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94-566: ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in 2022. It is based on the GPT-4o large language model (LLM). ChatGPT can generate human-like conversational responses, and enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. It is credited with accelerating the AI boom , which has led to ongoing rapid investment in and public attention to

188-617: A Raspberry Pi 4 and one version of Stable Diffusion can run on an iPhone 11 . Larger models with tens of billions of parameters can run on laptop or desktop computers . To achieve an acceptable speed, models of this size may require accelerators such as the GPU chips produced by NVIDIA and AMD or the Neural Engine included in Apple silicon products. For example, the 65 billion parameter version of LLaMA can be configured to run on

282-549: A lossy JPEG picture: Think of ChatGPT as a blurry JPEG of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the information on the Web, in the same way, that a JPEG retains much of the information of a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually acceptable. [...] It's also

376-520: A chatbot powered by the LaMDA LLM, on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of Bing Chat . AI was the forefront of Google's annual Google I/O conference in May, announcing a slew of generative AI-powered features across its products to counter OpenAI and Microsoft. Generative artificial intelligence Generative artificial intelligence ( generative AI , GenAI , or GAI )

470-613: A compression algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be entirely fabricated. In June 2024, ChatGPT was found to have repeated misinformation about the 2024 United States presidential debates . ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, users " jailbreak " ChatGPT with various prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions. One such workaround, popularized on Reddit in early 2023, involves making ChatGPT assume

564-487: A custom ChatGPT chatbot called "My AI". In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history. Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, email address , payment address,

658-420: A data set. The capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used. Generative AI can be either unimodal or multimodal ; unimodal systems take only one type of input, whereas multimodal systems can take more than one type of input. For example, one version of OpenAI 's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs. Text generated by Bing Chat , prompted with

752-494: A debate about whether artists should get royalties from audio deepfakes. Many AI music generators have been created that can be generated using a text phrase, genre options, and looped libraries of bars and riffs . Generative AI trained on annotated video can generate temporally-coherent, detailed and photorealistic video clips. Examples include Sora by OpenAI , Gen-1 and Gen-2 by Runway , and Make-A-Video by Meta Platforms. Generative AI can also be trained on

846-540: A degree in African Development Studies from Harvard University , Janah worked as a consultant at Katzenbach Partners (now Booz & Company ) and at the World Bank . She quickly became disillusioned, however, by the lack of insight she perceived from World Bank officials into the needs of those the organization was attempting to move out of poverty . While working with multiple clients in

940-844: A desktop PC. The advantages of running generative AI locally include protection of privacy and intellectual property , and avoidance of rate limiting and censorship . The subreddit r/LocalLLaMA in particular focuses on using consumer -grade gaming graphics cards through such techniques as compression . That forum is one of only two sources Andrej Karpathy trusts for language model benchmarks . Yann LeCun has advocated open-source models for their value to vertical applications and for improving AI safety . Language models with hundreds of billions of parameters, such as GPT-4 or PaLM , typically run on datacenter computers equipped with arrays of GPUs (such as NVIDIA's H100 ) or AI accelerator chips (such as Google's TPU ). These very large models are typically accessed as cloud services over

1034-407: A five-step quality assurance mechanism that gauges the success of each individual worker. Workers are not, however, in direct competition with one another as they are in crowdsourcing models. Sama's staff also makes a point of understanding the skills native to each region so that it can channel projects to centers best equipped to handle them. First founded as a non-profit in 2008, Sama adopted

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1128-412: A guideline that generative AI must "adhere to socialist core values". Generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Midjourney are trained on large, publicly available datasets that include copyrighted works. AI developers have argued that such training is protected under fair use , while copyright holders have argued that it infringes their rights. Proponents of fair use training have argued that it

1222-431: A hybrid business model in 2019, becoming a for-profit business with the previous non-profit organization becoming a shareholder. Entrepreneur Leila Janah founded Samasource (now Sama Group) in 2008. While working as an English teacher she was seeing her students' ambition combined with the rise in global literacy and access to technology during that time provided the initial inspiration for Samasource. After completing

1316-778: A limited number of previous prompts in the same conversation. Journalists have speculated that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized therapist. To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" API (a separate GPT-based AI). In March 2023, OpenAI added support for plugins for ChatGPT. This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external plugins from developers such as Expedia , OpenTable , Zapier , Shopify , Slack , and Wolfram . OpenAI acknowledges that ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers". This behavior

