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44-487: Opened in 1930, the rustic -styled hotel contains 211 guest rooms and suites. Initially owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway company, the building is considered one of Canada's grand railway hotels . After its completion, the property was leased to the private Seigniory Club until 1970, when Canadian Pacific Railway converted the property into a public resort. The resort property is presently owned by

88-506: A 263 square kilometres (65,000 acres) game reserve , known as the Fairmont Kenauk at Le Château Montebello. Containing more than 70 lakes within its boundaries, the preserve is home to a fish hatchery , and contains over 200 species of birds, and 50 other animal species. The resort employs biologists and naturalists in an effort to preserve the resources in the area. The resort operates 13 self-sufficient chalets and cabins within

132-421: A fairly large broodstock, can have greatly reduced genetic diversity compared to wild populations (the situation is comparable to the founder effect ). Such fish that escape from farms or are released for restocking purposes may adversely affect wild population genetics and viability. This is of particular concern where escaped fish have been actively bred or are otherwise genetically modified. The third key issue

176-531: A flow through water supply. A generalized commercial scale hatchery would contain a broodstock holding and spawning area, feed culture facility, larval culture area, juvenile culture area, pump facilities, laboratory, quarantine area, and offices and bathrooms. Labour is generally the largest cost in hatchery production making up more than 50% of total costs. Hatcheries are a business and thus economic viability and scale of production are vital considerations. The cost of production for stock-enhancement programmes

220-758: A food source etc. Hatchery facilities therefore need to understand these cues to induce settlement and also be able to substitute artificial substrates to allow for easy handling and transportation with minimal mortality. Hatchery designs are highly flexible and are tailored to the requirements of site, species produced, geographic location, funding and personal preferences. Many hatchery facilities are small and coupled to larger on-growing operations, whilst others may produce juveniles solely for sale. Very small-scale hatcheries are often utilized in subsistence farming to supply families or communities particularly in south-east Asia. A small-scale hatchery unit consists of larval rearing tanks, filters, live food production tanks and

264-557: A hatchery. Culture of finfish larvae has been utilised extensively in the United States in stock enhancement efforts to replenish natural populations. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have established a National Fish Hatchery System to support the conservation of native fish species. Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish and shellfish for transferral to aquaculture facilities where they are ‘on-grown’ to reach harvest size. Hatchery production confers three main benefits to

308-454: A microscope to ensure high rates of fertilisation and to estimate numbers to be transferred to larval rearing tanks. Rearing larvae through the early life stages is conducted in nurseries which are generally closely associated with hatcheries for fish culture whilst it is common for shellfish nurseries to exist separately. Nursery culture of larvae to rear juveniles of a size suitable for transferral to on-growing facilities can be performed in

352-443: A permanent breeding stock. Conditioning is achieved by holding broodstock in flow-through tanks at optimal conditions for light, temperature, salinity, flow rate and food availability (optimal levels are species specific). Another important aspect of broodstock conditioning is ensuring the production of high quality eggs to improve growth and survival of larvae by optimising the health and welfare of broodstock individuals. Egg quality

396-800: A variety of different systems which may be entirely land-based, or larvae may be later transferred to sea-based rearing systems which reduce the need to supply feed. Juvenile survival is dependent on very high quality water conditions. Feeding is an important component of the rearing process. Although many species are able to grow on maternal reserves alone (lecithotrophy), most commercially produced species require feeding to optimise survival, growth, yield and juvenile quality. Nutritional requirements are species specific and also vary with larval stage. Carnivorous fish are commonly fed with live prey; rotifers are usually offered to early larvae due to their small size, progressing to larger Artemia nauplii or zooplankton . The production of live feed on-site or buying-in

440-546: Is a place for artificial breeding, hatching , and rearing through the early life stages of animals—finfish and shellfish in particular. Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish , shellfish , and crustaceans , primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems, such as fish farms , to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include Pacific oysters , shrimp , Indian prawns , salmon , tilapia and scallops . The value of global aquaculture farming

484-458: Is a year-round resort situated within old-growth forests , and past outcroppings of the Canadian shield . The resort is on one of the last surviving land grants made by 17th-century French monarchy to early settlers of New France . The resort grounds includes a number of facilities supporting the activities offered by the resort. This includes a 114- slip marina , and the marina clubhouse, in

