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49-634: Plans were laid for the convention in the fall of 1851 at the home of composer Oliver Bradfield , north of Newnan, Georgia . It was organized in 1852 in western Georgia at Macedonia Baptist Church in Coweta County . The impetus for the Chattahoochee Musical Convention was the success of the original Sacred Harp hymnbook and the Southern Musical Convention that was then affiliated with it. With

98-467: A campus located in Newnan, near downtown. This campus currently has two undergraduate programs - Bachelor of Science in nursing and early childhood education. Newnan is also home to a campus of West Georgia Technical College . College Temple , a non-sectarian women's school, operated during the period of 1854–1888. The public trolley operates between downtown and The Forum at Ashley Park . Until

147-415: A lynching occurred after an African-American man by the name of Sam Hose (born Tom Wilkes) was accused of killing his boss, Alfred Cranford. Hose was abducted from police custody, paraded through Newnan, tortured, and burned alive just north of town by a lynch mob of roughly 2,000 citizens of Coweta County. Newnan was also host to the trial in 1948 of wealthy landowner John Wallace , the first White man in

196-461: A museum that exhibits artifacts and gardens that showcase its history. Tours are available today that focus on the history of the building, gardens, and artifacts. The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck Louisiana and Mississippi. Its effects damaged or destroyed many antebellum buildings throughout the South. This destruction once again raised

245-593: A role in reinforcing the social structures of the time. The relationship between antebellum architecture and the social hierarchy of the 19th dentury continues to be studied, as modern views of these buildings address both their architectural beauty and their historical associations with slavery. Georgia's Old Governor's Mansion is one of the finest examples of the High Greek Revival architecture of this period. The mansion, located in Milledgeville ,

294-467: Is a Neoclassical style plantation house with distinctive elements like columns and a large portico. The architecture reflects Jackson's personal style and political power during the Antebellum period. First (Scots) Presbyterian Church (Charleston, South Carolina) This church is an example of Greek Revival architecture, marked by its large columns and classical proportions. The design reflects

343-495: Is a notable example of the architectural relationship between plantation estates and agricultural practices. The Rosedown Plantation (St. Francisville, Louisiana) An example of Greek Revival residential architecture, Rosedown features large columns and symmetrical facades. The design is intended to reflect the wealth and status of the owners, which was largely tied to plantation economy. The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee) Home to President Andrew Jackson, The Hermitage

392-562: Is illustrated with highly decorated entrances featuring colonnades , including a lunette over the door. Virginia State Capitol (Richmond, Virginia) Designed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, this building shows the Neoclassical style. Its grand columns and symmetry are all examples of the Classical style, which was widely used in government buildings. North Carolina State Capitol (Raleigh, North Carolina) Built in

441-555: Is important in understanding its historical and architectural context. Oak Alley Plantation (Vacherie, Louisiana) Oak Alley is a Greek Revival mansion, recognized for its long avenue of oak trees leading up to the house. The building’s classical features, including columns and symmetry, reflect the style's influence in the Antebellum South. Fruitland (Augusta, Georgia) Designed by James Monroe and incorporating both Greek Revival and Palladian elements, Fruitland

490-481: Is within the city limits of Newnan. The Coweta County School District holds preschool to grade 12, and consists of 19 elementary schools, seven middle schools, and three high schools. The district has 1,164 full-time teachers and over 18,389 students. Mercer University has a regional academic center in Newnan. The center opened in 2010, and offers programs through the university's College of Continuing and Professional Studies. The University of West Georgia has

539-631: The 2020 United States census , there were 42,549 people, 15,135 households, and 10,013 families residing in the city. The city is home to one of the few Georgia counties with a museum that focuses mainly on African-American history. The Coweta County African American Heritage Museum and Research Center, or Caswell House, was opened in July 2003 in a donated mill village house once owned by Ruby Caswell. The museum sits on Farmer Street on an old, unmarked slave cemetery. It has collected hundreds of family genealogical records by interviewing residents and going through

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588-572: The Greek Revival style, this building features a central dome and classical columns. The design falls largely under the classical indications of Antebellum Architecture with grand colums on the facade among other items. Monticello (Charlottesville, Virginia) The home of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello blends Neoclassical and Palladian styles, with its iconic dome and symmetrical design reflecting Jefferson's architectural vision. The plantation relied on enslaved labor for its operation, which

637-528: The Southern states during the colonial period and in U.S. territories after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 along with a wave of immigration from Europe in 1812. Great numbers of Europeans seeking economic opportunities emigrated to America after Napoleon 's defeat and the end of the war of 1812. This new wave of entrepreneurs began to dominate not only the economy, but also the architecture of