1410-629: A model to detect such content in the future. The outsourced laborers were exposed to toxic and dangerous content, and one described the experience as "torture". Following the Time investigation, Fairwork conducted a study of Sama. Benchmarking them against Fairwork principles, the company scored a 5/10. In 2023, Sama employees were involved in the formation of the African Content Moderators Union alongside employees from other African-based outsourcing companies. In March 2022,

1504-439: A more equitable society, proactive steps encompass mitigating biases, advocating transparency, respecting privacy and consent, and embracing diverse teams and ethical considerations. Strategies involve redirecting policy emphasis on regulation, inclusive design, and education's potential for personalized teaching to maximize benefits while minimizing harms. Generative AI models can reflect and amplify any cultural bias present in

1598-478: A part of Iceland 's attempts to preserve the Icelandic language . PCMag journalists conducted a test to determine translation capabilities of ChatGPT, Google's Bard , and Microsoft Bing , and compared them to Google Translate . They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test". Languages tested were Polish , French , Korean , Spanish , Arabic , Tagalog , and Amharic . They came to

1692-484: A person in an existing image or video and replace them with someone else's likeness using artificial neural networks . Deepfakes have garnered widespread attention and concerns for their uses in deepfake celebrity pornographic videos , revenge porn , fake news , hoaxes , health disinformation , financial fraud , and covert foreign election interference . This has elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use. In July 2023,

1786-426: A probabilistic text generator. The academic discipline of artificial intelligence was established at a research workshop held at Dartmouth College in 1956 and has experienced several waves of advancement and optimism in the decades since. Artificial Intelligence research began in the 1950s with works like Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950) and the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on AI . Since

1880-737: A question about Carl Jung 's concept of shadow self Generative AI systems trained on words or word tokens include GPT-3 , GPT-4 , GPT-4o , LaMDA , LLaMA , BLOOM , Gemini and others (see List of large language models ). They are capable of natural language processing , machine translation , and natural language generation and can be used as foundation models for other tasks. Data sets include BookCorpus , Misplaced Pages , and others (see List of text corpora ). In addition to natural language text, large language models can be trained on programming language text, allowing them to generate source code for new computer programs . Examples include OpenAI Codex . Producing high-quality visual art

1974-711: A reporter for the Toronto Star had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: it was tricked to justify the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , but even when asked to play along with a fictional scenario, it balked at generating arguments that Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is guilty of treason. OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks: The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays

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2068-428: A safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse , violence , racism , sexism ), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning less than $ 2   per hour to label harmful content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The outsourced laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner

2162-420: A secured cloud annotation platform to manage the annotation lifecycle. This includes image upload, annotation, data sampling and QA, data delivery, and overall collaboration. Sama's platform breaks down complex data projects from large companies into small tasks that can be completed by women and youth in developing countries with basic English skills after a few weeks of training. Sama's technology features

2256-476: A series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 500 milliliters (18 imp fl oz; 17 U.S. fl oz) of water for Microsoft servers cooling. TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $ 10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023. OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in

2350-515: A specified goal. Generative AI planning systems used symbolic AI methods such as state space search and constraint satisfaction and were a "relatively mature" technology by the early 1990s. They were used to generate crisis action plans for military use, process plans for manufacturing and decision plans such as in prototype autonomous spacecraft. Since its inception, the field of machine learning used both discriminative models and generative models , to model and predict data. Beginning in

2444-484: A text field with additional feedback. ChatGPT's training data includes software manual pages , information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems , multiple programming languages, and the text of Misplaced Pages . Although a chatbot 's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. It can write and debug computer programs; compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; answer test questions (sometimes, depending on

2538-707: A toy dinosaur when given the prompt pick up the extinct animal at a table filled with toy animals and other objects. Artificially intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) can use text-to-3D, image-to-3D, and video-to-3D to automate 3D modeling . AI-based CAD libraries could also be developed using linked open data of schematics and diagrams . AI CAD assistants are used as tools to help streamline workflow. Generative AI models are used to power chatbot products such as ChatGPT , programming tools such as GitHub Copilot , text-to-image products such as Midjourney, and text-to-video products such as Runway Gen-2. Generative AI features have been integrated into