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528-589: Is an 18-hole, par 70 golf course . Designed by golf course architect Stanley Thompson , the course also contains the Golf Club Terrace, and a bar at its 18th hole. Other outdoor facilities at the resort include two skating rinks for ice hockey and skating , a snow tubing hill , a curling rink, and two tennis courts. The resort also operates rental and support facilities for dogsledding , snowshoeing , snowmobiling , biking , fishing , horseback riding , and kayaking . The resort also contains

572-634: Is conducted in some hatcheries to improve the quality and yield of farmed species. Artificial fertilisation facilitates selective breeding programs which aim to improve production characteristics such as growth rate, disease resistance, survival, colour, increased fecundity and/or lower age of maturation. Genetic improvement can be mediated by selective breeding , via hybridization , or other genetic manipulation techniques. 3. Reduce dependence on wild-caught juveniles In 2008 aquaculture accounted for 46% of total food fish supply, around 115 million tonnes. Although wild caught juveniles are still utilised in

616-612: Is estimated to be US$ 98.4 billion in 2008 with China significantly dominating the market; however, the value of aquaculture hatchery and nursery production has yet to be estimated. Additional hatchery production for small-scale domestic uses, which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation programmes, has also yet to be quantified. There is much interest in supplementing exploited stocks of fish by releasing juveniles that may be wild caught and reared in nurseries before transplanting, or produced solely within

660-413: Is further complicated by the difficulty of assessing the benefits to wild populations from restocking activities. Hatchery facilities present three main problems in the field of genetics. The first is that maintenance of a small number of broodstock can cause inbreeding and potentially lead to inbreeding depression thus affecting the success of the facility. Secondly, hatchery reared juveniles, even from

704-441: Is generally referred to as "rustic.” It is, or should be, something more than the worn and misused term implies. It is earnestly hoped that a more apt and expressive designation for the style may evolve, but until it appears, "rustic," in spite of its inaccuracy and inadequacy, must be resorted to...." Rustic Architecture related to national parks is sometimes referred to as Parkitecture . Fish hatchery A fish hatchery

748-570: Is often determined by the nutritional condition of the mother. High levels of lipid reserves in particular are required to improve larval survival rates. Natural spawning can occur in hatcheries during the regular spawning season however where more control over spawning time is required spawning of mature animals can be induced by a variety of methods. Some of the more common methods are: Manual stripping : For shellfish, gonads are generally removed and gametes are extracted or washed free. Fish can be manually stripped of eggs and sperm by stroking

792-431: Is one of the biggest costs for hatchery facilities as it is a labour-intensive process. The development of artificial feeds is targeted to reduce the costs involved in live feed production and increase the consistency of nutrition, however decreased growth and survival has been found with these alternatives. The hatchery production of shellfish also involves a crucial settling phase where free-swimming larvae settle out of

836-474: Is situated to the west of Quebec Route 323. In addition to facilities located on property, the resort is situated near several attractions. North of the resort lies Parc Omega , a safari park featuring local wildlife. Situated 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the resort is Plaisance National Park , a provincial park managed by the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec . The Château Montebello

880-550: Is the Empress Hotel of Victoria, British Columbia, which was also a Canadian Pacific property. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels was reorganized as Fairmont Hotels and Resorts , adopting the name from an American company it had purchased in 1999. The resort's name was changed to the Fairmont Le Château Montebello as a part of this re-branding effort. The company continued to own the resort until

924-576: The Evergrande Group , and is managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts . The Château Montebello is located at 392 rue Notre Dame, in the western section of Montebello , Quebec , a municipality in the Outaouais region of the province. The road forms a part of Quebec Route 148 , a provincial highway that connects Ottawa to Montreal . The roadway bisects the property, dividing it into two sections. The property south of rue Notre Dame contains

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968-667: The Netherlands , Bing Crosby , Perry Como , Bette Davis , Joan Crawford , and Harry S. Truman . The President of the United States Harry Truman 's visit to Canada in June 1947 included a trip to the Seigniory Club retreat. Truman had "expressed the desire to fish for his first Canadian trout during his visit to the club." Edward, Prince of Wales also visited the retreat, and later revisited when he