686-491: The Antebellum period, reflecting classical traditions. The Exchange and Provost Dungeon (Charleston, South Carolina) This building, part of Charleston’s commercial and military history, features both Georgian and Neoclassical design elements. It is a key example of Charleston's role as a major port city, involved in trade and slavery during the Antebellum era. The features associated with antebellum architecture were introduced by people of European descent who settled in

735-445: The Antebellum period, this Art Deco building reflects the continuing influence of classical design elements in the state’s architecture, including the use of grand columns and verticality somewhat falling under the umbrella of Antebellum Architecture. Charleston City Hall (Charleston, South Carolina) Built in the Neoclassical style, this building features symmetry and formal design, which were common in government buildings during

784-556: The Chattahoochee Convention began keeping written records of its proceedings, records which have survived to the present time and serve as a historical resource for Sacred Harp scholarship. In 1866, the Convention adopted a written constitution. The members of the Convention have included some of the creators of the modern editions of The Sacred Harp . According to Thurman, Joseph Stephen James , who headed

833-626: The Greek Revival style, symbolized the control and dominance of the plantation economy. In contrast, enslaved laborers, who worked on these plantations, viewed these structures differently. They largely saw them as representations of oppression and subjugation. Driskell and Trawalter (2021) explored how perception of Antebellum Architecture varied by race, with white Southerners viewing the buildings as symbols of identity and status, while Black individuals and enslaved people saw them largely as symbols of opression. These differing perspectives held

882-471: The Oconee region, is one example of this, with distinct adaptations to the local conditions. Aspects of the local architecture that diverge from the standard style include the materials used and other modifications reflecting the local climate. The iconic plantation homes of the antebellum style were largely faithful to the original design but incorporated locally sourced brick, which acted as an insulator against

931-504: The South to be condemned to death by the testimony of African Americans , two field hands who were made to help with burning the body of murdered white sharecropper Wilson Turner. These events were portrayed in the novel Murder in Coweta County . In 1968, Kmart opened a warehouse in Newnan, which slowly established it as a major hub for distribution in the area. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters attempted to unionize

980-633: The Wilson family. "Chattahoochee" is a local place name, notably of the Chattahoochee River , one of the principal streams of Georgia that flows through the region of the convention. It is said to come from an expression in Creek meaning "painted rock." Newnan, Georgia Newnan is a Metro Atlanta city in and the county seat of Coweta County, Georgia , United States, about 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Atlanta . Its population

1029-651: The census records. The museum also houses the Coweta Census Indexes from 1870 to 1920. The first Black library in the county was the Sara Fisher Brown Library. Built in the 1950s, the library has since been converted into the Community Action For Improvement Center. The Farmer Street Cemetery is the largest slave cemetery in the South, and may be the largest undisturbed one in the nation. It

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1078-496: The center of Newnan 22 miles (35 km) to Carrollton . According to the United States Census Bureau , Newnan has a total area of 18.6 square miles (48.3 km ), of which 0.35 square miles (0.9 km ), or 1.88%, is covered by water. The climate is moderate with an average temperature of 64.3 °F (45.8° in the winter and 79.1° in the summer). The average annual rainfall is 51.84 inches. As of

1127-525: The committee that created the 1911 edition from which the modern "Denson" edition descends, "had been a member of the Chattahoochee forty-four years when his revised edition was given to the public." The primary creators of the Denson edition (1936), Thomas Denson and Seaborn Denson , also attended the Convention on a number of occasions starting in 1878; and Thomas's son Paine Denson , who completed

1176-621: The first half of the 19th century. A prime example of the influence of immigrants in antebellum architecture is Stanton Hall . The Hall was built by Frederick Stanton, an immigrant from Ireland who made his fortune in trading cotton. The design was based on the Revival style. The Hall also goes to show the increasingly connected national and global economy in which antebellum architecture emerged. The house used mantel pieces from New York, gas-burning chandeliers from Philadelphia, and mirrors from France. Similar to many antebellum homes, Stanton Hall

1225-522: The front and rear of the house. A hipped or gabled roof are characteristics of antebellum architecture and often feature a cupola . (A cupola is a dome-like structure on top of a building that provides ventilation and serves as decoration. ) These mansions were also often surrounded by grand gardens with geometrically cut bushes that complemented the symmetry of the houses. Antebellum architectural structures often have multiple stories or levels. The interior of these mansions were just as extravagant as