2632-613: A variety of existing commercially available products such as Microsoft Office ( Microsoft Copilot ), Google Photos , and the Adobe Suite ( Adobe Firefly ). Many generative AI models are also available as open-source software , including Stable Diffusion and the LLaMA language model. Smaller generative AI models with up to a few billion parameters can run on smartphones , embedded devices, and personal computers . For example, LLaMA-7B (a version with 7 billion parameters) can run on

2726-463: A way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if

2820-566: A wide range of industries, including software development, healthcare, finance, entertainment, customer service, sales and marketing, art, writing, fashion, and product design. However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of generative AI such as cybercrime , the use of fake news or deepfakes to deceive or manipulate people, and the mass replacement of human jobs . Intellectual property law concerns also exist around generative models that are trained on and emulate copyrighted works of art. Since its inception, researchers in

2914-456: Is a transformative use and does not involve making copies of copyrighted works available to the public. Critics have argued that image generators such as Midjourney can create nearly-identical copies of some copyrighted images, and that generative AI programs compete with the content they are trained on. As of 2024, several lawsuits related to the use of copyrighted material in training are ongoing. Getty Images has sued Stability AI over

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3008-790: Is a prominent application of generative AI. Generative AI systems trained on sets of images with text captions include Imagen , DALL-E , Midjourney , Adobe Firefly , FLUX.1 , Stable Diffusion and others (see Artificial intelligence art , Generative art , and Synthetic media ). They are commonly used for text-to-image generation and neural style transfer . Datasets include LAION-5B and others (see List of datasets in computer vision and image processing ). Generative AI can also be trained extensively on audio clips to produce natural-sounding speech synthesis and text-to-speech capabilities, exemplified by ElevenLabs ' context-aware synthesis tools or Meta Platform 's Voicebox. Generative AI systems such as MusicLM and MusicGen can also be trained on

3102-489: Is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or other forms of data. These models learn the underlying patterns and structures of their training data and use them to produce new data based on the input, which often comes in the form of natural language prompts . Improvements in transformer -based deep neural networks , particularly large language models (LLMs), enabled an AI boom of generative AI systems in

3196-442: Is built on OpenAI's proprietary series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models, and is fine-tuned for conversational applications using a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback . Successive user prompts and replies are considered at each conversation stage as context . ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates

3290-428: Is common for large language models, and is called " hallucination ". The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart's law . As of May 2024, GPT-4 has knowledge of events that occurred up to December 2023 and GPT-4o's knowledge cut-off is October 2023. Paid subscriptions enable ChatGPT to search

3384-531: Is happening." ChatGPT gained one million users in five days and 100 millions in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history. ChatGPT's launch and popularity caught Google off-guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented response in the ensuing months. In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing the threat of ChatGPT and Microsoft's collaboration with OpenAI to Google Search , Google's core business. After mobilizing its workforce, Google scrambled to launch Bard ,

3478-449: Is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten, and as a result, many of us are [stunned]" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws". Paul Graham of Y Combinator tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big

3572-403: Is twice as fast and costs half as much as GPT-4 Turbo. GPT-4o is free to all users within a usage limit, despite being more capable than the older model GPT-4, which is only available through paid subscriptions. The usage limit is five times higher for ChatGPT Plus subscribers than for free users. On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on

3666-452: The 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike . Voice generation AI has been seen as a potential challenge to the voice acting sector. The intersection of AI and employment concerns among underrepresented groups globally remains a critical facet. While AI promises efficiency enhancements and skill acquisition, concerns about job displacement and biased recruiting processes persist among these groups, as outlined in surveys by Fast Company . To leverage AI for

3760-457: The U.S . The app later became available worldwide. OpenAI is working on integrating ChatGPT with Android's assistant APIs. As an addition to its consumer-friendly "ChatGPT Plus" package, OpenAI made its ChatGPT and Whisper model APIs available in March 2023, providing developers with an application programming interface for AI-enabled language and speech-to-text features. ChatGPT's new API uses

3854-468: The outsourcing sector and nonprofit world, Janah developed the business plan for Sama. Sama has received numerous awards and grants, including the 2012 Secretary's Innovation Award for the Empowerment of Women and Girls and the 2012 TechFellows Award for Disruptive Innovation. The organization was also part of POPTech's 2010 Class of Social Innovation Fellows. Fast Company named Sama as "One of