1012-554: The Sabbath; but by coincidence, the local curé was dispatched on an all-expenses paid trip to Rome for two months while the work proceeded apace. An army of 3500 laborers ensured that the project could reach completion in only four months. The club's grand opening was held on 1 July 1930. Three days after opening, a magnificent costume ball was held, attended by the Governor General of Canada. The exclusive private retreat of

1056-728: The Seigniory Club took its name from the French land grant system. "Seigniory" is the anglicized version of the French seigneurie. The club was only open to an elite membership for its first 40 years of operation. Prominent Canadian club members during this period included Lester B. Pearson , the Prime Minister of Canada . Other non-Canadian members included Queen Juliana of the Netherlands , Prince Rainier and Princess Grace of Monaco . Other prominent guests at resort include Crown Prince Akihito of Japan , Princess Juliana of

1100-754: The Seigniory Club. Despite the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , work on the planned wilderness retreat began, as planned, in early 1930. The economic uncertainty did not delay the project, unlike many others, perhaps because the presidents of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), the National Bank of Canada , the Bank of Montreal and the Royal Bank of Canada respectively, not to mention the Premier of Quebec , were all club directors. A special spur from

1144-650: The aides and security staffs traveling with these national leaders. In August 1983, the Bilderberg Group held its annual meeting at the resort. In October 1983, the resort hosted the ministerial meeting for NATO 's Nuclear Planning Group. In 1995, the American National Trust for Historic Preservation awarded a special membership to the Château Montebello, one of only two Canadian hotels so honoured. The other Canadian member

1188-485: The anaesthetised fish under the pectoral fins towards the anus causing gametes to freely flow out. Environmental manipulation : Thermal shock, where cool water is alternated with warmer water in flow-through tanks can induce spawning. Alternatively, if environmental cues that stimulate natural spawning are known, these can be mimicked in the tank e.g. changing salinity to simulate migratory behaviour. Many individuals can be induced to spawn this way, however this increases

1232-433: The centre of the hotel, featuring a three-storey atrium, built around a massive stone fireplace. The fireplace's chimney rises 20 metres (65 ft) above the ground, and is surrounded by a mezzanine , and a third-floor balcony. In addition to lodgings, the hotel operates a number of restaurants, and other food-based services within its buildings. The hotel's main dining room is Aux Chantignoles . Other dining facilities at

1276-507: The game preserve. The cabins and chalets contain one to five bedrooms. West of the resort's main buildings, is Manoir Papineau , a National Historic Site of Canada . The turreted house functions as a historical museum. It is the only structure in the Chateau area which doesn't conform to the log cabin motif of the resort. The resort's hotel building is a 113,267.4 cubic metres (4,000,000 cubic feet) large wooden structure, and claims to be

1320-558: The hotel by tunnel. The indoor pool area features painted totem poles supporting the roof. The hotel is also equipped with two whirlpool baths, two saunas, and a fitness centre. The hotel also features a 371.6 square metres (4,000 sq ft) spa, with eight treatment rooms, and a couples suite. François de Laval , the first Bishop of Quebec , purchased the property in 1674 from the French East India Company . The Quebec Seminary inherited it from Laval. In 1801,

1364-401: The hotel include Le Riverain and The Seigneurie Bar . The hotel also has 17 event rooms, comprising a total of 1,580 square metres (17,005 sq ft) of space for conferences, and other social events. The hotel also operates several recreational facilities, such as a fitness centre. The hotel's 23 metres (75 ft) indoor swimming pool is housed in a separate log cabin accessible from

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1408-659: The industry, concerns over sustainability of extracting juveniles, and the variable timing and magnitude of natural spawning events, make hatchery production an attractive alternative to support the growing demands of aquaculture. Broodstock conditioning is the process of bringing adults into spawning condition by promoting the development of gonads. Broodstock conditioning can also extend spawning beyond natural spawning periods, or for production of species reared outside their natural geographic range with different environmental conditions. Some hatcheries collect wild adults and then bring them in for conditioning whilst others maintain

1452-413: The industry: 1. Out of season production Consistent supply of fish from aquaculture facilities is an important market requirement. Broodstock conditioning can extend the natural spawning season and thus the supply of juveniles to farms. Supply can be further guaranteed by sourcing from hatcheries in the opposite hemisphere i.e. with opposite seasons. 2. Genetic improvement Genetic modification