1274-570: The historic downtown area. Newnan High School was re-built after sustaining serious damage. Newnan is located in the center of Coweta County. U.S. Route 29 passes through the center of the city, leading northeast 13 miles (21 km) to Palmetto and south 7 miles (11 km) to Moreland . Interstate 85 passes through the eastern side of the city, with access from exits 41, 44, and 47. I-85 leads northeast 40 miles (64 km) to downtown Atlanta and southwest 125 miles (201 km) to Montgomery, Alabama . U.S. Route 27A leads northwest from

1323-418: The hot subtropical climate of the southern United States. The main exterior characteristics of antebellum architecture included huge pillars, a balcony that ran along the whole outside edge of the house creating a porch that offers shade and spot to enjoy a breeze, and a sitting area in the cooler evenings. The evenly spaced large windows ventilated the warm air outside. Most homes had big centered entrances at

1372-431: The hotter summer climate. The regional variations also differ due to local economic conditions, with the economy being primarily based on cotton cultivation and farming. The buildings were constructed as demonstrations of wealth and power, with these key aspects serving as central design elements. The buildings showcased the material success of local plantations, which were the primary examples of antebellum architecture in

1421-510: The house more in line with contemporary styles, adding Doric columns and making it more Classical and Revivalist in appearance. Like other homes of its time, the Hermitage was built in a symmetrical design with equal amounts of corridors and rooms. Not just reflecting the cultural differences between the West and East in this time, the Hermitage also was part of the South's economy. The Hermitage

1470-503: The influence of classical architecture in religious buildings during the Antebellum period. St. Philip's Church (Charleston, South Carolina) St. Philip's Church blends Georgian and Greek Revival styles, with its notable bell tower and use of other classical elements. The church is an example of how religious architecture during the Antebellum period often incorporated these popular architectural styles. The Louisiana State Capitol (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) Though constructed after

1519-523: The mid-1950s the Central of Georgia operated two trains daily in each direction, through Newnan from Atlanta to Columbus, in its Man O' War service. The Central continued a single Man O' War train until 1971 when Amtrak took over most interstate passenger service. Until 1970, the city was a stop on the Southern Railway 's Crescent from New Orleans to New York City, via Atlanta. Into

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1568-674: The mid-1960s, the Southern's Crescent and Piedmont Limited made stops in both directions in Newnan. Antebellum architecture Antebellum architecture (from Antebellum South , Latin for "pre-war") is the neoclassical architectural style characteristic of the 19th-century Southern United States , especially the Deep South , from after the birth of the United States with the American Revolution , to

1617-465: The northward geographic spread of Sacred Harp singing into the Coweta County region, it was felt that the time had come for the residents of this area to have their own convention. The early sessions were attended by Sacred Harp founder B. F. White and other leading Sacred Harp figures of the day. In its early period the convention was four days long, ending on the first Sunday in August and beginning

1666-568: The outside. Common features included enormous foyers, sweeping open stairways, ballrooms, grand dining rooms, and detailed design work. The design work included intricate shapes and patterns made from plaster used to adorn walls and furniture. It was also used to create wood and floor designs. Designs additionally include friezes , large pier glasses , and marble mantels. Greek revival components apparent in antebellum architecture include doorways, often recessed and flanked by pilastered and entablatured columns. Similarly, Georgian architecture

1715-672: The preceding Thursday. Currently it is a two-day convention, ending on the same day. The convention missed a few sessions during the American Civil War . As Thurman (1952/2002, 34) states, "the progress of the Convention was greatly disrupted by the war. Many of the leading singers were called to arms and it was a serious blow to the body." At the end of the war in 1865 the Convention met again at Mount Zion in Carroll County, Georgia to begin anew; B. F. White and other Sacred Harp luminaries were in attendance. That year,

1764-669: The public to America's history with slavery. Antebellum Architecture in the Southern United States is largely associated with various buildings largely made up of the Greek Revival Style that fills much of the South. Regional variations can be found such as in Middle Georgia which reveal how variables such as local resources, climate, and numerous other factors can influence the architectual style. The architecture of Middle Georgia, particularly in

1813-498: The question of whether or not these buildings, as symbols of a wealthy society propped up by slavery, should be preserved. For example, Grass Lawn , an antebellum mansion in Gulfport, Mississippi , was totally destroyed by the hurricane. As the community began to raise funds to rebuild the mansion, it faced resistance from parts of the community who opposed the symbolism of the mansion. Though it eventually passed through city council,