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3948-427: The supervised learning typical of discriminative models. Unsupervised learning removed the need for humans to manually label data , allowing for larger networks to be trained. In 2021, the release of DALL-E , a transformer-based pixel generative model, followed by Midjourney and Stable Diffusion marked the emergence of practical high-quality artificial intelligence art from natural language prompts. In 2022,

4042-475: The 1950s, artists and researchers have used artificial intelligence to create artistic works. By the early 1970s, Harold Cohen was creating and exhibiting generative AI works created by AARON , the computer program Cohen created to generate paintings. The terms generative AI planning or generative planning were used in the 1980s and 1990s to refer to AI planning systems, especially computer-aided process planning , used to generate sequences of actions to reach

4136-557: The 89th percentile on Codeforces' competitive programming contests, scored 83% on a International Mathematics Olympiad qualifying exam (compared to 13% for GPT-4o), and performs similarly to Ph.D. students on benchmarks in physics, biology, and chemistry. A faster and cheaper version, named o1-mini, was also released. The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version: OpenAI engineers have said that they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by

4230-638: The Albanian government signed an agreement with OpenAI to use ChatGPT for fast translation of European Union documents and analysis of required changes needed for Albania to be accepted into the EU. In August 2024 a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of OpenAI made a visit to Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was made. ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but

4324-591: The ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $ 0.15 per million input tokens and $ 0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $ 5 and $ 15 respectively for GPT-4o. On September 12, 2024, OpenAI introduced the o1-preview model. o1 is designed to solve more complex problems by spending more time thinking before it answers, enabling it to analyze its answers and explore different strategies. According to OpenAI, o1-preview outperforms GPT-4o in areas like competitive programming, mathematics, and scientific reasoning. o1-preview ranked in

4418-483: The GPT-4 model. The ChatGPT Plus subscription service offers access to a GPT-4-powered version of ChatGPT. Microsoft acknowledged that Bing Chat was using GPT-4 before GPT-4's official release. In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo, which notably has a much larger context window . In May 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o ("o" for "Omni"), a model capable of analyzing and generating text, images, and sound. GPT-4o

4512-1174: The Internet. In 2022, the United States New Export Controls on Advanced Computing and Semiconductors to China imposed restrictions on exports to China of GPU and AI accelerator chips used for generative AI. Chips such as the NVIDIA A800 and the Biren Technology BR104 were developed to meet the requirements of the sanctions. There is free software on the market capable of recognizing text generated by generative artificial intelligence (such as GPTZero ), as well as images, audio or video coming from it. Potential mitigation strategies for detecting generative AI content include digital watermarking , content authentication , information retrieval , and machine learning classifier models . Despite claims of accuracy, both free and paid AI text detectors have frequently produced false positives, mistakenly accusing students of submitting AI-generated work. In

4606-666: The Most Innovative Companies of 2015", saying that Sama is "defining what it means to be a not-for-profit business". Sama has also been profiled in TechCrunch , Wired , and Business Insider among other publications. Janah, was included in Conde Nast's Daring 25 list in 2016 and as one of "Five Visionary Tech Entrepreneurs Who Are Changing the World" by The New York Times Style Magazine in 2015. She

4700-715: The United States, a group of companies including OpenAI, Alphabet, and Meta signed a voluntary agreement with the Biden administration in July 2023 to watermark AI-generated content. In October 2023, Executive Order 14110 applied the Defense Production Act to require all US companies to report information to the federal government when training certain high-impact AI models. In the European Union,

4794-697: The ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal." In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store , a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled GPTs . The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed. At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots. Chatbots available through

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4888-437: The adversary and attacks another chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the hope that it learns to ignore them. ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service later. In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs US$ 20 per month. According to

4982-451: The audio waveforms of recorded music along with text annotations, in order to generate new musical samples based on text descriptions such as a calming violin melody backed by a distorted guitar riff . Audio deepfakes of lyrics have been generated, like the song Savages, which used AI to mimic rapper Jay-Z 's vocals. Music artist's instrumentals and lyrics are copyrighted but their voices aren't protected from regenerative AI yet, raising

5076-423: The benchmark of ‘general human intelligence’" as of 2023. In 2023, Meta released an AI model called ImageBind which combines data from text, images, video, thermal data, 3D data, audio, and motion which is expected to allow for more immersive generative AI content. According to a survey by SAS and Coleman Parkes Research, China is leading the world in adopting generative AI, with 83% of Chinese respondents using