1496-639: The land was sold to the family of Joseph Papineau . His son, Louis-Joseph Papineau , built a turreted stone mansion, the Manoir Papineau . In the late 1920s, Harold M. Saddlemire, a Swiss - American entrepreneur, acquired a site along the Ottawa River, on land that formerly formed part of the seigneurial system of New France . Saddlemire envisioned a private wilderness retreat for business and political leaders. He initially called this project "Lucerne-in-Quebec"; it subsequently came to be known as

1540-584: The largest log building in the world. Construction for the hotel building was overseen by Finnish immigrant Victor Nymark, a master log builder who immigrated to Canada in 1924 after successfully completing a three-year course at Vaasa Industrial School. As work on the building began before the hotel's final design plans were completed, Nymark's construction crew occasionally proceeded without blueprints to guide them. The three resort buildings erected in 1930 were built using 10,000 western red cedar logs shipped from British Columbia . The log walls are painted black on

1584-599: The likelihood of uncontrolled fertilisation occurring. Chemical injection : A number of chemicals can be used to induce spawning with various hormones being the most commonly used. Prior to fertilisation , eggs can be gently washed to remove wastes and bacteria that may contaminate cultures. Promoting cross-fertilisation between a large number of individuals is necessary to retain genetic diversity in hatchery produced stock. Batches of eggs are kept separate, fertilised with sperm obtained from several males and allowed to stand for an hour or two before samples are analyzed under

1628-539: The main buildings of the resort, whereas the section north of the road contains the resort's golf course , and hiking trails . The hotel property is bounded by a roadway, natural waterway, and forests. To the south, the resort is bounded by the Ottawa River , which serves as the border between Ontario and Quebec . To the west, the property is bounded by Quebec Route 323 , a provincial highway that connects Montebello to Mont Tremblant . The community of Montebello

1672-414: The nearby CPR line had to be built to allow for the transport of red cedar logs and other supplies to the site. The Scandinavian log construction project was supervised by Finnish master-builder, Victor Nymark and construction manager Harold Landry Furst. Construction and woodworking teams worked in overlapping shifts around the clock using electric lighting at night. The church did not approve of working on

1716-479: The outside, although its interiors maintained the natural wood colouring. The building also featured 500,000 hand-slit cedar roof shakes and 166 kilometres (103 mi) of wooden moulding . The completed structure saw a large log-building housing 211 guest rooms, and suites , with four wings extending outward from the central lobby in a star formation. Log rafters hanging above the lobby span nearly 21.3-metre-long (70 ft). The rotunda -shaped lobby serves as

1760-647: The property was purchased in 2006 by the OMERS . However, Fairmont continues to manage the property. In 2007 the resort hosted the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America conference, a North American Leaders' Summit between the Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper , the President of Mexico Felipe Calderón , and President of the United States George W. Bush . The resort property

1804-425: The southwestern section of the resort. Open from mid-May to mid-October, the marina is able to accommodate ships up to 18.3-metre-long (60 ft). Guests that dock at the marina are provided access to the resort amenities. The resort grounds also contains 60 kilometres (37 mi) of hiking trails , and 26 kilometres (16 mi) of cross-country skiing trails. In the section of the resort north of rue Notre Dame

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1848-410: The water onto a substrate and undergo metamorphosis if suitable conditions are found. Once metamorphosis has taken place the juveniles are generally known as spat, it is this phase which is then transported to on-growing facilities. Settlement behaviour is governed by a range of cues including substrate type, water flow, temperature, and the presence of chemical cues indicating the presence of adults, or

1892-855: Was purchased again by the Evergrande Group , a major Chinese real estate group making its first investment in Canada in December 2014. Rustic architecture Rustic architecture is a style of architecture in the United States used in rural government and private structures and their landscape interior design. It was influenced by the American Craftsman style. According to the National Park Service , “The style of architecture which has been most widely used in our forested National Parks , and other wilderness parks,

1936-589: Was the Duke of Windsor . The resort remained a private retreat, owned by the CPR, and leased to the exclusive Seigniory Club until 1970, when it was converted into a public resort by Canadian Pacific Hotels , the hotel division of CPR. During this time the resort was renamed the Château Montebello. In 1981, the Château Montebello hosted the 7th G7 summit ; and leaders such as Pierre Trudeau , Margaret Thatcher , Ronald Reagan and François Mitterrand were guests along with

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