinity as additional protection against an enemy. The construction of a chartaque was an operation that lasted several weeks. In 1706, during the time of the Kuruc wars , precise details are known about the fortifications of the Kuruc schanzen in eastern Styria. For one four-man chartaque , thus a relatively small one (there were also chartaques for up to 20 men), which was to be built in Goritz bei Radkersburg , about three kilometres north of

1296-731: The walls of houses, in what was called poteaux en terre construction. Some 18th-century houses in this style survive in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri , initially settled by French colonists from the Illinois Country to the east of the Mississippi River . A "palanka" was a type of wooden fort constructed of palisades, built by the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans during the 16th and 17th centuries. They could be erected for

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