5170-430: The case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the AI assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation. These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization . Time magazine revealed that to build

5264-407: The caveat that GPT-4 retained many of the same problems. Some of GPT-4's improvements were predicted by OpenAI before training it, while others remained hard to predict due to breaks in downstream scaling laws . OpenAI demonstrated video and image inputs for GPT-4, although such features remain inaccessible to the general public. OpenAI has declined to reveal technical information such as the size of

5358-482: The center in Nairobi. The moderators sift through social media posts on all platforms, including Facebook , to remove those that spread hate, misinformation and violence. On March 29, 2022, the law firm gave Meta and Sama 21 days to respond to the claims or face legal action. In a post published after the revelation, Sama denied any wrongdoing and said the company is transparent in its hiring practices and maintains

5452-476: The company, the updated but still "experimental" version of ChatGPT would provide access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds. GPT-4 , which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users. But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response to increased demand. In November 2023

5546-424: The conclusion that ChatGPT was better than both Google Translate and other chatbots. Japanese researchers compared Japanese to English translation abilities of ChatGPT (based on GPT-4), Bing, Bard and DeepL , and found that ChatGPT provided the best translations, noting that "AI chatbots’ translations were much better than those of DeepL—presumably because of their ability to capture the context". In December 2023,

5640-617: The coverage and attention that it received. ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public". Samantha Lock of The Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text. Alex Kantrowitz of Slate magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions related to Nazi Germany , including

5734-639: The difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative calculations and qualitative, value-based judgements. In April 2023, it was reported that image generation AI has resulted in 70% of the jobs for video game illustrators in China being lost. In July 2023, developments in generative AI contributed to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes . Fran Drescher , president of the Screen Actors Guild , declared that "artificial intelligence poses an existential threat to creative professions" during

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5828-405: The early 1800s. Markov chains have long been used to model natural languages since their development by Russian mathematician Andrey Markov in the early 20th century. Markov published his first paper on the topic in 1906, and analyzed the pattern of vowels and consonants in the novel Eugeny Onegin using Markov chains. Once a Markov chain is learned on a text corpus , it can then be used as

5922-453: The early 2020s. These include chatbots such as ChatGPT , Copilot , Gemini , and LLaMA ; text-to-image artificial intelligence image generation systems such as Stable Diffusion , Midjourney , and DALL-E ; and text-to-video AI generators such as Sora . Companies such as OpenAI , Anthropic , Microsoft , Google , and Baidu as well as numerous smaller firms have developed generative AI models. Generative AI has uses across

6016-599: The fact-checking company Logically found that the popular generative AI models Midjourney , DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion would produce plausible disinformation images when prompted to do so, such as images of electoral fraud in the United States and Muslim women supporting India's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party . In April 2024, a paper proposed to use blockchain ( distributed ledger technology) to promote "transparency, verifiability, and decentralization in AI development and usage". Instances of users abusing software to generate controversial statements in

6110-664: The field have raised philosophical and ethical arguments about the nature of the human mind and the consequences of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth , fiction and philosophy since antiquity. The concept of automated art dates back at least to the automata of ancient Greek civilization , where inventors such as Daedalus and Hero of Alexandria were described as having designed machines capable of writing text, generating sounds, and playing music. The tradition of creative automations has flourished throughout history, exemplified by Maillardet's automaton created in

6204-471: The field of artificial intelligence . Some observers have raised concern about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace human intelligence , enable plagiarism , or fuel misinformation . By January 2023, ChatGPT had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months and contributing to the growth of OpenAI's current valuation of $ 86 billion. ChatGPT's release spurred

6298-405: The first generative pre-trained transformer (GPT), known as GPT-1 , in 2018. This was followed in 2019 by GPT-2 which demonstrated the ability to generalize unsupervised to many different tasks as a Foundation model . The new generative models introduced during this period allowed for large neural networks to be trained using unsupervised learning or semi-supervised learning , rather than

6392-459: The first practical deep neural networks capable of learning generative models, as opposed to discriminative ones, for complex data such as images. These deep generative models were the first to output not only class labels for images but also entire images. In 2017, the Transformer network enabled advancements in generative models compared to older Long-Short Term Memory models, leading to