1862-470: The region. An estimated 20% of antebellum mansions remain intact in the south today due to many being burned during the Civil War, natural disasters, and their neglect. Many antebellum homes are now museums; Georgia's Old Governor's Mansion is an example of this. The mansion belongs to Georgia College , and is its most treasured structure. In 2001, the structure began its restoration, and now serves as

1911-607: The start of the American Civil War . Antebellum architecture is especially characterized by Georgian , Neo-classical , and Greek Revival style homes and mansions . These plantation houses were built in the southern American states during roughly the 30 years before the American Civil War; approximately between the 1830s to 1860s. While Antebellum style homes have their roots in Neoclassical architectural styles, several adaptations to were made to compensate for

1960-472: The story of the slaves who worked the land. Boone Hall is a prime example of modern antebellum museums. The museum uses nine of the original slave cabins built between 1790 and 1810 as part of its "Black History in America" exhibit. In the exhibit, each cabin presents different aspects of slave life on the plantation. While the style's history remains controversial, exhibits like these are important in exposing

2009-512: The warehouse, but the attempt was defeated when the employees voted 329 to 201 in favor of remaining union-free. In 2015, the distribution center closed with a loss of 164 jobs. In the early morning hours of March 26, 2021 , Newnan was directly impacted by a violent EF4 tornado , which caused substantial structural damage and indirectly killed one person. The tornado was one of the strongest on record in Georgia since 1950, and directly impacted

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2058-474: The work of the 1936 edition, was a member. The Convention has met every year since resuming after the Civil War, with the sole exception of 1881. In the 1930s, Matthew H. & Ada Ward Wilson built a structure near Carrollton, Georgia , called Wilson Chapel, for the express purpose of housing the Chattahoochee Musical Convention. The Convention has met here for most of the years since 1938, and exclusively since 1989. The building continues to be maintained by

2107-428: Was 42,549 at the 2020 census , up from 33,039 in 2010 . Newnan was established as county seat of Coweta County (replacing the defunct town of Bullsboro) in 1828, and was named for North Carolinian General Daniel Newnan . It quickly became a prosperous magnet for lawyers, doctors, other professionals, and merchants. Much of Newnan's prosperity was due to its thriving cotton industry, which relied on slavery . Newnan

2156-500: Was an active plantation which grew the period's dominant cash crop, cotton. Antibellum Architecture holds numerous close ties with social and racial structures that existed throughout the Southern United States in the 19th century. Plantations and other grand Antebellum Architecture constructions stood as displays of wealth and power for white Southerners, reflecting the success of the plantation economies, which relied on enslaved labour. The design and placement of these buildings, often in

2205-646: Was built using a fortune Stanton made trading cotton. During the Civil War, like many other plantation houses, the Hall was occupied by Union soldiers. President Andrew Jackson 's home, The Hermitage , is another prime example of both antebellum architecture and the social conditions in which it arose. It was built in the Federal Style which, while losing favor in the more trendy East, was still popular in Western slave states like Tennessee. Later, renovations made

2254-455: Was designed by Charles Cluskey , an Irish immigrant who emigrated to New York City in 1827 where he trained to be an architect under the firm Town and Davis , and was built by Timothy Porter in 1839. Like other antebellum homes, this mansion has Ionic columns, a covered porch, and symmetrically placed windows. For over thirty years, this mansion housed many Georgian chief executives such as George Crawford , Howell Cobb and Joseph E. Brown . It

2303-545: Was largely untouched by the Civil War due to its status as a hospital city (for both Union and Confederate troops ), and as a result still features much antebellum architecture . During the Atlanta Campaign , Confederate cavalry defeated Union forces at the nearby Battle of Brown's Mill . Subsequently, architect Kennon Perry (1890–1954) designed many of the town's early 20th-century homes. On April 23, 1899,

2352-490: Was owned by the descendants of Stanton for several decades after the Civil War, but eventually the financial burden was too much and it became the Stanton College for Young Ladies. Today most antebellum buildings serve as museums. These museums, especially the museums located at former plantations, often attempt to show both sides of the architectural style. While celebrating the beauty of the buildings, they also tell

2401-487: Was used as a stage for their speeches, and a place to introduce important guests. This mansion also played a part in the Civil War; General William T. Sherman headquartered in the building in 1864 and it was claimed as a prize in the " March to the Sea ." After the war, the mansion was abandoned when Georgia's government was moved to Atlanta. After the Civil War, the upkeep of these homes was strained. Stanton Hall, for example,

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