6486-411: The global economy by 2030, but that its malicious use "could cause horrific levels of death and destruction, widespread trauma, and deep psychological damage on an unimaginable scale". From the early days of the development of AI, there have been arguments put forward by ELIZA creator Joseph Weizenbaum and others about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually should be done by them, given

6580-471: The last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit card expiration date". ChatGPT works best in American English but also functions in most other languages and dialects, with varying degrees of accuracy. OpenAI met Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as

6674-408: The late 2000s, the emergence of deep learning drove progress and research in image classification , speech recognition , natural language processing and other tasks. Neural networks in this era were typically trained as discriminative models, due to the difficulty of generative modeling. In 2014, advancements such as the variational autoencoder and generative adversarial network produced

6768-402: The law firm Nzili and Sumbi Advocates published a letter on behalf of former Sama employee Daniel Motaung, threatening legal action against Sama if the company did not address twelve demands. Demands included that the company adhere to Kenyan labor, privacy, and health laws; that they provide adequate healthcare and insurance for their employees; and that they improve compensation. In 2019, Motaung

6862-410: The limit changed to 50 messages every three hours. In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access ). In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot. In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, DALL-E 3 ,

6956-420: The motions of a robotic system to generate new trajectories for motion planning or navigation . For example, UniPi from Google Research uses prompts like "pick up blue bowl" or "wipe plate with yellow sponge" to control movements of a robot arm. Multimodal "vision-language-action" models such as Google's RT-2 can perform rudimentary reasoning in response to user prompts and visual input, such as picking up

7050-679: The office has also begun taking public input to determine if these rules need to be refined for generative AI. The development of generative AI has raised concerns from governments, businesses, and individuals, resulting in protests, legal actions, calls to pause AI experiments , and actions by multiple governments. In a July 2023 briefing of the United Nations Security Council , Secretary-General António Guterres stated "Generative AI has enormous potential for good and evil at scale", that AI may "turbocharge global development" and contribute between $ 10 and $ 15 trillion to

7144-541: The persona of "DAN" (an acronym for "Do Anything Now"), instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by content policy. Over time, users developed variations of the DAN jailbreak, including one such prompt where the chatbot is made to believe it is operating on a points-based system in which points are deducted for rejecting prompts, and that the chatbot will be threatened with termination if it loses all its points. Shortly after ChatGPT's launch,

7238-450: The premise of the prompt "Tell me about when Christopher Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015" as truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015, using information about the voyages of Christopher Columbus and facts about the modern world—including modern perceptions of Columbus's actions. ChatGPT remembers

7332-723: The proposed Artificial Intelligence Act includes requirements to disclose copyrighted material used to train generative AI systems, and to label any AI-generated output as such. In China, the Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services introduced by the Cyberspace Administration of China regulates any public-facing generative AI. It includes requirements to watermark generated images or videos, regulations on training data and label quality, restrictions on personal data collection, and

7426-432: The public release of ChatGPT popularized the use of generative AI for general-purpose text-based tasks. In March 2023, GPT-4 was released. A team from Microsoft Research argued that "it could reasonably be viewed as an early (yet still incomplete) version of an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system". Other scholars have disputed that GPT-4 reaches this threshold, calling generative AI "still far from reaching

7520-500: The release of competing products, including Gemini , Claude , Llama , Ernie , and Grok . Microsoft launched Copilot , initially based on OpenAI's GPT-4 . In May 2024, a partnership between Apple Inc. and OpenAI was announced, in which ChatGPT was integrated into the Apple Intelligence feature of Apple operating systems . As of July 2024, ChatGPT's website is among the 10 most-visited websites globally . ChatGPT

7614-478: The same GPT-3.5-turbo AI model as the chatbot. This allows developers to add either an unmodified or modified version of ChatGPT to their applications. The ChatGPT API costs $ 0.001 per 1,000 input tokens plus $ 0.002 per 1,000 output tokens (about 750 words), making it ~10% the price of the original GPT-3.5 models. A few days before the launch of OpenAI's software developer support service, on February 27, 2023, Snapchat rolled out, for its paid Snapchat Plus user-base,

7708-574: The service on a freemium model . Users on its free tier can access GPT-4o . The ChatGPT subscriptions "Plus", "Team", and "Enterprise" provide additional features such as DALL-E 3 image generation and an increased usage limit. ChatGPT is based on particular GPT foundation models , namely GPT-4 , GPT-4o and GPT-4o mini , that were fine-tuned to target conversational usage. The fine-tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In

7802-522: The statement that Adolf Hitler built highways in Germany , which was met with information about Nazi Germany's use of forced labor . In The Atlantic magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, Derek Thompson included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is". Kelsey Piper of Vox wrote that "ChatGPT

7896-399: The store are developed using OpenAI's GPT Builder system. Development of chatbots on the platform does not require programming skills. Two days after launch, the GPT Store offered many versions of "virtual girlfriend" bots, something that is against OpenAI's terms of service . OpenAI's GPT-4 model was released on March 14, 2023. Observers saw it as an impressive improvement over GPT-3.5, with

7990-399: The technology, surpassing the global average of 54% and the U.S. at 65%. A UN report revealed China filed over 38,000 GenAI patents from 2014 to 2023, far exceeding the U.S. A generative AI system is constructed by applying unsupervised machine learning (invoking for instance neural network architectures such as GANs , VAE , Transformer , ...) or self-supervised machine learning to

8084-401: The test, at a level above the average human test-taker); generate business ideas; write poetry and song lyrics; translate and summarize text; emulate a Linux system; simulate entire chat rooms ; play games like tic-tac-toe ; or simulate an ATM . Compared to its predecessor, InstructGPT , ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and deceitful responses. In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts

8178-581: The underlying data. For example, a language model might assume that doctors and judges are male, and that secretaries or nurses are female, if those biases are common in the training data. Similarly, an image model prompted with the text "a photo of a CEO" might disproportionately generate images of white male CEOs, if trained on a racially biased data set. A number of methods for mitigating bias have been attempted, such as altering input prompts and reweighting training data. Deepfakes (a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake" ) are AI-generated media that take

8272-630: The use of its images to train Stable diffusion . Both the Authors Guild and The New York Times have sued Microsoft and OpenAI over the use of their works to train ChatGPT . A separate question is whether AI-generated works can qualify for copyright protection. The United States Copyright Office has ruled that works created by artificial intelligence without any human input cannot be copyrighted, because they lack human authorship. However,

8366-949: The vocal style of celebrities, public officials, and other famous individuals have raised ethical concerns over voice generation AI. In response, companies such as ElevenLabs have stated that they would work on mitigating potential abuse through safeguards and identity verification . Sama (company) Sama is headquartered in San Francisco, California , with additional offices in Montreal and San Jose, Costa Rica . The organization owns and operates delivery centers in Nairobi, Kenya, Kampala, Uganda and Gulu, Uganda, and partners with additional delivery centers in India . Sama previously employed workers via partner delivery centers in Haiti , Pakistan , Ghana , and South Africa . Sama uses

8460-525: The web for real-time data. Training data also suffers from algorithmic bias , which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists. This negative misrepresentation of groups of individuals is an example of possible representational harm . In an article for The New Yorker , science fiction writer Ted Chiang compared ChatGPT and other LLMs to

8554-574: Was Sama , a training-data company based in San Francisco, California . ChatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered by Nvidia GPUs , that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023. Scientists at the University of California, Riverside , estimate that

8648-638: Was also named a "Rising Star" on Forbes' 30 Under 30 list in 2011, one of the 50 people who will change the world by Wired , and one of the 100 most creative people in business by Fast Company. She was the recipient of a 2011 World Technology Award, a Social Enterprise Alliance Award, and a Club de Madrid award. It was revealed by a Time investigation that in order to build a safety system against toxic content (e.g. sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism) in e.g. ChatGPT , OpenAI used Sama's services to outsource labeling toxic content to Kenyan workers earning less than $ 2 per hour. These labels were used to train

8742-463: Was fired for organizing a strike and trying to unionize Sama employees over poor working conditions and pay. The threatened lawsuit followed a Time report detailing how Sama recruited content moderators under the false pretense that they would take jobs at call centers. According to the report, the moderators, who were recruited from all parts of the continent, only learned about the nature of their work after signing employment contracts and moving to

8836-486: Was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users. In May 2023, OpenAI launched an iOS app for ChatGPT. The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's speech recognition model). In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an Android app, initially rolling it out in Bangladesh , Brazil , India , and

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